BINAP嵌入的多孔有机聚合物在多相不对称氢化反应中的作用

手性多孔有机聚合物具有较高的稳定性和催化活性,广泛用于多相不对称催化中.目前研究多集中在合成具有微孔结构的聚合物,而少有具有多种孔道结构(包含介孔和微孔)的聚合物的报道.之前我们报道了乙烯基修饰的BINAP配体,(S)-5,5'-divinyl-BINAP,将其与不同单体共聚后得到了一系列具有不同孔结构的有机聚合物.其负载的Rh基催化剂在苯乙烯不对称氢甲酰化反应中,表现出比均相更高的产物对映体选择性.本文采用不同的溴代步骤,合成了(S)-4,4'-divinyl-BINAP配体.将这两种具有乙烯基官能团的手性配体按相同的摩尔比与二乙烯基苯(DVB)共聚,得到两种不同的有机聚合物.负载[RuCl2(benzene)]2后,分别得到Ru/4-BINAP@POPs和Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-1.采用一锅法合成了催化剂Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-2;以[RuCl2(p-cyme)]2和RuCl3分别合成了Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-3和Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-4催化剂.N2物理吸附结果显示,Ru/4-BINAP@POPs和Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-1催化剂具有相似的孔道结构;而采用一锅法合成的Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-2催化剂的介孔孔径较大.4-BINAP@POPs和5-BINAP@POPs聚合物的13C核磁显示,其均在145,137和128 ppm处有明显的吸收峰,可归结为萘环和苯环上的碳振动峰;在44.0 ppm处的峰归属为亚甲基上的碳振动峰;31P核磁显示,在聚合物中P基本没有被氧化.将所得到的Ru/POPs催化剂应用于乙酰乙酸甲酯的多相不对称加氢反应中,Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-1催化剂具有与Ru/4-BINAP@POPs更快的反应速率.在相同反应条件下,催化剂活性大小为Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-1>Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-3>Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-4>Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-2.另外Ru/5-BINAP@POPs-1催化剂对β-酮酸酯有着较好的底物适应性,且在釜式反应中可循环使用6次而活性基本不变.分析发现,使用前后的催化剂均没有明显的Ru–Ru键的存在.表明Ru金属高度分散于催化剂上,且具有较高的稳定性,金属不易聚集,这也是其具有高活性和稳定性的原因.     

Plasmonic heterogeneous catalysis for organic transformations

Plasmonic catalysis has been recognised as a promising alternative to many conventional thermal catalytic processes in organic synthesis. In addition to their high activity in fine chemical synthesis, plasmonic photocatalysts are also able to maintain control of selectivity under mild conditions by utilising visible-light as an energy source. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in organic transformations with plasmonic metal nanostructures, including selective reduction, selective oxidation, cross-coupling and addition reactions. We also summarize the photocatalysts and catalytic mechanisms involving surface plasmon resonance. Finally, control of reaction pathway and strategies for tailoring product selectivity in fine chemical synthesis are discussed.     

Pyrylium-based porous organic polymers via Knoevenagel condensation for efficient visible-light-driven heterogeneous photodegradation

Pyrylium salts are a type of representative and convincing example of versatility and variety not only as a nodal point in organic transformations but also as an attractive building block in functional organic materials. Herein, we report an effective synthetic protocol to fabricate a new pyrylium-containing porous organic polymers (POPs), named TMP-P, via Knoevenagel condensation with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium salt (TMP) as the key building block and 1,4-phthalaldehyde as the linker. The resulting ionic polymer TMP-P exhibited efficient visible-light-driven heterogeneous photodegradation of Rhodamine B, owing to the presence of wide visible light absorption and a narrow optical band gap triggered pyrylium core in the framework.     

Functional porous coordination polymers

The chemistry of the coordination polymers has in recent years advanced extensively, affording various architectures, which are constructed from a variety of molecular building blocks with different interactions between them. The next challenge is the chemical and physical functionalization of these architectures, through the porous properties of the frameworks. This review concentrates on three aspects of coordination polymers: 1). the use of crystal engineering to construct porous frameworks from connectors and linkers ("nanospace engineering"), 2). characterizing and cataloging the porous properties by functions for storage, exchange, separation, etc., and 3). the next generation of porous functions based on dynamic crystal transformations caused by guest molecules or physical stimuli. Our aim is to present the state of the art chemistry and physics of and in the micropores of porous coordination polymers.     

Engineering porous organic polymers for carbon dioxide capture

As atmospheric CO₂ levels rise, the development of physical or chemical adsorbents for CO₂ capture and separation is of great importance on the way towards a sustainable low-carbon future. Porous organic polymers are promising candidates for CO₂ capture materials owing to their structural flexibility, high surface area, and high stability. In this review, we highlight high-performance porous organic polymers for CO₂ capture and summarize the strategies to enhance CO₂ uptake and selectivity, such as increasing surface area, increasing interaction between porous organic polymers and CO₂, and pore surface functionalization.     

A homochiral porous metal-organic framework for highly enantioselective heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis

A homochiral porous noninterpenetrating metal-organic framework (MOF), 1, was constructed by linking infinite 1D [Cd(mu-Cl)2]n zigzag chains with axially chiral bipyridine bridging ligands containing orthogonal secondary functional groups. The secondary chiral dihydroxy groups accessible via the large open channels in 1 were utilized to generate a heterogeneous asymmetric catalyst for the addition of diethyzinc to aromatic aldehydes to afford chiral secondary alcohols at up to 93% enantiomeric excess (ee). Control experiments with dendritic aromatic aldehydes of different sizes indicate that the heterogeneous asymmetric catalyst derived from 1 is both highly active and enantioselective as a result of the creation of readily accessible, uniform active catalyst sites inside the porous MOF.     

Development of porous materials for heterogeneous catalysis: kinetic resolution of epoxides

Template copolymerization methods have been utilized to prepare porous materials with immobilized cobalt complexes that catalyze the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides.     

Asymmetric heterogeneous catalysis

Limited natural resources and an increasing demand for enantiomerically pure compounds render catalysis and especially heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis a key technology. The field has rapidly advanced from the initial use of chiral biopolymers, such as silk, as a support for metal catalysts to the modern research areas. Mesoporous supports, noncovalent immobilization, metal-organic catalysts, chiral modifiers: many areas are rapidly evolving. This Review shows that these catalysts have more to them than facile separation or recycling. Better activities and selectivities can be obtained than with the homogeneous catalyst and novel, efficient reaction mechanisms can be employed. Especially fascinating is the outlook for highly ordered metal-organic catalysts that might allow a rational design, synthesis, and the unequivocal structural characterization to give tailor-made catalysts.     

Special topic on research frontiers in porous organic polymers

正Porous organic polymers(POPs)are materials with covalently bonded,thermally stable backbones that exhibit large accessible surface areas and intriguing properties applicable to fields such as gas storage and separation,catalysis,and optoelectronics.Compared to analogous inorganic porous materials,POPs feature a wider range of pore size,larger surface area,readily available functional groups for post-synthesis functionalization,etc.,which enables their design for targeted applications.     

Microfabricated reactors for on-chip heterogeneous catalysis

Microfabricated devices constructed from glass and polydimethylsiloxane with integral heaters are described, which can be used for heterogeneous catalysis reactions. Sulfated zirconia is used as the catalyst in an open channel reactor, with either a syringe pump or electroosmotic flow being used to deliver the reactants. The results clearly demonstrate that very high conversion efficiencies are possible, however, the thermodynamics of the reactions are the same as in bulk systems. Ethanol and hexanol are dehydrated to ethene and hexene, respectively, with conversion efficiencies approaching 100%, and the esterification of ethanol is investigated. Yields of approximately 30% ethyl acetate are obtained by gas chromatographic analysis. This is the first time such a method for fabricating a catalyst micro reactor has been reported, yet it demonstrates sufficient robustness and resistance to leakage. The use of electroosmotic flow in a heated catalyst reactor is a significant advancement in reactor design.     

Design and synthesis of a magnetic hierarchical porous organic polymer: A new platform in heterogeneous phase‐transfer catalysis

Recyclable phase transfer catalysts containing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been known as a major trend towards sustainable catalysts. In this study, a novel class of magnetic porous polymer on the basis of calix[4]resorcinarene was synthesized starting from silica‐coated Fe₃O₄ core‐shell nanoparticles. This compound was found as an efficient phase transfer catalyst to the conversion of benzyl halides into benzyl azides and cyanides in good yields. The catalyst could be used at least for five consecutive cycles without appreciable loss in the catalytic activity.     

Advanced synthesis for advancing heterogeneous catalysis

There are tremendous needs and opportunities for the understanding and application of heterogeneous catalysis in the solution of vexing technological problems. Nanoscale, catalytically active phases, particularly metal nanoparticles and metal oxide clusters, supported on high surface area oxides (supported catalysts) are one of the most important classes of heterogeneous catalysts. The problem of inhomogeneity and the limits it places on the understanding of catalytic chemistry has led to substantial efforts to produce more uniform catalyst systems via more synthetic control. This article highlights an approach adopted at Argonne National Laboratory for the synthesis of uniform supported metal and oxide particles.     

Postsynthetic amine modification of porous organic polymers for CO2 capture and separation

Porous organic polymers (POPs) constitute an important class of sorbents studied in various adsorption and separation processes. Their unique properties, including high surface areas, adjustable pore sizes, and surface chemistries make them ideal candidates for CO₂ capture. To achieve a high CO₂ adsorption capacity and selectivity, particularly at the low partition pressures required for post-combustion CO₂ capture or direct capture of CO₂ from the atmosphere, incorporating amines onto the polymer frameworks or within the pores has shown much promise. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent studies on the synthesis and CO₂ capture performance of amine-functionalized POPs. The review also provides a detailed discussion of structure-performance relationships, focusing on how the loading amount and amine type influence CO₂ capture capacity, CO₂/N₂ selectivity, heat of adsorption, sorption kinetics, and recyclability of POPs. Additionally, the authors offer their perspective on the challenges associated with the practical implementation of amine-modified POPs for CO₂ capture.     

Mechanochemistry in heterogeneous catalysis

Heterogeneous-catalytic reactions on solid-phase catalysts activated by mechanical treatment are discussed. Attention is mainly focused on investigations into the nature of the active centers of the catalysts-nonequilibrium states-formed by mechanical activation of the solids. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 199–214, July–August, 2007.     

Homochiral metal-organic frameworks for heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis

Homochiral crystallizations of two enantiomeric metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) Ce-MDIP1 and Ce-MDIP2 were achieved by using L- or D-BCIP as chiral inductions, respectively, where the chiralities were characterized by solid state CD spectra. Ce-MDIPs exhibit excellent catalytic activity and high enantioselectivity for the asymmetric cyanosilylation of aromatic aldehydes; the homochiral Cd-TBT MOF having L-PYI as a chiral adduct exhibits stereochemical catalysis toward the Aldol reactions.     

Single-atom catalysis for organic reactions

Metal-based catalysis, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, plays a significant role in the modern chemical industry. Heterogeneous catalysis is widely used due to the high efficiency, easy catalyst separation and recycling. However, the metal-utilization efficiency for conventional heterogeneous catalysts needs further improvement compared to homogeneous catalyst. To tackle this, the pursing of heterogenizing homogeneous catalysts has always been attractive but challenging. As a recently emerging class of catalytic material, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are expected to bridge homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic process in organic reactions and have arguably become the most active new frontier in catalysis field. In this review, a brief introduction and development history of single-atom catalysis and SACs involved organic reactions are documented. In addition, recent advances in SACs and their practical applications in organic reactions such as oxidation, reduction, addition, coupling reaction, and other organic reactions are thoroughly reviewed. To understand structure-property relationships of single-atom catalysis in organic reactions, active sites or coordination structure, metal atom-utilization efficiency (e.g., turnover frequency, TOF calculated based on active metal) and catalytic performance (e.g., conversion and selectivity) of SACs are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, the application limitations, development trends, future challenges and perspective of SAC for organic reaction are discussed.     

多孔有机聚合物负载钯作为高效C-C偶联反应多相催化剂

Pd催化的C-C均相偶联反应,如Suzuki,Heck和Sonogashira广泛应用于有机合成、药物化学、材料科学等领域.均相催化剂具有难分离和不易循环利用的缺点,因而其应用有所受限.因此,开发具有高稳定性和高活性以及可循环性的Pd负载的多相催化剂具有重要意义.多孔有机聚合物具有独特的多级孔结构以及良好的稳定性,因而为制备新型的多相催化剂提供了可能.本文将乙烯基修饰的1,10-菲罗啉有机配体与二乙烯基苯共聚得到了菲罗啉功能化的多孔有机聚合物(PCP-Phen),负载Pd(OAC)2后所制催化剂(Pd/PCP-Phen)在Suzuki,Heck和Sonogashira等偶联反应中表现出优异的活性、选择性和稳定性.固体核磁和红外结果表明所合成的多孔有机聚合物具有1,10-菲罗啉有机配体;热重分析显示该聚合物具有较高的热稳定性;N2吸附测试表明该多孔有机聚合物及其钯负载物均具有丰富的介孔结构(11.2和7.3 nm)和大的比表面积;扫描电镜和透射电镜结果确也证实了它们具有丰富的介孔结构.X射线光电子能结果表明,Pd/POP-Phen催化剂中Pd 3d5/2和Pd 3d3/2的结合能分别为337.6和343.1 eV,略低于Pd(OAc)2的(338.6和343.8 eV).同时,该催化剂的N 1s结合能为400.0 eV,高于POP-Phen的399.3 eV.由此可见,该催化剂中菲罗啉有机配体与Pd物种有很强的配位作用.将得到的Pd/POP-Phen催化剂用于Suzuki,Sonogashira以及Heck反应.对于Suzuki反应,当以溴苯和苯硼酸为底物,乙醇和水(2∶3)为溶剂时,反应30 min联苯的产率高于99％;而在菲罗啉和醋酸钯(Pd/Phen)混合均相催化剂作用下,同样条件下转化率仅为1.7％.可见,Pd/POP-Phen多相催化剂在Suzuki反应中的催化活性高于均相催化剂.更为重要的是,该催化剂在循环使用五次后并未见明显的失活,且在反应液中也未检测到Pd,说明反应中金属物种基本上没有流失,与Pd/POP-Phen 多相催化剂的高稳定性一致.当将反应物扩展到多种不同底物时,Pd/POP-Phen催化剂均显示出非常优异的催化性能.在Sonogashira和Heck反应中,该多相催化剂也有非常好的催化性能.在碘苯和苯乙炔为反应物的Sonogashira反应中,于120℃进行30 min后,转化率即可达99％以上,高于Pd/Phen均相催化剂(93％);且该反应在没有CuI参与下也可以进行,从而避免了副产物二苯炔的形成.在碘苯和丙烯酸甲酯为底物的Heck反应中,于130℃只需反应20 min转化率可达到＞99％,也优于相应的均相催化剂.循环实验表明,该催化剂具有很高的稳定性.Pd/POP-Phen多相催化剂表现出高于均相催化剂的活性,主要原因归于催化剂孔道中相对较高的反应物浓度.在多相催化反应中,因为其丰富的多孔结构对反应物具有很强的富集作用,从而使得多相催化剂里的反应物浓度大大高于均相催化剂.例如,在Suzuki反应中,溴苯在多相催化剂中的浓度是均相催化体系的14倍.     

单原子催化:沟通均相催化与多相催化的桥梁（英文）

催化在现代化学工业中占据着极为重要的地位.催化剂是催化过程的核心.均相催化剂由于具有均一、孤立的活性位点,往往具有高活性与高选择性;但是分离困难限制了其实际应用.多相催化剂由于金属原子利用效率低、活性组分不均匀,活性与选择性相对较低;但其稳定易分离的特点使得目前大多数工业催化过程都是多相催化过程.近年来,单原子催化逐渐成为催化领域新的研究热点与前沿,受到相关研究人员的广泛关注.作为一种多相催化剂,单原子催化剂具有稳定易分离的优势.此外,单原子催化剂具有类似均相催化剂的孤立活性位点,可能具有高活性与高选择.因此单原子催化的概念一经提出,便被认为有望成为架起多相催化与均相催化的桥梁;但几年来并未从实验上得到证实.2016年开始,逐渐有单原子催化剂在经典均相催化反应过程中的应用报道,为该观点提供了实验上的证据.本综述概述了2016至2017年单原子催化剂在典型均相催化反应中的成功应用,包括:1)氢甲酰化反应.以烯烃和合成气为原料合成精细化学品醛类化合物的氢甲酰化反应是目前化工生产中典型的均相催化反应之一.2016年,张涛课题组和曾杰课题组先后报道了Rh/ZnO和Rh/CoO单原子催化剂在该反应中的成功应用.催化剂都表现出优异的催化性能,活性与经典均相Wilkinson’s催化剂相当;2)氢硅加成反应.作为合成有机硅产品的重要反应之一,工业上硅氢加成反应主要由Pt基均相催化剂催化.2016年Beller课题组首次报道了将Pt/Al_2O_3单原子催化剂用于烯烃硅氢加成反应中.该催化剂除表现出良好的催化活性和区域选择性外,还具有较高的稳定性和底物普适性;3)C–H键选择性氧化.烷烃部分氧化反应在学术研究和工业应用方面都有重要意义.刘文刚等将M-N-C单原子催化剂(其中M为Fe,Co等金属)成功应用于C–H键的活化反应中,并对催化剂的结构进行了深入剖析.以上实例表明通过调控金属与载体组合、设计开发合适的单原子催化剂,可以达到结合均相催化高活性、高选择性与多相催化稳定易分离的目的,为均相催化多相化提供了一条新途径,也证明单原子催化可望成为沟通均相催化与多相催化的桥梁.