Flow pattern due to capillary-gravitational waves in a charged layer of a viscous conducting liquid on a solid support

Analytical solutions for the time evolution of a capillary-gravitational wave in a charged layer of a viscous conducting liquid on a solid support are found. It is shown that the velocity field eddy component of the wave-induced liquid flow arises not only near the free surface of the liquid, but also at the solid bottom. The ratio between the amplitudes of these eddy components depends on the relationship between the thickness of the layer and the wavelength. If the wavelength far exceeds the thickness, the eddy flow amplitude near the bottom exceeds that near the free surface and the eddy flow occupies the whole volume of the liquid.     

Two-pion interferometry for viscous hydrodynamic sources

The space-time evolution of the (1+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamics with an initial quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is studied numerically. The particle-emitting sources undergo a crossover transition from the QGP to hadronic gas. We take into account a usual shear viscosity for the strongly coupled QGP as well as the bulk viscosity which increases significantly in the crossover region. The two-pion Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry for the viscous hydrodynamic sources is performed. The HBT analyses indicate that the viscosity effect on the two-pion HBT results is small if only the shear viscosity is taken into consideration in the calculations. The bulk viscosity leads to a larger transverse freeze-out configuration of the pion-emitting sources, and thus increases the transverse HBT radii. The results of the longitudinal HBT radius for the source with Bjorken longitudinal scaling are consistent with the experimental data.     

Strain wave evolution equation for nonlinear propagation in materials with mesoscopic mechanical elements

Nonlinear wave propagation in materials, where distribution function of mesoscopic mechanical elements has very different scales of variation along and normally to diagonal of Preisach-Mayergoyz space, is analyzed. An evolution equation for strain wave, which takes into account localization of element distribution near the diagonal and its slow variation along the diagonal, is proposed. The evolution equation provides opportunity to model propagation of elastic waves with strain amplitudes comparable to and even higher than characteristic scale of element localization near Preisach-Mayergoyz space diagonal. Analytical solutions of evolution equation predict nonmonotonous dependence of wave absorption on its amplitude in a particular regime. The regime of self-induced absorption for small-amplitude nonlinear waves is followed by the regime of self-induced transparency for high-amplitude waves. The developed theory might be useful in seismology, in high-pressure nonlinear acoustics, and in nonlinear acoustic diagnostics of damaged and fatigued materials.     

Cyclic hardening of copper single crystals

Cyclic hardening of copper single crystals was investigated at room temperature at stress amplitudes corresponding to stages II and III of the monotonic work-hardening. At constant shear stress amplitudes corresponding to stage II of monotonic work-hardening, the cyclic hardening as a function of the number of stress cycles is independent of stress amplitude and of strain rate. Further, it seems to be able to decrease the mean free slip area of mobile dislocations so that their motion becomes almost completely reversible. Thus, neither structural changes nor final fatigue failure can be expected at these stress amplitudes. At shear stress amplitudes corresponding to stage III of monotonic work-hardening, cyclic hardening becomes the smaller the higher the stress amplitude used. The mean free slip area of mobile dislocations stays generally large enough to allow the structural changes required for cyclic softening and final fatigue failure. In the lower portion of this stress amplitude region, the strain amplitude associated with the constant stress cycling is continuously controlled by cyclic hardening, while in the higher portion, it is controlled first by cyclic hardening and then by work-hardening during the half cycle in question. Creep can also be found at these stress amplitudes corresponding to a high level in stage III.     

Analysis of creep due to grain-boundary diffusion in hexagonal microstructures

For steady-state deformation caused by grain-boundary diffusion in hexagonal microstructures, the stress distribution on grain boundaries and the macroscopic strain rates are analysed by taking the effects of viscous grain-boundary sliding into account. The maximum normal stress and the extent of stress concentration are shown to decrease as the grain-boundary viscosity increases. For infinite viscosity and/or extremely small grain sizes, the distribution of the normal stress becomes uniform on grain boundaries. The strain rates are predicted by both the stress analysis and the energy balance method, and the two strain rates are consistent with each other. The predicted strain rates also decrease as the grain-boundary viscosity increases. The present analysis reveals that the grain-size exponent is dependent on the grain size and the grain-boundary viscosity: the exponent becomes unity for small grain sizes and/or high viscosity, while it is three for large grain sizes and/or low viscosity. Recent experimental observations that the strain rates of nano-sized grain are much lower than those predicted by grain-boundary diffusion are explained by the increasing contribution of viscous grain-boundary sliding with decreasing grain size.     

The variation of transition location in response to the variation of the amplitudes of initial disturbances

The transition location of a boundary layer depends on the amplitude and characteristic of initial disturbances. The larger the amplitude and the amplification rate of the initial disturbances are,the more upstream the transition location is. However,the environment surrounding the flying vehicle is variable,so the amplitude and characteristic of the disturbances triggered in the boundary layer through receptivity are also variable. In this paper,how the transition location varies in response to the variation of the initial disturbance amplitudes is studied by using direct numerical simulation. The results show that if the initial disturbance amplitudes become smaller,the transition location moves downstream correspondingly,but there is a time delay compared to the time of arrival of the disturbances with reduced amplitudes. Moreover,the speed of moving downstream is appreciably lower than the propagation speed of the disturbances. On the other hand,if the amplitudes of the initial disturbances recover their original value,the transition would immediately take place whenever the disturbances reach the former transition location,but the laminar flow between the new and old transition locations would not become turbulent immediately. Theoretical explanations are provided based on the transition mechanism found by our group.     

Low-temperature fatigue behaviour and development of dislocation structure in aluminium single crystals with single-slip orientation

Al single crystals oriented for single slip were cyclically deformed under constant plastic strain amplitudes between 1?×?10^?3 and 5?×?10^?2 at 77?K. Al single crystals showed hardening to saturation at all applied shear stress amplitudes. The resultant cyclic stress–strain curve (CSSC) showed a stress plateau in a range of plastic strain amplitude from 2?×?10^?3 to 2?×?10^?2. Surface observation revealed that multiple slip systems were active even at the strain amplitude in the plateau region. At plastic strain amplitudes corresponding to the plateau of the CSSC, persistent slip bands (PSBs) were formed parallel to the primary slip plane. In the PSBs, well-developed dislocation walls parallel to the {100} planes were observed. The microstructure in the PSBs was explained by the fact of multiple activation of the primary and critical slip systems. The above results indicate that the high stacking fault energy of Al is an important factor affecting the fatigue behaviour even at 77?K.     

Nonlinear capillary-gravitational periodic waves on the charged surface of a finite-thickness viscous liquid

An analytical expression for the time evolution of the profile of a nonlinear periodic capillary-gravitational wave traveling over the charged surface of a viscous incompressible finite-thickness liquid is found. The calculation is carried out in the second order of smallness in wave amplitude. It is shown that the dependence of a nonlinear correction to a linear solution on the liquid viscosity and liquid layer thickness changes qualitatively in going from thick to thin liquid layers.     

偏应力对材料层裂强度影响的实验研究

 采用热装配方法对平面样品施加径向应力,获得不同程度的偏应力,通过轻气炮实验获得了不同预应力下LY12铝合金层裂信号,结果表明：即使在相同撞击速度下,材料的层裂强度差异也发生明显变化。偏应力越大,材料的层裂强度越小,由于不同的球面层裂具有不同的偏应力场,通过本实验方法有可能将球面层裂与一维平变下的层裂联系起来。     

Parametric instabilities of a viscous liquid layer covered by a thin elastic plate under vertical periodic motion

Parametric instabilities of a horizontal liquid layer with a finite depth covered by a thin elastic plate under a vertical periodic motion are investigated with account taken of the viscosity of the liquid layer. The primary regions and the secondary ones of dynamic instabilities are determined by using the equation of a thin elastic plate including the normal component of the viscous stress, but not the tangential component of it. The critical amplitude of the imposed oscillation, beyond which a parametric instability occurs (that is, the neutral stability curves) is found in the space of the frequency and amplitude of the imposed vertical oscillation. These results are confirmed by experimental ones for a liquid layer of glycerine covered with a thin rubber plate.     

Phase effects during parametric conversion in layer structures

Coupled-wave equations that describe the parametric amplification and generation of a sum frequency in a three-layer structure are studied theoretically in the constant-intensity approximation taking into account the inverse effect of the excited wave on the phase of the pumping wave. For this purpose, the approximation of constant intensity of the fundamental radiation is applied not to the layer structure as a whole but to each separately taken layer. In this case, the complex amplitudes of the interacting waves at the output of each layer are the input values of the corresponding complex amplitudes for the next layer. Analytical expressions obtained in the constant-intensity approximation for the efficiency of conversion to the sum frequency were analyzed numerically for different parameters of the problem. The efficiency of parametric amplification at a high frequency was found to depend on the intensity of the signal wave at a low frequency.     

声悬浮条件下黏性液滴的扇谐振荡规律研究

采用单轴式声悬浮方法研究了黏度μ =0.94-75.65 mPa·s的甘油-水溶液液滴的扇谐振荡规律. 发现一定阶数的振荡模式存在一定的临界黏度μ_c, 只有当μ < μ_c时, 该阶扇谐振荡才能被激发. 实验测定了声场调制幅度η = 0.23 时, l =2-9 阶扇谐振荡的临界黏度, 发现ln μ_c与l近似呈线性递减关系. 采用参数共振理论分析了黏性液滴的扇谐振荡过程, 发现激发扇谐振荡的液滴赤道半径扰动阈值h_c正比于液滴黏度μ, 并随l增大而增大, 因此扇谐振荡难以在高黏度和高阶模式下发生. 实验还发现, 各阶扇谐振荡的振幅和共振频率宽度随液滴黏度增大而减小, 黏度对液滴本征频率无明显影响.     

Analytical study of nonlinear vibrations of a charged viscous liquid drop

The generatrix of a nonlinearly vibrating charged drop of a viscous incompressible conducting liquid is found by directly expanding the equilibrium spherical shape of the drop in the amplitude of initial multimode deformation up to second-order terms. A fact previously unknown in the theory of nonlinear interaction is discovered: the energy of an initially excited vibration mode of a low-viscosity liquid drop is gradually (within several vibrations periods) transferred to the mode excited by only nonlinear interaction. Irrespectively of the form of the initial deformation, an unstable viscous drop bearing a charge slightly exceeding the critical Rayleigh value takes the shape of a prolate spheroid because of viscous damping of all the modes (except for the fundamental one) for a characteristic time depending on the damping rates of the initially excited modes and the further evolution of the drop is governed by the fundamental mode. In a high-viscosity drop, the rate of rise of the unstable fundamental mode amplitude does not increase continuously with time, contrary to the predictions of nonlinear analysis in terms of the ideal liquid model: it first decreases to a value slightly differing from zero (which depends on the extent of supercriticality of the charge and viscosity of the liquid), remains small for a while (the unstable mode amplitude remains virtually time-independent), and then starts growing.     

Dislocation dynamics and viscosity effects in a planar stress wave in a metal

Dislocation concepts are used in examining viscosity effects in planar stress waves. An equation is derived relating the viscous stress to the microdynamic parameters of the crystal. This is used to calculate the viscous stress in a stationary plastic wave for 6061-T6 polycrystalline aluminum. A method is given for estimating the rate of plastic strain for stationary stress waves.     

Fold amplification rates and dominant wavelength selection in multilayer stacks

A combination of thin- and thick-plate theories, and finite element models is used to systematically analyze folding in multilayer stacks. We show that if the interlayer spacing is large, individual layers fold as single layers, if the spacing is small the entire stack folds as one effective single layer. In between, a third folding mode exists that is characterised by a dominant wavelength that scales with n ^1/3, irrespective of total number of layers, n. The maximum growth rates in the true multilayer-folding mode are higher than the corresponding single layer growth rates, increase with n and are bounded by a saturation value that is directly proportional to the viscosity contrast. This growth rate saturation as well as the applicability of the true multilayer-folding mode with respect to interlayer spacing can be explained by the normal and inverse contact strain theory. The true multilayer-folding mode is expected to be the most frequent mode in nature, because it exhibits the highest growth rates and has a relatively large applicability range with respect to interlayer spacing. The increased growth rates in multilayer folding are especially important for systems where the corresponding single layer values are not sufficient to drive the folding instability, such as folding in low-viscosity contrast layers and detachment folding.     

Modeling of the evolution of a dislocation structure and development of microplastic deformation in single crystals of fcc substitutional solid solutions

An analysis is made of evolution of a dislocation structure during the initial stage of plastic deformation and the stress-strain diagrams are derived theoretically for single crystals of fcc substitutional solid solutions. The example of Cu-Al alloys is used to confirm the theoretically predicted relationship between the stress and strain, and also between the flow stress and the resistance to the motion of a single dislocation.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 93–97, July, 1980.     

Modification of the boundary layer theory for calculating viscous drop oscillations in a uniform electrostatic field

Capillary oscillations on the free surface of a viscous conductive liquid drop placed in an electrostatic field are calculated. In an approximation linear in stationary deformation amplitude, the drop in this field has the shape of a spheroid extended along the field. The initial problem is modified and simplified in terms of the boundary layer theory by applying an approximation that is linear in the oscillation amplitude and quadratic in the eccentricity of the drop. The accuracy of the approximate solution relative to an exact one is estimated. It is shown that, with a rise in the electrostatic field strength (with an increase in the eccentricity of the drop) and in the viscosity of the liquid, the boundary layer at the free surface of the drop becomes thicker.     

On the structure of the velocity field due to wave motion at a uniformly charged interface between two viscous immiscible liquids

An analytical solution to the problem of evolution of a capillary-gravitational wave on the uniformly charged interface between viscous immiscible liquids is found. It is shown that, away from the interface, both the total liquid flows and their wave-related eddy components on both sides of the interface decrease rapidly. The amplitude of the velocity field curl changes stepwise in going through the interface. The ratio between the amplitudes of the velocity field eddy components in the media being considered depends on the charge density at the interface, ratio of the kinematic viscosities, and densities of the upper and lower liquids.     

Effects of viscosity on shock-induced damping of an initial sinusoidal disturbance

A lack of reliable data treatment method has been for several decades the bottleneck of viscosity measurement by disturbance amplitude damping method of shock waves.In this work the finite difference method is firstly applied to obtain the numerical solutions for disturbance amplitude damping behavior of sinusoidal shock front in inviscid and viscous flow.When water shocked to 15 GPa is taken as an example,the main results are as follows:(1) For inviscid and lower viscous flows the numerical method gives results in good agreement with the analytic solutions under the condition of small disturbance(a0/λ=0.02);(2) For the flow of viscosity beyond 200 Pa s(η=κ) the analytic solution is found to overestimate obviously the effects of viscosity.It is attributed to the unreal pre-conditions of analytic solution by Miller and Ahrens;(3) The present numerical method provides an effective tool with more confidence to overcome the bottleneck of data treatment when the effects of higher viscosity in experiments of Sakharov and flyer impact are expected to be analyzed,because it can in principle simulate the development of shock waves in flows with larger disturbance amplitude,higher viscosity,and complicated initial flow.     

Ultrasonic measurement of viscoelastic shear modulus development in hydrating cement paste

A test procedure for measuring changes in amplitude and phase of SH ultrasonic waves from the interface between fused-quartz and cement paste samples is presented. The phase change is determined from the temporal shift in the reflected signal relative to the incident signal. The sensitivity of the measured parameters to changes in acoustic impedance of the materials in contact with fused-quartz is evaluated for different angles of incidence. It is shown that a reflection measurement at normal incidence at nano-second temporal resolution does not provide sufficient sensitivity to measure the viscous component of shear modulus of low viscosity fluids and cannot be applied to cement paste while it is in a fluid state. Monitoring the measured amplitude and phase at oblique angle of incidence allows for measuring fluids with acoustic impedance comparable to cement paste. The reflection measurements are used to determine the evolution of elastic and viscous components of shear modulus cement paste with time. Influence of sampling rate and temperature effects on the phase measurements are evaluated and shown to be significant. It is shown that the initial loss of workability of cement paste through setting process is associated with a larger relative increase in the viscous component of shear modulus. Following the initial rapid rise of the viscous component of shear modulus, there is a larger relative increase in the elastic component, which can be related to the emergence of a solid structure capable of retaining an imprint.