高中化学新教材(必修1)中"物质的量"内容的难度分析

以2003版高一化学教材为参照,对化学新教材必修1中"物质的量"内容的难度作了定量分析与定性分析,以期对教材的修订及教师的教学提供思考与启示。     

Formation of cyclodimeric (sp(2)-C(1))-bridged Cp/-oxido ("CpC(1)O"M(IV)X(2)) group 4 metal Ziegler-Natta catalyst systems--how important is the "constrained geometry" effect?

Deprotonation of sodium acetylcyclopentadienide (11) was achieved by treatment with LDA in THF to generate the dianion equivalent [Cp-C(=CH(2))-O](2-)(12). Transmetalation with Cl(2)Ti(NMe(2))(2) gave ([Cp-C(=CH(2))-O]Ti(NMe(2))(2))(2) (17); treatment of 12 with Cl(2)Zr(NEt(2))(2)(THF)(2) furnished (([Cp-C(=CH(2))-O]Zr(NEt(2))(2))(2) (18). Cryoscopy in benzene revealed a dimeric structure of 18 in solution. Complex 18 was characterized further by an X-ray crystal structure analysis and by DFT calculations. The two zirconium centers of 18 are connected by means of two symmetry-equivalent eta(5):kappaO[Cp-C(=CH(2))-O] ligands. The ligand backbone shows no specific steric constraints, different from the formally related "constrained geometry" systems such as [Cp-SiMe(2)-NCMe(3)]Zr(NMe(2))(2) (1b). Nevertheless, upon treatment with MAO the CpCO group 4 metal complex system (18) generates an active homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst for effective ethene/1-octene copolymerization, with up to 20% 1-octene having become incorporated in the resulting copolymer at 90 degrees C.     

Ditantalum dinitrogen complex: reaction of H2 molecule with "end-on-bridged" [Ta(IV)]2(μ-η(1):η(1)-N2) and Bis(μ-nitrido) [Ta(V)]2(μ-N)2 complexes

To elucidate (i) the physicochemical properties of the {(η(5)-C(5)Me(5))[Ta(IV)](i-Pr)C(Me)N(i-Pr)}(2)(μ-η(1):η(1)-N(2)), I, [Ta(IV)](2)(μ-η(1):η(1)-N(2)), and {(η(5)-C(5)Me(5))[Ta(V)](i-Pr)C(Me)N(i-Pr)}(2)(μ-N)(2), II, [Ta(V)](2)(μ-N)(2), complexes; (ii) the mechanism of the I → II isomerization; and (iii) the reaction mechanism of these complexes with an H(2) molecule, we launched density functional (B3LYP) studies of model systems 1, 2, and 3 where the C(5)Me(5) and (i-Pr)C(Me)N(i-Pr) ligands of I (or II) were replaced by C(5)H(5) and HC(NCH(3))(2), respectively. These calculations show that the lower-lying electronic states of 1, [Ta(IV)](2)(μ-η(1):η(1)-N(2)), are nearly degenerate open-shell singlet and triplet states with two unpaired electrons located on the Ta centers. This finding is in reasonable agreement with experiments [J. Am Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9284-9285] showing easy accessibility of paramagnetic and diamagnetic states of I. The ground electronic state of the bis(μ-nitrido) complex 2, [Ta(V)](2)(μ-N)(2), is a closed-shell singlet state in agreement with the experimentally reported diamagnetic feature of II. The 1-to-2 rearrangement is a multistep and highly exothermic process. It occurs with a maximum of 28.7 kcal/mol free energy barrier required for the (μ-η(1):η(1)-N(2)) → (μ-η(2):η(2)-N(2)) transformation step. Reaction of 1 with H(2) leading to the 1,4-addition product 3 proceeds with a maximum of 24.2 kcal/mol free energy barrier associated by the (μ-η(1):η(1)-N(2)) → (μ-η(2):η(1)-N(2)) isomerization step. The overall reaction 1 + H(2) → 3 is exothermic by 20.0 kcal/mol. Thus, the addition of H(2) to 1 is kinetically and thermodynamically feasible and proceeds via the rate-determining (μ-η(1):η(1)-N(2)) → (μ-η(2):η(1)-N(2)) isomerization step. The bis(μ-nitrido) complex 2, [Ta(V)](2)(μ-N)(2), does not react with H(2) because of the large energy barrier (49.5 kcal/mol) and high endothermicity of the reaction. This conclusion is also in excellent agreement with the experimental observation [J. Am Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9284-9285].     

Excited-state dynamics of trans,trans-1,3,5,7-octatetraene: estimation of decay rate constants of 1(1)B(u) ⇝ 2(1)A(g) and 2(1)A(g) ⇝ 1(1)A(g) internal conversions

The general expressions we previously derived for calculating internal conversion rate constants between two adiabatic displaced-distorted-rotated potential energy surfaces, by including all vibratinal modes, are applied to estimate the decay rate constants of 1(1)B(u) ? 2(1)A(g) and 2(1)A(g) ? 1(1)A(g) internal conversions in trans,trans-1,3,5,7-octatetraene molecule. The minimal models with respect to the number and types of vibrational modes are determined for these processes. Our calculations show that in the low temperature limit the 1(1)B(u) ? 2(1)A(g) internal conversion takes place on a 232-290 fs time scale in the condensed phase and 2 ps in the gas phase, whereas 2(1)A(g) ? 1(1)A(g) internal conversion takes place on a 2 μs time scale under the isolated conditions.     

Crystal Structure and Conformation of [1-(β-D-lyxofuranosyl)uracil]- 2''''-spiro-5"-[4"-(S)-(diethoxyphosphinyl)-2"-oxazoline]

1 INTRODUCTION It is well known that natural and modified nucleosides have potential antiviral and anticancer activities[1,2]. These observations prompted us to synthesize the title compound －a new kind of spironucleoside, whose structure was determined by 1HNMR, 31PNMR and elemental analysis. The configuration was assigned by means of nuclear Overhauser effect. To further confirm the structure and configuration unambiguously, the title compound was subjected to X-ray diffractio…     

Synthesis of 1-N-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)- and 1-N-(1-Deoxy-2,3,4,5,6-penta-O-acetyl-D-galactit-1-yl)ascorbigens

The 1-N-carbohydrate-containing ascorbigens 1-N-(-D-glucopyranosyl)ascorbigen and 1-N-(1-deoxy-2,3,4,5,6-penta-O-acetyl-D-galactit-1-yl)ascorbigen were synthesized.     

1-Metyoxybuten-(1)-on-(3) und primäre Amine

Zusammenfassung 1-Methoxybuten-(1)-on-(3), mit primären aliphatischen Aminen kondensiert und mit HCl behandelt, gibt über die nicht isolierten Alkylaminobutenone in Ausbeuten von 40–50% d. Th. N-Alkyl-2-methyl-5-acetylpyridiniumsalze. Diese lassen sich direkt oder über Zwischenstufen zu N-Alkylcopellidin und N-Alkylisocopellidin (1-Alkyl-2-methyl-5-äthylpiperidin) reduzieren. Die Struktur der quartären Pyridiniumsalze wurde durch Synthese des N-Methylderivates, die Struktur der Hydrierungsprodukte durch Abbau bewiesen.     

锂离子正极材料Li(Ni_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3))_(1-x)Al_xO_2的制备及电化学性能

以化学法合成Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1-xAlxO2系列正极材料(0≤x≤0.1);用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和充放电仪研究系列产物的晶体微观结构、表面形貌以及电化学性能,研究不同Al含量参杂对材料性能的影响。结果表明,合成的材料均属于六方晶系,R3m空间群,保持α-NaFeO2层状结构相;Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.95Al0.05O2的首次放电容量166.30 mA·h/g,在2.5~4.5 V区间60次循环后比容量衰竭率为4.43%。通过对比Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)0.95Al0.05O2和Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2的电极阻抗,分析它们的电化学循环机理,可知掺杂Al后的正极材料适合大倍率放电。     

H atom adsorption and diffusion on Si(110)-(1×1) and (2×1) surfaces

We present a periodic density-functional study of hydrogen adsorption and diffusion on the Si(110)-(1×1) and (2×1) surfaces, and identify a local reconstruction that stabilizes the clean Si(110)-(1×1) by 0.51 eV. Hydrogen saturates the dangling bonds of surface Si atoms on both reconstructions and the different structures can be identified from their simulated scanning tunneling microscopy/current image tunneling spectroscopy (STM/CITS) images. Hydrogen diffusion on both reconstructions will proceed preferentially along zigzag rows, in between two adjacent rows. The mobility of the hydrogen atom is higher on the (2×1) reconstruction. Diffusion of a hydrogen vacancy on a monohydride Si(110) surface will proceed along one zigzag row and is slightly more difficult (0.2 eV and 0.6 eV on (1×1) and (2×1), respectively) than hydrogen atom diffusion on the clean surface.     

ReO(N2O2)X] complexes: "4 + 1"?

[ReO(ppme)X] (where ppme(2-) is 2,5-diazo-N,N'-dimethylhexyl-1,6-bis(phenylphosphinate), X = Br0.3Cl0.7) has been synthesized via a substitution reaction and structurally characterized. The coordination geometry is a distorted octahedron and one phosphinate coordinates cis and the other trans to the oxo O atom. This coordination mode is conserved in all [ReOppmeX] complexes synthesized in this study. [ReO(ppme)Cl] has been prepared by a reduction/complexation reaction from [NH4][ReO4]. [ReO(ppme)Cl] reacts with thiocyanate and benzene thiolate forming [ReO(ppme)X] (X = (-)NCS, (-)SC6H5), but the one-pot synthesis of the respective ternary thiolate complexes from perrhenate was not successful. The reduction/complexation reaction of a thiol, H2ppmeCl4, and perrhenate resulted in the formation of [H3ppme][ReO(SR)4], the reaction of which with [ReO(ppme)Cl] does not lead to [ReO(ppme)SR] in high yields.     

中药与铅(1)

许多中药具有驱铅功能。孙爱贞用醋酸铅建立铅中毒动物模型,以EDTA作对照,观察了解毒健脾中药的疗效。用125mg/kg醋酸铅混于相当于每日进食量1/3的饮料里,于空腹条件下喂饲2周后,模型组大鼠血铅升高,血δ-ALAD活性下降,FEP、尿δ-ALA明显高于对照组。EDTA组在大鼠给铅2周后腹腔注射5g/L EDTA-2Na,     

湿化学法合成LiNi_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Co_(1/3)O_2及其表征(英文)

利用琥珀酸为鳌合剂的湿化学法成功合成了一系列锂离子电池正极材料LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2,在合成过程中改变琥珀酸与金属离子摩尔比(R)并研究了这一参数对合成LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2材料物理及电化学性质的影响.采用热重、X射线衍射、Rietveld精修、扫描电镜以及超导量子干涉仪对反应机理、材料的结构、形貌以及磁学性质进行了详细表征.得到最佳合成条件为R=1,此时LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2的阳离子混排度最低.此外,通过Rietveld精修得到该材料阳离子混排度的结果与通过磁学方法得到的结果定量相符,如对于在R=1条件下合成的样品,Rietveld精修结果显示其阳离子混排度为1.85%,而超导量子干涉仪的测试结果为1.80%.当充放电区间为3.0-4.3V,电流密度为0.2C(1C=160mA·g-1)时,该样品的首次放电容量为161mAh·g-1,库仑效率为93.1%,经过50次循环后,容量保持率可达91.3%.