化学驱油过程中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的二级结构研究

高分子量聚丙烯酰胺水溶液因其显著的增粘作用与粘弹性而在三次采油中得到广泛应用 .多年来大庆油田采用注入部分水解聚丙烯酰胺 (HPAM)水溶液驱油 ,实践证明 ,此法可大幅度提高原油采出率[1,2 ] .关于聚丙烯酰胺及其部分水解产物 (结构上等价于丙烯酰胺与丙烯酸的无规共聚物 )的链结构评价及其同高价离子的络合作用已有一些报道 [3～ 6] .在聚合物驱油过程中 ,HPAM水溶液在地下岩层中流动时间较长 ,实验室难以模拟 ,有关 HPAM流经地下岩层后的结构研究尚未见报道 .评价化学驱油油田矿场采出液中 HPAM的链结构 ,并探讨其结构变化机理…     

聚丙烯酰胺絮凝效果的母液浓度依赖性及其影响

考察了相同剂量下不同浓度阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂(PAM)母液对三氧化二铁悬浮液的絮凝效果.通过电导率和流变行为测试,阐明了随母液浓度增大絮凝效果先变好后变差的原因.研究结果表明,母液浓度为0.3 g/L时PAM絮凝效果最佳.根据聚电解质标度理论及流变测试结果,认为此最佳母液浓度(cop)接近临界缠结浓度.母液电导率及加入絮凝剂后的搅拌过程中水体电导率变化表明,絮凝剂浓度高于最佳母液浓度时出现的电荷屏蔽现象使得有效电荷减少,导致高母液浓度下絮凝效果变差.向低浓度母液中添加适量β-环糊精后,环糊精分子通过氢键作用搭桥使PAM分子间距变小,发生协同絮凝形成足够大的絮体,从而使絮凝效果得到改善.这一结果表明,低于最佳母液浓度时由于PAM分子相对孤立形成的絮体不足以沉降,是导致絮凝效果较差的原因.     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵对于模拟油田聚驱污水的絮凝性能

用絮凝剂二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)的均聚物和共聚物处理了模拟油田聚驱污水.考察了影响絮凝效果的因素,并进行了与无机絮凝剂的复配研究.实验结果表明:DMDAAC的均聚物和共聚物的最佳絮凝温度分别为30℃和33℃;最佳投药量范围与污水中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度有关;残留聚合物含量低,阳离子度高时,絮凝效果较好;与聚合氯化铝(PAC)的复配可以实现优势互补,达到较理想的聚驱污水处理效果.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度对结构形貌的影响

本文用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了不同浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)溶液在云母片上成膜后的结构形貌。浓度不同,AFM下观察到的结构形貌差别很大。50ppm和1000ppm的HPAM在云母片上成膜后不能形成规则的排列,而100ppm的HPAM在云母片上成膜后形成规则的排列,但不同位置处的排列不同,500ppm的HPAM在云母片上成膜后可形成树枝生长的分形结构。     

凝胶色谱法定量分析污水中聚丙烯酰胺

建立了凝胶色谱分析污水中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的方法。采用普通商品水溶性凝胶色谱往,通过变换淋洗剂的作法,消除了非体积排斥效应的影响,实现了定量分析。讨论了紫外检测波长对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺测定结果的影响,检验了油田污水、选矿污水、自来水及盐水体系对结果的影响,并与溴氧比法测定的结果作了比较,所建方法的浓度分析范围为０．１～２００ｍｇ／Ｌ,精度为±２％,检测下限为０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Fenton试剂氧化处理模拟含聚丙烯酰胺污水的研究北大核心CSCD

主要研究了利用Fenton试剂氧化法处理模拟含部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的污水,考察了H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、温度、反应时间、pH值等因素对Fenton试剂氧化降解模拟含部分水解聚丙烯酰胺污水的影响。结果表明:H2O2浓度为5.3mmol.L-1、Fe2+浓度为1.44mmol.L-1、温度30℃、反应时间15min、pH值范围3～4时,聚丙烯酰胺的氧化降解效果最好,且在最佳条件下,聚丙烯酰胺和CODCr的去除率分别达到87.61%和82.60%。通过对Fenton氧化降解前后的聚丙烯酰胺样品的红外谱图对比,可以推断出Fenton试剂将侧链的酰胺基氧化成羧基。     

聚丙烯酰胺对粘土悬浮体的絮凝与稳定作用

研究了分子量为220万的10种水解度的PAM对高岭土的絮凝动力学曲线和对钠蒙脱土泥浆的稳定作用，发现各项性能都存在一个水解度最佳区，对高岭土的絮凝能力下在34％－41％处，钠蒙脱土悬浮体的宾汉姆屈服值τ0最大值在30％－40％处，凝胶强度τs在15％－20％处，本文从大分子形态和分散相电性质，对结果进行了讨论，指出了30％左右的水解PAM可以在钠蒙脱土和高岭土的悬浮液中，选择絮凝高岭土。     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的制备及其絮凝性能

研究了氧化还原引发剂质量分数、偶氮类引发剂质量分数、阳离子度等因素对所制备的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘数的影响,探讨了pH值、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘数、阳离子度、用量等因素对污泥絮凝性能的影响. 较佳的制备条件为:复合引发体系中(NH4 )2 S2 O8 和CH3 NaO3 S·2H2 O总质量分数为0.015 0%、偶氮类引发剂质量分数为0.012 5%、单体质量分数为40%、阳离子度为40%,产物特性粘数为13.1 dL/g. 在污泥pH=6.0、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘数为11.9 dL/g、阳离子度为40%、用量为0.027%的较佳絮凝条件下,污水的透光率达98.0%,絮凝率达66.0%,脱水率达70.0%.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺降解研究进展

高分子量的水溶性聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)在不同领域均有广泛的应用 ,但其分子量的降解行为直接影响到从生产、使用到最终处置的各个环节。本文将主要对各环节中涉及的降解作用研究进展进行综述 ,包括化学降解、生物降解、热降解和机械降解等。     

氨电极法测定部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度

经敏化的氨选择气敏电极(NH,3-ISE)由于其测定的高选择性和精密度,较适用于石油开产过程中对聚合物溢流液中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPA)浓度的动态监测.试样按凯氏定氮法进行消化处理.在硫酸的作用下,PHPA 分子中的酰胺基转化为 NH ,4离子,于试液中加入氢氧化钠溶液调节其 pH 至 11 左右,使NH ,4转化为NH,3 后用 NH,3-ISE 进行检测.适宜的 PHPA 的测定范围为 6.00～45.00 mg·L-1;在此范围内,测定值的相对标准偏差均小于 4.1%,几乎所有无机离子对测定无干扰或干扰甚微,但挥发性胺有明显干扰.此法也能用于去离子水及矿泉水的分析.     

高浓度甲醛废水预处理工艺研究

采用“尿素缩合-粉煤灰吸附-Fenton氧化”复合工艺来处理高浓度甲醛废水,对影响甲醛去除率的因素进行了试验探讨,并确定了工艺优化条件．用该工艺处理高浓度甲醛废水,甲醛的总去除率可达到99％以上,能满足最终生化处理的要求．     

Influence of Water Treatment and Wastewater Treatment on the Changes in Residues of Important Elements in Drinking Water

Drinking water is the essential medium for food production, and is also needed for direct consumption; while it must be free of harmful substances, it also must have a composition that is beneficial to health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of water and wastewater treatment on reducing the concentrations of zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in the Western Pomerania Voivodeship in Poland. The research was carried out in 2017–2019. The analysis was performed with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). The concentrations of trace elements in drinking water were below maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs). Reductions in the most dangerous elements during water treatment fluctuated from 48.5% (As) to 97% (Pb). Wastewater treatment reduced the concentrations of analyzed elements by a range of 28.6 to 60.8%, and the most toxic elements (Pb and As) by over 50%. Trace element concentrations in treated wastewater were below MAC values, and ranged from 1.15% (Pb) to 6.23% (As) of MACs for toxic elements. The concentrations of both essential elements (Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu) and toxic elements (Pb, As) in drinking water were below the MACs. Water treatment had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on decreasing trace element concentrations.     

Developing an Efficient Processing System Treatment for the High Concentration of Eucalyptus Chemical Mechanical Pulp Wastewater

The current wastewater treatment method shows low efficiency in treating wastewater with high concentrations of chemical mechanical pulp (CMP). Therefore, a chlorine dioxide Pretreatment Anaerobic Treatment (DPAT) was developed and applied to treat the CMP wastewater to obtain higher efficiency, obtaining the following results: The biodegradability of CMP wastewater improved after chlorine dioxide pretreatment. The COD of wastewater treated with chlorine dioxide was reduced from 5634 mg/L to 660 mg/L. The removal rate for chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 88.29%, 29.13% higher than the common anaerobic treatment. The reasons for the high efficiency of the DPAT treatment were that chlorine dioxide pretreatment removed the toxic substances in the original wastewater and thereby promoted the proliferation and growth of the anaerobe. The results show that pretreatment with chlorine dioxide can effectively enhance the biodegradability of high-concentration CMP wastewater. Therefore, DPAT treatment of high-concentration CMP wastewater is beneficial to environmental protection.     

Retention Behaviors of Hydrophobically Associating Polyacrylamide Prepared via Inverse Microemulsion Polymerization Through Porous Media

The retention behavior of hydrophobically associative polyacrylamide (HAPAM) with homogeneous composition in porous media was investigated. The results showed that HAPAM could exhibit different retention behavior, compared to PAM due to the existence of hydrophobic association group in HAPAM molecular frame. The critical association concentration could also be reflected by the curves between HAPAM concentration and retention amount. The retention amount of HAPAM was higher than that of polyacrylamide (PAM) and was smaller than the absorption amount of HAPAM. The retention mechanism was mainly controlled by adsorption mechanism.     

聚硅酸铝在水处理过程中絮凝热效应的研究

用SRC-100溶解―反应量热计测定了聚硅酸铝在水处理过程中的絮凝焓变,利用均匀设计法分析了不同因素对结果的影响。结果表明:絮凝焓变随水样浊度的增加而增大,随铝/硅摩尔比的增加先增大(0～0.7)后减小(0.7～1.6);聚硅酸铝用量与水样浊度、pH值与水样浊度在焓变较小时交互作用较大;聚硅酸铝用量与pH值的相互作用在强碱性条件下随焓变增大而增强。絮凝进行的过程推动力为聚硅酸铝在水中的溶解稀释焓变。     

Assessing the Influence of Electrode Polarity on the Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Electrochemical methods have been increasingly gaining popularity in the field of wastewater treatment. However, the performance of these methods can be highly affected by the polarity direction as determined by the electrodes arrangement (anode to cathode or cathode to anode); as well as the characteristics of the wastewater to be treated as determined by the type of wastewater. The presented research work investigated the relationship between polarity direction and the removal of pollutants from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater using titanium and aluminium electrode materials. In the first case, the wastewater was exposed to the Ti (anode)-Al (cathode) combination, whereas in the second case the wastewater was subjected to the Al (anode)-Ti (cathode) arrangement. The two cases were designed to see if the polarity direction of the chosen electrode materials affected the removal of pollutants. The removal efficiencies were computed as a ratio of the remaining concentration in the treated effluent to the concentration before treatment. It was observed that the production processes generate highly fluctuating wastewater in terms of pollution loading; for instance, 422 to 5340 Pt-Co (minimum to maximum) were recorded from color, 126 to 2264 mg/L were recorded from total dissolved solids, and 358 to 5998 mg/L from chemical oxygen demand. Also, the research results after 40 min of retention time showed that both electrode arrangements achieved relatively high removal efficiencies; Whereby, the aluminium to titanium polarity achieved up to 100% removal efficiency from turbidity while the titanium to aluminium polarity achieved a maximum of 99.95% removal efficiency from turbidty. Also, a similar phenomenon was observed from total dissolved solids; whereby, on average 0 mg/L was achieved when the wastewater was purified using the aluminium to titanium arrangement, while on average 2 mg/L was achieved from the titanium to aluminium arrangement. A little higher removal efficiency discrepancy was observed from ammonia; whereby, the aluminium to titanium arrangement outperformed the titanium to aluminium arrangement with average removal efficiencies of 82.27% and 64.11%, respectively.     

臭氧氧化法及其联合技术在废水处理中的应用

臭氧具有极强的氧化能力,其反应产生的物质一般对环境污染很小。综述了臭氧处理单元的几种方式、臭氧联合技术及其在处理城市污水及工业污水中的应用,并概述了臭氧氧化技术的发展现状及趋势。     

环境监测实验室废水的处理及污染防治

介绍了目前我国各地环境监测实验室废水处理现状,对环境监测实验室产生的各种废水按化学性质进行了分类。总结了各类废水的处理方式,提出了可行的防治对策。     

膜生物反应器在废水处理中的应用及研究

膜生物反应器是将生物反应器与膜分离技术相结合的一种高效废水处理新技术。介绍了膜生物反应器的类型、特点以及其在处理生活污水、工业废水、垃圾渗透液、粪便污水和中水回用中的研究和应用现状,提出了膜生物反应器所存在的问题及其研究进展。     

废水处理新试剂——絮凝剂

高分子絮凝剂在水处理技术中占有十分重要的地位,而且已成为目前废水处理中的一类不可缺少的重要试剂。本文介绍了高分子絮凝剂的絮凝机理、种类、性质及其应用。