Measurement of birefringence in integrated optical waveguides by use of a microwave-modulated optical wave

We present a technique for measuring birefringence (B) in integrated optical waveguides by use of a microwave-modulated optical wave. It is shown that the technique is able to yield an accurate measurement of birefringence. In addition, an approximate estimate of birefringence dispersion (dB/dlambda) can be achieved by means of tuning the wavelength of the light source and measuring the dependence of the birefringence on the wavelength. As an example of the use of the technique, we show how to evaluate an innovative Ti:LiNbO (3) waveguide. The results show that such a Ti:LiNbO (3) waveguide has a birefringence of 0.0783+/-0.0001 and a birefringence dispersion of 0.05+/-0.01mum (-1) when the optical wavelength is approximately 1.560mum .     

Drawing parameters optimization for birefringence reduction in optical fibers

The impact of the drawing process on the stress-induced birefringence in optical fiber is experimentally analyzed. By means of the photoelastic tomographic technique, residual internal stresses are measured in fiber samples drawn under different conditions of temperature, drawing tension and speed. From measured residual stress distributions, the stress-induced birefringence and beatlength are mathematically derived and compared, proving that an effective birefringence reduction can be obtained by a proper choice of drawing parameters.     

Reflectometric measurement of birefringence rotation in single-mode optical fibers

We present a novel reflectometric technique for the measurement of orientation and modulus of the linear birefringence vector in single-mode optical fibers. The technique provides information also on circular birefringence, although this component, if present, appears as a rotation of the linear birefringence. A detailed theoretical analysis is reported and validated by experimental results.     

Fabrication and study of microstructured optical fibers with elliptical holes

We report the fabrication of what are believed to be the first microstructured optical fibers with uniformly oriented elliptical holes. A high degree of hole ellipticity is achieved with a simple technique that relies on hole deformation during fiber draw. Both form and stress-optic birefringence are characterized over a broad wavelength range. These measurements are in excellent agreement with numerical modeling and demonstrate a birefringence as high as 1.0 x 10(-4) at a wavelength of 850 nm.     

Polarization dispersion in microstructure fibers with side channels

Polarization dispersion characteristics of microstructure optical fibers were analyzed. A significant difference between the spectral dependences of the phase and group birefringence of microstructure fibers and the polarization characteristics of a standard fiber having birefringence of the same order of magnitude is found. A new method for direct measurement of the phase birefringence is proposed and tested. The applicability of the technique for determining the phase birefringence with the use of the approximation known in the literature is analyzed.     

高双折射光子晶体光纤研究

设计了一种高双折射光子晶体光纤(Photonic Crystal Fiber,PCF),即增大两个与纤芯相邻的空气孔直径,使光纤只具有二重对称性,呈现出较高的双折射.通过压缩x轴方向孔间距,进一步增大双折射度.采用全矢量有限单元法(Finite-element Method,FEM),研究了该光子晶体光纤基模对应的相双折射和群双折射,给出了该高双折射PCF双折射随输入光波长的变化曲线.结果获得了10－3量级的高双折射.具有设计参量的该光子晶体光纤结构的相双折射在1 550 nm处可以达到5.0×10－3,在更长的波长处,这一值会更高.     

一种新结构高双折射光子晶体光纤

提出了一种新结构的高双折射光子晶体光纤,通过引入掺氟实心圆的方式形成双折射,而不采用大多数高双折射光子晶体光纤中引入不同孔径空气孔或椭圆空气孔的结构。应用全矢量平面波法对其基模场分布、模式截止以及各种结构参量对模式双折射特性的影响进行了详细的分析和讨论。结果表明,该结构光子晶体光纤可以在较宽波长范围内产生10-3量级的模式双折射,且通过调节孔径,可以灵活地将双折射最高点调整到所需的波长上。另外,该结构高双折射光子晶体光纤在拉制工艺、光纤强度以及光纤熔接等方面也具有一定的优势。     

Multiple defect-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber with flattened dispersion and polarization maintaining properties

In this paper, we present a dispersion controlling technique with a multiple defect-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (MD-HPCF). By omitting air holes in the core region of the conventional HPCF and adjusting the size of air holes around the newly formed core, we can successfully design low flattened dispersion PCF with low confinement loss, as well as high birefringence. The low flattened dispersion feature, as well as the low confinement losses and high birefringence are the main advantages of the proposed PCF structure, making it suitable as chromatic dispersion controller, dispersion compensator, and/or polarization maintaining fiber.     

Wide-field polarimetric analysis of photoinduced birefringence in azo-dye-doped thin films: irradiance and time dependence

We have investigated by wide field polariscopy the behaviour of photoinduced birefringence (PIB) in sol–gel hybrid disperse red 1 (DR1) doped films. This technique allows the mapping of the local values of a bell-shaped pump beam irradiance and those of the corresponding photoinduced birefringence. By means of a point-to-point correlation of these maps, we have tracked the dependence of PIB, simultaneously and continuously, on exposure times and pump irradiances. We have then applied some of the available theoretical models, representing birefringence as an analytical function of irradiance and time, to interpolate the experimental PIB data. As compared to the usual PIB measurements, which neglect the spatial distribution of the pump irradiance, our results provide a more detailed and reliable empirical basis on which models of the orientational mechanisms of the photoisomerizable molecules can be developed. PACS 78.20.Fm; 42.70.Gi; 42.70.Ln     

Ring-resonator-based frequency-domain optical activity measurements of a chiral liquid

Chiral liquids rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light and are therefore optically active. Here we show that optical rotation can be observed in the frequency domain. A chiral liquid introduced in a fiber-loop ring resonator that supports left and right circularly polarized modes gives rise to relative frequency shifts that are a direct measure of the liquid's circular birefringence and hence of its optical activity. The effect is in principle not diminished if the circumference of the ring is reduced. The technique is similarly applicable to refractive index and linear birefringence measurements.     

金纳米流体的电场可调光学性质

利用多次还原法制备了不同粒径的金纳米颗粒,SEM和粒度分析表明其平均粒径分别为11 nm,35 nm和58 nm.进一步通过表面活性剂辅助的液相转移法制备出不同粒径的油基金纳米流体,测试了金纳米流体在电场作用下的光学性质.结果表明金纳米流体在电场作用下表现出明显的双折射现象,且随电场强度的变化双折射具有可调节性.金颗粒粒径和浓度对折射率有明显影响,在实验采用的浓度范围内,折射率随金颗粒浓度和粒径的增加而减小.最后,利用电流变液结构转变机理对金纳米流体的电致双折射进行了分析. 关键词： 纳米流体 双折射 电流变液     

Automatic fringe analysis of two-beam interference patterns for measurement of refractive index and birefringence profiles of fibres

Automatic fringe pattern analysis is a powerful and inexpensive digital image-processing technique. Two-beam polarizing interference Pluta microscope [Pluta M. Opt Acta 1971;18:661, Pluta M. J Microsc 1972;96:309] is automated by the computer-aid via CCD camera and digital frame grabber. Software program is prepared to deal with the duplicated (separated and overlapped) Microinterferograms produced by two-beam polarizing microscope. It also gives an accurate and fast automatic measurement of refractive index and birefringence profiles for fibres. In this paper, the refractive index and birefringence profiles of two different types of fibres, basalt and polypropylene (PP) fibres are presented. A new method to determine the birefringence profile of fibres from non-duplicated microinterferogram is suggested. The cold drawing process for PP fibres is studied.     

圆芯边孔光纤的应力区和双折射

报道了圆芯边孔光纤(CSF)中应力分布和双折射的研究结果。用有限元法建立了求解圆芯边孔光纤横截面应力和双折射的计算模型,分析了圆芯边孔光纤横截面应力和应力双折射的分布形态,给出了详尽的物理解释。计算结果表明圆芯边孔光纤的横截面上出现应力分量的拉应力区和压应力区,应力区在纤芯附近对称分布,且不同应力区中应力双折射取向不同。应力分量和应力双折射在圆芯边孔光纤横截面上积分为零。圆芯边孔光纤的几何双折射随波长增加而增大,短波长处几何双折射为零,模式双折射等于应力双折射,随着波长增加,模式双折射逐渐偏离纤芯中心处应力双折射而靠近几何双折射,到长波长处模式双折射主要是几何双折射。对于不同材料组成和结构尺寸的圆芯边孔光纤,模式双折射的数值在10-5量级,随波长增加模式双折射先减小后增加。     

Measurement of birefringence correlation length in long, single-mode fibers

Measurements of birefringence correlation length performed on long single-mode telecommunication fibers are reported. The proposed technique relies on the statistical properties of the backscattered-field polarization, which was measured by means of a polarization-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer. Experimental results are reported that show good agreement with the underlying theory based on stochastic differential equations.     

Ring resonator in a Sagnac interferometer as a birefringence magnifier

A novel birefringence magnification technique that uses a ring resonator in a Sagnac interferometer is proposed and demonstrated. An enhancement factor of 38 was obtained experimentally. The scheme can be used to increase measurement sensitivity to small birefringence and polarization mode dispersion and to decrease the threshold for nonlinear switching and laser mode locking by a Sagnac interferometer.     

One-shot birefringence dispersion measurement based on channeled spectrum technique

A one-shot method for measuring birefringence dispersion has been proposed that utilizes two retarders having different high-order birefringences. The intensity distribution of a channeled spectrum changes with different frequencies as a function of wavenumber. An intensity distribution is sufficient to determine the birefringence dispersion using the amplitude and phase components obtained by applying the fast Fourier transform. Experimental results demonstrate that this technique can measure the wavelength dependences of both the azimuthal angle and the retardation.     

电光双折射扫描滤波法提高啁啾脉冲对比度

提出了一种通过扫描滤波来提高啁啾脉冲对比度的方法,并分析了该方法的原理。与传统的非线性滤波技术不同,扫描滤波方法消除预脉冲时,选通原理是基于光的频率而不是强度。以电光双折射扫描滤波器为例,说明了扫描滤波法的具体应用。通过数值模拟及实验研究,发现电光双折射扫描滤波法可以有效地消除主脉冲以前几百ps的预脉冲,并且主脉冲同时还能保证较高的透过率。     

偶氮液晶聚合物中的非线性光致双折射

介绍了在偶氮液晶聚合物薄膜P-CN中发现的非线性光致双折射现象,给出了非线性光致双折射实验的具体结果.采用Z扫描技术验证了光致双折射的非线性过程本质,测量了P-CN介质薄膜的非线性吸收系数.讨论了光致双折射涉及的异构化微观机理,并在此基础上提出了非线性光光异构化实现光致双折射的方法 关键词： 液晶聚合物 光致双折射 光致异构化     

Single-shot measurement of revival structures in femtosecond laser-induced alignment of molecules

We present a single-shot detection technique for field-free molecular alignment. The method is based on probing the time-varying birefringence of an aligned sample by use of a chirped probe pulse, thus encoding the dependence of the alignment on time onto the spectral domain. The technique is applied to alignment of O2. The recorded signals are well described by an analytical formula.     

Determination of stress-induced intrinsic birefringence in a single-mode fiber by measurement of the two-dimensional stress profile

The two-dimensional (2-D) axial stress profile of a single-mode fiber is obtained with an optical tomographic measurement technique. All stress components of the fiber are calculated from a measured axial stress profile. We demonstrate that the differential group delay induced by intrinsic nonsymmetric stress as well as the induced linear birefringence between two orthogonal polarization modes can be determined with an analytic technique based on a vector perturbation method from a measured asymmetric 2-D stress distribution.