微重力条件下流体相变和临界现象

研究流体相变及临界现象对今后化学工程的发展有重大意义．由于各种具有临界点的体系在各自 临界点有一些共同的实验特征和极相似的临界现象，而流体的研究在实验上又有独特方便之处，所以可 作为普适性研究将理论及实验结果推广到固体．微重力条件下的流体相变及临界现象研究提供了十分 靠近临界点的最佳实验条件，本文介绍了这方面研究工作的物理意义及进展．     

相变与临界现象(Ⅰ)——临界现象引论

本文是由一系列讲演所组成,它包括相变与临界观象的基础理论及精确解。全文共分五部分——临界现象导论,Ising模型,顶角模型,渗流及模型理论综述。     

相变与临界现象(Ⅰ)——临界现象引论

本文是由一系列讲演所组成,它包括相变与临界观象的基础理论及精确解。全文共分五部分——临界现象导论,Ising模型,顶角模型,渗流及模型理论综述。     

非晶物质中的临界现象

非晶态材料有着复杂的原子结构(短程有序、长程无序)和特殊的物理性质,其临界现象和相变问题一直受到学术界关注.非晶合金,又称为金属玻璃,是一种新型的非晶态材料,具有很高的强度和优异的弹性.从微观的角度来看,非晶合金可以看作是一个多粒子系统.临界现象的研究对认识和理解多粒子系统之间的相互作用有深刻的意义.本文主要讨论非晶合金中的临界现象,包括非晶合金从制备过程、微观结构到宏观的力学性能以及磁性方面存在的临界现象,并分析这些临界现象之间的内在联系,进而深入理解非晶合金的微观结构对其宏观性质的影响.这为认识非晶合金的形成本质,提高服役可靠性,探索具有实际应用价值的非晶合金提供理论依据.     

化学反应中三稳性临界点的二级相变特征

提出了一个化学反应模式,阐明了化学反应中三稳性的临界现象同样可以纳入Ｌａｎｄａｕ相变理论的模式,将相变的朗道理论由原来的双稳系统推广到三稳系统,揭示了不同化学反应中非线性系统在临界点附近的共性。     

一本难得的书──《相变和临界现象》(于渌、郝柏林,科学出版社,1984)

这是介于专著和普及读物之间的一本难得的书.它从理论物理的角度综述了上一世纪中期以来,物理学家在实验和理论方面对第二类相变～(1))研究工作的成就.文笔流畅,使读者渐入佳境.全书由浅及深,升堂入室,追根溯源,一直讲到这一课题的最新发展,我相信,只有对某一课题作过足够多的研究工作而又掌握其全貌的专家,才能写出这样的作品. 书中前三章,作者用讲故事的手法重述了物理学中的一些常识.后七章则从最简单的平均场近似开始,逐步沿着临界现象理论的历史进展,讲述了标度律、普适性和重正化群理论K.威尔孙教授因在临界现象研究中对这一理论的开…     

热核破碎中的矩关联和临界现象

本文用蒙特卡罗方法,根据核素表和质量及电荷守恒律,产生热核Au*破碎的各种碎块组态,再对碎块电荷分布作条件矩分析.理论结果很好地再现了电荷分布实验数据中呈现的条件矩间的对数关联;但理论关联行为的导出与临界现象似乎没有联系.     

地震预报的物理学问题

近年来，运用非线性物理学的概念和方法去理解地震现象的复杂性的研究取得引入瞩目的进展。用临界现象理论来理解地震破裂的物理过程，从自组织临界现象的角度对中长期时间迟度上的地震活动进行说明，这都给地震预报研究以很大的启发，并在实际地震预报算法的研究中得应用。地震预报目前仍是一个世界性的科学难题。用物理学的概念和方法研究地震和地震预报问题，可能是地震预报和减轻地震灾害研究中一个有希望的发展方向。这篇综述的     

临界现象理论和威尔孙的贡献──1982年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者简介

美国康奈尔大学的威尔孙(Kenneth G.Wilson)教授因建立相变的临界现象理论荣获1982年度诺贝尔物理奖。相变现象的研究是一个古老而艰难的领域.1869年安德留斯发现气液相变临界点.1873年范德瓦尔斯提出的非理想气体状态方程,是解释相变现象最早的热力学理论.但是,如何从物质的微     

重正化群与渗流理论

本文由一系列讲演组成,内容包括:临界现象与渗流,标度理论,位置空间重正化群与渗流,位置空间重正化群用于热力学相变,动量空间重正化群与高斯模型和动量空间重正化群用于S~4模型。     

窄禁带半导体的非线性极化率和光学双稳性

本文改进了半导体两带模型,计算了窄禁带半导体的非线性极化率.运用所求得的极化率,研究了InSb的光学双稳性,所得到的稳态曲线、临界开关光强与入射光频率的关系以及动态特性都与实验结果有较好的符合.     

Optical bistability and multistability in a parametric region

We study the optical bistability (OB) and optical multistability (OM) behaviors in a five-level $\Lambda $ -type parametric region atomic system by two-photon resonant transitions. We find that the intensity threshold of OB and switching from OB to OM or vice versa can be controlled via quantum interference between different two-photon transitions pathways.     

The critical exponent of nuclear fragmentation

Nuclei colliding at energies in the MeV’s break into fragments in a process that resembles a liquid-to-gas phase transition of the excited nuclear matter. If this is the case, phase changes occurring near the critical point should yield a “droplet” mass distribution of the form ≈A ^?T, with T (a critical exponent universal to many processes) within 2≤T≤3. This critical phenomenon, however, can be obscured by the finiteness in space of the nuclei and in time of the reaction. With this in mind, this work studies the possibility of having critical phenomena in small “static” systems (using percolation of cubic and spherical grids), and on small “dynamic” systems (using molecular dynamics simulations of nuclear collisions in two and three dimensions). This is done investigating the mass distributions produced by these models and extracting values of critical exponents. The specific conclusion is that the obtained values of T are within the range expected for critical phenomena, i.e. around 2.3, and the grand conclusion is that phase changes and critical phenomena appear to be possible in small and fast breaking systems, such as in collisions between heavy ions.     

Bifurcation Spectrum in a Delay-Differential System Related to Optical Bistability

A delay-differential system related to OB or HOB device is discussed in this paper. We obtained the instability conditions for the steady state and the critical relations among the parameters T and μ for the ω_n modes by solving the characteristic equation of the system. Baaed on the numerical result the chaos and bifurcation "spectrum" in the (T, μ) plane was ehown for a simple model equation Tdx(t)/dt = -x(t)+1-μx²(t-1) when higher modes were neglected. We discovered the coexistence of two different kinds of attractore for this equation in a certain region of the parameter plane.     

Critical dynamics of burst instabilities in the Portevin-Le Ch atelier effect

We investigate the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect (PLC), by compressing Al-Mg alloys in a very large deformation range, and interpret the results from the viewpoint of phase transitions and critical phenomena. The system undergoes two dynamical phase transitions between intermittent (or "jerky") and "laminar" plastic dynamic phases. Near these two dynamic critical points, the order parameter 1/tau of the PLC effect exhibits large fluctuations, and "critical slowing down" (i.e., the number tau of bursts, or plastic instabilities, per unit time slows down considerably).     

Critical Phenomena in Systems with Pseudo-Long-Range is Disorder

Critical phenomena in systems with long(bu t finite)-range-correlated disorder of "random temperature" are studied. The disorder with correlation function g (k)~v + w/(p + k^d-a) (d is the spatial dimension) is considered. The critical behavior in an m-vector spin system with such a disorder is investigated by using renormalization-group expansion in ε = 4 - d and δ = 4 - a. The recursion relations of coupling constants for (T > T_c) are obtained. It is shown that critical phenomena in systems with such a pseudo-long-range disorder will exhibit crossover from tricritical to critical behavior for a < d. In the crossover regime the scaling relations are expected to break down.     

A rigorous control of logarithmic corrections in four-dimensional ϕ4 spin systems

Using Gawedzki and Kupiainen's rigorous block spin transformation method, we study critical phenomena in ⁴ spin systems in four dimensions. In Part I of this work we investigate in detail the renormalization group trajectory of the system not exactly at the critical point.     

Optical bremsstrahlung of relativistic particles in a transparent medium and its relation to the Vavilov-čerenkov radiation

The classical formula for the intensity of the optical bremsstrahlung (OB) emitted by a charged particle moving in a transparent medium with a velocity above the Vavilov-erenkov radiation (VCR) threshold is analysed in the paper.The erenkov properties acquired by the OB atn>1 are shown to be independent of the constant velocity of the particles. All OB properties (including its erenkov character) are explained using interference of prompt bremsstrahlungs that appear during acceleration of a particle and are introduced in the formulation of the problem.The authors are very thankful to Prof. B. M. Bolotovsky and Prof. A. A. Tyapkin for useful discussions of this paper.     

Critical phenomena in a disc-percolation model and their application to relativistic heavy ion collisions

By studying the critical phenomena in continuum-percolation of discs, we find a new approach to locate the critical point, i.e. using the inflection point of P∞ as an evaluation of the percolation threshold. The susceptibility, defined as the derivative of P∞, possesses a finite-size scaling property, where the scaling exponent is the reciprocal of v, the critical exponent of the correlation length. A possible application of this approach to the study of the critical phenomena in relativistic heavy ion collisions is discussed. The critical point for deconfinement can be extracted by the inflection point of PQGP -- the probability for the event with QGP formation. The finite-size scaling of its derivative can give the critical exponent v, which is a rare case that can provide an experimental measure of a critical exponent in heavy ion collisions.     

Bistable behaviour in squeezed vacua: I. Stationary analysis

A time-independent theoretical and numerical analysis of an optical bistable model of two-level atoms in a ring cavity, driven by a coherent field and in contact with a squeezed vacuum field is presented in the two cases of absorptive and dispersive optical bistability (OB). In the former case, a suitable choice of the phase of the squeezed vacuum field reduces the threshold for OB to occur compared with the normal vacuum case. In the latter case, regions of OB are identified as one or two disconnected simple closed curves depending on the cooperation parameter [0pt] : is the maximum possible value of the critical value of C at fixed values of the squeezed vacuum field parameters. Phase switching effects between different (output) states of the system is investigated in detail. In the absorptive case, one- or two-way optical switching is possible depending on [0pt] . We also present results which demonstrate more complicated switching behaviour in the dispersive case. Received 12 March 1999 and Received in final form 20 August 1999