塔里木河干流下游地下水变化分析

塔里木河干流下游,尤其是大西海子至台特玛湖河段是塔里木河流域自然环境最为严酷、生态退化最为严重的地区,其生态问题已引起国内外的广泛关注。本文结合前人研究成果和实际调查资料,重点分析干流下游大西海子至台特玛湖段2004—2008年地下水变化动态以及上中游来水对地下水水位和水质的影响。     

基于BNU-SWAT模型的地下水埋深模拟

基于BNU-SWAT模型对通州区地下水埋深变化进行了模拟,模拟结果较好地反映了通州区地下水埋深的实际变化趋势.在此基础上,设置了2020年平水年(P=50%)和枯水年(P=75%)2种情景,改变作物种植结构和再生水灌溉模式,模拟了北京市通州区未来地下水位变化趋势.结果表明:种植结构的合理调整,如小麦、玉米等农业用地向林果等经济林地的转变,可以有效减少农业地下水开采量;同时,利用通州区内及周边污水处理厂的再生水进行农业灌溉,不仅减少地下水的开采量,还可以有效补给地下水.以上2种方法的结合对通州区地下水资源保护具有重要的意义.     

塔里木河下游输水后地下水动态变化及天然植被的生态响应

通过总结自2000年开始的对塔里木河下游生态输水后的地下水和天然植被的详细调查资料,从输水后地下水的时空变化和天然植被对地下水动态变化的响应差异上展开了针对性的分析,结果显示:生态输水后塔里木河下游沿河一定区域的地下水受输水影响出现了明显的响应,其抬升和回落存在着明显的时空差异,而正是这种水位的时空差异导致了地表植被在时间和空间响应上的明显不同;在空间上表现为从上到下的差异和距河由近而远的差异,从时间上表现为随输水持续时间的增长而响应的越来越明显的特点．同时,根据输水后地下水和植被响应的关系以及输水对塔里木河下游天然植被的保护和恢复进行了讨论,目的是为塔里木河流域的生态治理工程提供植被保护和恢复的理论依据,同时为其他地区开展类似的生态工程提供可供参考的科学依据．     

断流河道间断输水两岸地下水的运动模型及其解法--以塔里木河下游断流河段生态输水为例

以塔里木河下游断流河段生态输水为背景,根据间断性输水河道充水和停水2个阶段周期性交替重复出现的特征,建立了断流河道间断输水两岸地下水运动的一维非稳定流模型,并通过水位与流量边界条件相互转换的一种方法实现模型的求解,最后应用该模型分析了塔里木河下游断流河段生态输水两岸地下水位恢复状况,其结果比较满意,表明了模型的实用性。     

地下水埋深对玉米滴灌的影响研究

以春玉米为研究对象,探求不同地下水位条件下(0.5m～3.0m)地表滴灌与地下滴灌对作物需水量、土体中盐分的运移规律及玉米产量的影响,以期为类似地域的科学灌溉与可持续发展提供理论依据。     

地下水埋深对冬小麦地下水的利用量及表层土壤含水率的影响

地下水位埋深深浅直接影响冬小麦对地下水的利用量及土壤含水率,通过天长二峰灌溉试验站连续五年排水指标试验,寻求出江淮丘陵区冬小麦地下水位埋深时补水量及0cm～30cm土壤表层含水率的相关关系,为地下水吸收利用,水资源平衡计算及农田排水工程设计,提供科学依据.     

地下水渗流对单U形地埋管埋深的影响

为解决因埋深过大而引起的竖直地埋管换热器换热效果不佳的问题,根据黄土高原地区的地质条件,建立轴向岩土分层的单U形地埋管换热器数值模型.通过数值模拟,分别研究了改变含水层厚度、地下水渗流速度和地下水位线高度对地埋管换热性能的影响,并提出了以典型含水层厚度来确定地埋管最佳埋深的方法.结果 表明:当实际含水层的厚度不超过典型含水层厚度时,地埋管最佳埋深的位置为实际含水层底部;反之,地埋管最佳埋深的位置为典型含水层底部;随着渗流速度的减小,典型含水层厚度先增大后趋于不变,在渗流速度为1×10-6 m/s时达到最大值30 m;地下水位线的提高对典型含水层厚度没有影响,但提高了典型含水层的位置,使得最佳埋深变小.     

不同地下水埋深、气象因子及作物影响的潜水蒸发模型研究

为建立新型的节水型灌区,科学用水、计划用水,利用山西省中心试验站蒸渗仪,进行了长达10年的试验研究,充分利用马氏瓶调控地下水浅埋区的水位动态变化,得出了最佳地下水埋深范围,建立了动态模拟的作物生育期内潜水蒸发模型。本模型适用于6种地下水埋深情况,可对相似或相近水文地质条件的灌区提供参考依据,为指导当地农业生产和灌区调控地下水埋深提供科学的依据。     

机器学习模型在地下水埋深模拟中的适应性分析

基于京津冀气象、社会资料及地下水埋深数据,构建支持向量机(SVM)、循环神经网络(RNN)和长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)模型对京津冀地区13个城市地下水埋深进行了模拟,并以确定系数、均方根误差、平均绝对百分比误差、纳什系数对3个模型的适应性进行了评价。结果表明：LSTM模型模拟效果最好,其次是RNN,SVM最差;不同城市基于LSTM模型进行地下水埋深模拟时参数调整最少,适应性最好,SVM模型参数调整最多。将3个模型应用于随机选择的6个测站进行验证,在华北地区浅层地下水埋深模拟方面,LSTM模型模拟精度和可信度最好,适应性最强,是该地区地下水埋深模拟的首选机器学习模型。     

河套灌区地下水埋深空间异质性分析

综合灌区井灌面积、引黄水量、土地利用类型等影响因素,通过地统计分析,研究河套灌区2000—2013年地下水埋深的空间异质性特征。研究表明:灌区地下水埋深的年内变化曲线呈驼峰型,最高最低值分别出现在秋灌期9月和秋浇期11月;相反,人口集中的城镇地区水埋深年内恒定不变;总体而言,由于井灌面积增大、引黄水量逐年减少等原因使得地下水埋深逐年增高。分析可知,研究区域地下水埋深的空间相关性适中且逐渐增长,空间分布各向异性增大,且因为城镇地区水埋深逐年增大,从而影响了整个灌区的地下水空间结构。克里金插值结果显示,地下水埋深由灌区中部地区至灌区边界总体呈上升趋势。地下水埋深最小值所处区域多为农田,极少部分为裸地,主要集中在解放闸灌域西部边缘地区、义长灌域东南部地区,最大埋深主要集中在巴彦淖尔市。     

Physiological response of natural plants to the change of groundwater level in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Based on the analysis of the three-year (2000-2002) monitoring data of the four times intermittent stream water conveyance to the lower reaches of Tarim River where the stream flow was dried up for more than 30 years and the measurement of PRO, SOD and POD in plants collected from 24 vegetation plots, it is concluded that the stream water conveyance plays an important role in lifting groundwater level. The groundwater nearby the watercourse was raised from 5～8 m in depth before the stream water conveyance to 2.5～5 m after stream water conveyance. The physiological response of Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica to the change of groundwater is sensitive and represents a grads change obviously. The growth of the plants in the lower reaches of Tarim River is stressed by drought to various degrees. Lengthways, the drought stress exposed to the plants increases with groundwater depth from the upper sections to the lower sections; and breadthwise, the drought stress exposed to the plants is increased with the increase of distance away from the river channel of stream intermittent water releases and of the groundwater depth. Combining the field investigation and the analysis of the plots, it is considered that the stress groundwater depths for the Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica are 3.5 m, 5 m and 4.5 m respectively.     

Response of the accumulation of proline in the bodies of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> to the change of groundwater level at the lower reaches of Tarim River

The content of proline in the plant bodies is closely related to the converse-succession-resistant capability of plants. Under the drought stress, the proline accumulates rapidly in the plant bodies for maintaining a certain mois-ture content and an expanding-pressure momentum in cells through the osmoregulation, thus the drought-resis- tant capability and the converse-succession-resistant ca-pability of plants are increased[1,2]. Many researches on the relationship between the proline and the…     

基于GIS的道路选线辅助系统

针对道路选线的要求,在地理信息系统（GIS）的基础上研制开发出道路选线辅助系统,介绍了道路选线辅助系统的设计分析和使用方法,并给出了应用示例。     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica ofiv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

宝钢码头前沿沙体移动的DEM模拟

利用地理信息系统（GIS）与数字高程模型（DEM）技术定量模拟了1994年~2002年宝钢码头前的沙体冲淤演变过程,结果表明：1994年~1999年,宝钢码头前河床总体表现为冲刷,冲刷量为53.286×106m3,年平均冲刷率为10.657×106m3,1999年~2002年,仍为冲刷,冲刷量为60.277×106m3,年平均冲刷率为20.092×106m3.1994年~2002年8 a共冲刷113.563×106m3;年平均冲刷率为14.195×106m3.淤积区域主要分布在上段沙体的上部及上段沙与新浏河沙体之间的区域.宝钢码头河床的演变是河床的边界条件、来水来沙及人类活动的耦合结果.上段沙体的下移南偏对宝钢码头存在潜在的不利.     

生态输水工程对塔里木河中下游地区地下水循环特征的影响

利用环境同位素技术结合水化学特征,对塔里木河中下游地区生态输水影响下地下水循环规律进行监测分析。结果显示:塔里木河中下游各断面地下水p H值变化不大,矿化度和各离子差异明显,地下水水样以Na+、Cl+占绝对优势;矿化度较低的断面其离子浓度变化较小,反之,矿化度高的断面其离子浓度变化幅度较大;塔里木河中游δ2H和δ18O变化趋势基本一致,随着距河道距离的增大,δ18O的值呈增大趋势,下游H、O同位素变化波动较大,下游各样点距河道最近处(即50m处)H、O同位素最小,随着距河道距离的增大,H、O同位素亦呈增大趋势变化;塔里木河中下游地下水、地表水中δ2H和δ18O之间均呈明显的线性关系,中游地表水补给是地下水的主要来源;下游地下水中H、O同位素则普遍高于地表水,说明水体受到严重的蒸发作用,导致同位素富集外,也说明存在地下水对河水的补给。     

Assessment of waterrecharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Relationship between precipitation and the infiltration depth over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley

The purpose of the paper is to extract and make the best use of rainfall information contained in the Chinese historical archives of Qing Dynasty, and reconstruct the precipitation series during 1736-1911. The study followed the Yu-Fen-Cun （rainfall infiltration depth） observation method in Qing Dynasty, to conduct soil infiltration experiment under the natural rainfall conditions during 2004-2006. The related parameters, such as precipitation, intensity, initial soil moisture content and infiltration depth have been measured at 10 stations （east of 105°E, 30°-40°N） with representative climatic conditions and soil physical texture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley. The statistical results indicate that precipitation is the primary influencing factor to infiltration depth and is positively correlated with the infiltration depth. Additionally, the effects of every factor on infiltration depth are significantly different between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley. Finally, the relationship equations of precipitation and infiltration depth are established for each site, most of which can pass over 60% of the variance explanations and provide quantitative models to reconstruct the precipitation series using Yu-Fen-Cun records in Qing Dynasty.