High temperature instability of hollow nanoparticles

The concept of the Gibbs energy balance is used to derive the evolution equation of both surfaces of a hollow nanosphere. The process is driven by reducing the surface energy and the elastic energy stored in the bulk. A semianalytical solution is provided for the time period during which a hollow nanosphere shrinks to a compact nanospherical particle. Comparison with recently reported results is performed.     

Preparation and optical properties of Cu2O hollow microsphere film and hollow nanosphere powder via a simple liquid reduction approach

In this work, we report a simple liquid reduction approach to prepare Cu₂O hollow microsphere film and hollow nanosphere powder with Cu(OH)₂ nanorods as precursor and ascorbic acid as the reductant at 60 °C. When Cu(OH)₂ nanorod array film grown on a copper foil is used as the precursor, Cu₂O thin film made up of hollow microspheres with average diameter of 1.2 μm is successfully prepared. When the Cu(OH)₂ nanorods are scraped from the copper foil and then used as the precursor, Cu₂O hollow nanosphere powder with the average diameter of 270 nm is obtained. The samples are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-vis light (UV-vis) absorption spectra. A possible formation mechanism of Cu₂O hollow spheres is discussed.     

Specific Heat of Hollow Nanosphere Coupled to Substrate： Quantum Size Effects

With the help of the elastic wave theory in the perturbed approximation the density-of-states for vibrational modes and the specific heat are studied for different hollow Si nanospheres, coupled with a semi-infinite substrate. We find that the modes of such coupled hollow spheres are significantly broadened and shifted toward low frequencies. The specific heat of the coupled hollow nanosphere is bigger than an isolated one due to the coupling interaction and quantum size effects. The predicted coupling and size enhancements on specific heat are probed in thermal experiments.     

Laser tattoo removal as an ablation process monitored by acoustical and optical methods

Monodisperse hollow silica nanospheres have been prepared by using a polystyrene nanosphere template-assistant approach and their potential as antireflection (AR) coatings for window applications has been discussed. The as-prepared hollow silica nanospheres have a typical inner diameter of 200 nm and a shell thickness of 15–20 nm. The AR effect over the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectral region has been observed for the hollow silica nanospheres, with a minimized reflection of about 5.2 % at 500 nm, compared to 8.5 % of a plain float glass substrate. By modifying the structural features of the hollow silica nanospheres, their AR properties can be further enhanced.     

Carbon-coated hollow CoO microporous nanospheres synthesized by CoF<Subscript>2</Subscript> as the intermediates as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Uniformly carbon-coated hollow CoO microporous nanospheres have been successfully synthesized by the facile hydrothermal method using CoF₂ as the intermediates and glucose as the carbon source. The whole synthesis process can avoid using the toxic surfactant additives and tedious post-processing. The glucose-derived carbon not only suppresses the aggregation of CoO nanoparticles, but also plays an important role on the stabilization of hollow CoO microporous nanosphere structure. The specific structure can largely improve the electronic conductivity and accommodate the volume change of CoO electrode in the electrochemical processes. When used as anode materials of lithium ion batteries, the hollow CoO/C microporous composites exhibit exceptionally high-rate performances, high-specific capacity, and improved cycle performances. This study may provide a new approach for the synthesis of carbon-coated hollow microporous architecture electrode for high-performance batteries.     

A visible-near infrared tunable waveguide based on plasmonic gold nanoshell

A tunable plasmonic waveguide via gold nanoshells immerged in a silica base is proposed and simulated by using the finite difference time-domain （FDTD） method. For waveguides based on near-field coupling, transmission frequencies can be tuned in a wide region from 660 to 900 nm in wavelength by varying shell thicknesses. After exploring the steady distributions of electric fields in these waveguides, we find that their decay lengths are about 5.948-12.83 dB/1000 nm, which is superior to the decay length （8.947 dB/1000 nm） of a gold nanosphere plasmonic waveguide. These excellent tunability and transmittability are mainly due to the unique hollow structure. These gold nanoshell waveguides should be fabricated in laboratory.     

Plasmon resonance in a nanosphere

The phenomenon of plasmon resonance in a nanosphere and a nanospheroid is considered. As is known, this phenomenon does not depend explicitly on the size of these nanoparticles. However, it is shown that, actually, the resonance conditions are determined by the diameter of the nanosphere and by the length of the major axis of the nanospheroid.     

基于直接胶体晶体刻蚀技术的高度有序纳米硅阵列的尺寸及形貌控制

以自组装单层胶体小球阵列为掩模，采用直接胶体晶体刻蚀技术在硅表面制备二维有序尺寸可控的纳米结构.在样品制备过程中，首先通过自组装法在硅表面制备了直径200nm的单层聚苯乙烯(PS)胶体小球的二维有序阵列；然后对样品直接进行反应离子刻蚀(RIE)，以氧气为气源，利用氧等离子体对聚苯乙烯小球和对硅的选择性刻蚀作用，通过改变刻蚀时间，制备出不同尺寸的PS胶体小球的有序单层阵列；接着以此二维PS胶体单层膜为掩模，以四氟化碳为气源对样品进行刻蚀；最后去除胶体球后得到二维有序的硅柱阵列.SEM和AFM的测量结果表明：改变氧等离子体对胶体球的刻蚀时间和四氟化碳对硅的刻蚀时间，可以控制硅柱的尺寸以及形貌，而硅柱阵列的周期取决于原始胶体球的直径. 关键词： 胶体晶体刻蚀 纳米硅柱阵列     

Wake potential and stopping power for a charged particle moving outside a nanosphere

The interaction of a charged particle with a nanosphere is studied based on the dielectric response theory. We obtain the analytical expressions of the induced potential and stopping power, as the charged particle moving outside the nanosphere with a constant velocity. From our results, since the spherical shape limitation, the well-known V-shaped wake effect tracing the particle cannot be observed clearly no matter at the nanosphere surface or in the bulk. Besides, we also find that the particle can even gain energy from the electron polarization as the particle moves to the nanosphere at relatively low velocity.     

应用球形和海胆状金混合SERS基底检测高环多环芳烃

合成了海胆状金银复合纳米材料,并与球形金纳米材料混合作为表面增强拉曼活性基底实现了对水中高环多环芳烃的痕量检测。对海胆状材料进行表征,粒径大小约为300～400 nm,表面有40～100 nm明显的刺状凸起。与球形金溶胶混合后并优化pH值及混合比例等参数,产生了优于球形金溶胶2～3倍的增强效果。利用此增强基底检测了危害严重的高环多环芳烃污染物——芘(四环)、苯并蒽(四环)、苯并芘(五环),得到的光谱数据反映出混合SERS基底有良好的重复性和稳定性,对测得光谱进行特征峰归属分析,固体拉曼光谱与水溶液SERS光谱有确定的对应关系,并且在低浓度范围多环芳烃特征峰峰强与其水溶液浓度有良好的线性关系。经计算,芘(四环)、苯并蒽(四环)、苯并芘(五环)的检测限分别为0.44,2.92和1.64 nmol·L-1。该研究的创新点为合成了海胆金纳米颗粒,与球形金溶胶混合后制成新型高效SERS检测基底;选用自制高效SERS基底,实现了高环PAHs痕量检测。结果表明,利用该方法制备的活性基底,可实现对水中高环多环芳烃的痕量检测,为检测水中高环多环芳烃提供了实验室依据。     

Versatile nanosphere lithography technique combining multiple-exposure nanosphere lens lithography and nanosphere template lithography

A versatile nanosphere composite lithography(NSCL) combining both the advantages of multiple-exposure nanosphere lens lithography(MENSLL) and nanosphere template lithography(NSTL) is demonstrated. By well controlling the development, washing and the drying processes, the nanosphere monolayer can be well retained on the substrate after developing and washing. Thus the NSTL can be performed based on MENSLL to fabricate nanoring, nanocrescent and hierarchical multiple structures. The pattern size and the shape can be systemically tuned by shrinking nanospheres by using dry etching and adjusting the tilted angle. It is a natural nanopattern alignment process and possesses a great potential in the scope of nano-science due to its low cost,simplicity, and versatility for variuos nano-fabrications.     

Oxygen Electroreduction by Single PtPd Nanocubes Encaged in Hollow Carbon Nanospheres: Improved Durability and Strong Effect of Carbon‐Shell Thickness

As a cathode reaction in fuel cells, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays a critical role in determining the overall performance of a fuel cell. It is still a big challenge to find effective ways to improve the catalytic activity, efficiency, and especially stability of ORR electrocatalysts. In the present study, single nanoparticle electrocatalysis for ORR is realized for the first time by encaging PtPd nanocube in hollow and porous carbon nanosphere (PtPd@HCS). Through tuning the carbon‐shell thickness by carbonization temperature, the effects of carbon‐shell thickness on ORR catalytic performance of PtPd@HCS are systematically investigated. The PtPd@HCS calcinated at 800 °C (PtPd@HCS‐800) with the thinnest carbon shell (3.52 nm) and rich pore structure exhibits enhanced ORR catalytic activity and stability. The strategy mentioned here is expected to provide a new method to design single nanoparticle electrocatalysts for fuel cells with high catalytic performance and reduced loading of precious metals.     

铝基银纳米阵列制备及其紫外-可见-近红外光吸收特性

基于阳极氧化铝模板,采用真空蒸镀技术,制备了高度有序的周期性银纳米球阵列.阵列几何结构参数调控实验发现,通过控制蒸镀厚度,可实现对阵列中银纳米球尺寸(直径)和间距的有效调控,进而有效实现对紫外-可见-近红外各波段吸收峰位和峰宽的调制.吸收光谱测试显示,该纳米阵列在紫外、可见和近红外波段都具有明显的电磁波吸收特性.时域有限差分理论模拟结合实验分析不同波段光吸收特性的物理机制,紫外超窄强吸收为银、铝介电环境非对称诱发的法诺共振,可见波段吸收源自于银纳米粒子局域表面等离子体共振,近红外波段强吸收为银纳米球阵列表面晶格共振所激发.     

电介质球复合纳米天线对荧光定向发射的增强

在纳米光子学中,提高荧光物质的定向发光强度是许多应用要解决的关键问题。为了优化电介质纳米天线的荧光增强能力,本文提出了一种由硅纳米球二聚体与TiO 2微球组成的电介质球复合纳米天线。通过时域有限差分法,本文分别从量子产率增强、荧光收集效率增强以及荧光激发率增强3个方面研究了该复合纳米天线对荧光的增强效果。结果表明,这种复合纳米天线不仅可以解决单个TiO 2微球增强荧光时量子产率较低的问题,还可以弥补单个硅纳米球二聚体增强荧光时荧光收集效率较差的不足。该复合纳米天线可使CdSe量子点的量子产率增强约4倍、荧光收集效率增强约2倍。此外,由于硅纳米球二聚体与TiO 2微球对荧光激发过程具有增强效果,该复合天线最终可以产生较高的荧光定向增强倍数。在量子点发光的中心波长523 nm处,荧光定向增强约为3064倍。     

氧等离子体处理对GaAs表面单层自组装SiO2纳米球薄膜的影响

二维纳米阵列结构因其重要的光学性能被广泛应用于各类光电子器件。本文对自组装单层SiO2纳米球掩模刻蚀法制备GaAs纳米柱二维阵列结构的关键工艺技术进行了研究。采用旋涂法在GaAs表面制备自组装单层SiO2纳米球,重点研究了GaAs表面氧等离子体亲水处理工艺对纳米球排列特性的影响,获得最佳工艺条件为功率配比100 W+80 W、腔室压力4 Pa、氧气流量20 mL/min、处理时间1200 s,并最终得到排列紧密的大面积单层纳米球薄膜。以单层纳米球为掩模,采用感应耦合等离子体刻蚀技术在GaAs表面制备了纳米柱阵列并测试了其表面光反射谱。测试结果表明,GaAs纳米柱阵列在特定波段的反射率降低至5%,远低于表面无纳米结构的薄膜材料表面高达40%的光反射。分析表明纳米柱可以激发米氏散射共振效应,从而有效降低反射率并提升光吸收。     

Nanosphere Templated Metallic Grating Assisted Enhanced Fluorescence

In this paper, enhanced fluorescence from a silver film coated nanosphere templated grating is presented. Initially, numerical simulation was performed to determine the plasmon resonance wavelength by varying the thickness of the silver film on top of a monolayer of 400 nm nanospheres. The simulation results are verified experimentally and tested for enhancing fluorescence from fluorescein isothiocyanate whose excitation wavelength closely matches with the plasmon resonance wavelength of the substrate with 100 nm silver film over nanosphere. The 12 times enhancement in the intensity is attributed to the local field enhancement in addition to the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons along the surface.     

应用平行隔板增强纳米球表面电场

球形纳米粒子已经被广泛地应用于表面增强拉曼散射.为进一步提高纳米球表面电场,从而提高表面增强拉曼散射信号强度,本文设计了平行隔板纳米球结构.离散偶极子近似计算结果表明,应用平行隔板后,纳米球表面电场得到了大幅度增强,故平行隔板纳米球结构更适合作为表面增强拉曼散射衬底,用于生物分子探测.另外,本文还系统地研究了平行隔板结构参数对整个平行隔板纳米球结构光学性质的影响. 关键词： 银纳米球 平行隔板 表面等离子体 离散偶极子近似     

倾斜L形手性结构的制备以及圆二色性

在单层聚苯乙烯小球模板上,制备了大面积倾斜L形手性结构.通过倾斜角沉积技术,在小球的一侧生长二氧化硅,在二氧化硅上面沉积金属层;在垂直方向沉积另一金属层,使两个金属层具有不同高度从而形成倾斜L形手性结构.研究发现,通过控制二氧化硅的厚度,可以实现倾斜L形手性结构的圆二色性的调控.数值模拟结果表明,倾斜L形手性结构的圆二色性机制符合Born-Kuhn模型理论.     

Electrodynamic response of a nanosphere

The electrodynamic response of electron gas on the surface of a nanosphere in a weak magnetic field is studied. The case of the photon polarization vector oriented parallel to the magnetic field (the Faraday geometry) is considered. An analytic expression for the coefficient of electromagnetic-radiation absorption by the nanosphere is derived. It is shown that, at low temperatures, the absorption curve has, in the general case, two resonance peaks. The curve also exhibits breaks.     

径向偏振光束激发的金属纳米球-纳米圆盘间隙模式等离激元共振光谱特性研究

提出了一种可用于表面增强拉曼测量的基于金属纳米圆盘上方放置金属纳米球颗粒构成的金属纳米结构，其在径向偏振光束激发下，由于金属纳米圆盘的呼吸模式表面等离激元共振的作用，可以形成纵向电场有效增强的间隙模式等离激元共振。对此进行了有限元模拟计算研究，计算结果证明该间隙模式的纵向电场分量相对于径向偏振入射光的有效激发横向电场分量增强了100倍以上。为了更清晰地展现这种新型纳米结构的光谱特性以及表面电场分布特征，同时对单个金属纳米圆盘，单个金属纳米球，金属薄膜，金属纳米球-金属薄膜这几种纳米结构在同一个模拟计算框架下进行了计算以及比较分析。由于可以把金属纳米球类比为金属探针的尖端，所提出的新型间隙模式也有望在针尖型拉曼增强中得到应用。