Computer-aided carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for identification of terpenoid mixtures

The procedure for identifying triterpenes in mixtures is based on the simulation of ¹³C-NMR spectra for probable mixtures and comparison of these with a specialized spectral data bank. The system was designed to facilitate the analysis of complex mixtures of terpenoid compounds. A special matching procedure was developed and its efficiency is discussed. The method is demonstrated for a mixture of five triterpenes isolated from Vernonia cognata.     

A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data base and search system

A data base containing approximately 4000 ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra has been assembled. The spectra have been evaluated and all the corresponding compounds have been registered by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). The data base is available to the international scientific community on magnetic tape or microfiche and is also the basis of a search system operating upon an international computer network.     

Crosslinking investigation of polybutadiene thermal degradation by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance

Thermal degradation of polybutadiene (PBD) in anaerobic atmosphere at 250 °C had been studied by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR) before complete crosslinking. In this investigation four types of low molecular weight PBD with different 1,2-vinyl isomer content had been chosen, then pure and mixed samples of PBD were heated in different time periods. ¹³C NMR spectra showed that two kinds of crosslinking mechanisms occur that both of them produce methyl groups. The first mechanism is a reaction between 1,2-vinyl isomers of two PBD chains, and the second one occurs between 1,2-vinyl isomer of one chain via methylene carbon of cis or trans isomer in another chain. Also ¹³C NMR results showed that the presence of 1,2-vinyl isomer in the PBD structure is necessary and without it none of the mentioned reactions will occur. Furthermore isomers sequence is another important parameter which affects crosslinking. Results show that cis or trans isomer which is not adjacent to 1,2-vinyl isomer does not take part in crosslinking reaction. Moreover such cis or trans isomer can take part in second mechanism of crosslinking that 1,2-vinyl isomer was attached from head to cis or trans isomer, thus in this arrangement of isomers second mechanism of crosslinking will become dominant rather than first mechanism of crosslinking.     

Correlation of ring nitrogen substituents with carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance data in azoloazines

Carbon–13 nuclear magnetic resonance data have been acquired on 22 azoloazines. Chemical shifts have been correlated by a step–wise linear multiple regression with nitrogen substituents in both the 5- and 6-membered rings using pyrrolo[1,2-α]pyridine as the reference for chemical shift correlation. The data demonstrate that a highly correlated set of chemical shift parameters exist. Nitrogen substitution in the five–membered ring produces larger cross–ring effects than are oberved in the five–membered ring when substitution occurs in the six–membered ring. Within the six–membered ring a constant para- substituent parameter is noted. The meta- and para- parameters are more complex and fall into two groups for each parameter. Within the five–membered ring, a highly regular chemical shift pattern is observed which reflects an attenuated perturbation from nitrogen substitution in the six–membered ring.     

Hydrogen-bonded ion-pairs by carbon-13 magnetic resonance

Hydrogen-bonded ion-pairs of the type

N⁺HX⁻ (where X⁻ = F₃CCO₂⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, SbCl₆⁻ and BF₄⁻, etc.) are studied by carbon-13 magnetic resonance. The chemical shift of para carbon of pyridinium cation is very sensitive to the nature of H-bond accepting anion, X⁻. We have studied H-bonded ion-pairs of pyridine and various acids in CHCl₃, CH₃CN and F₃CCO₂H solvents at 35°C.     

Determination of carbonate/hydrogencarbonate ratios by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry

A linear relationship between the carbonate/hydrogencarbonate mole fraction in an aqueous solution and the chemical shift of the¹³C-n.m.r. peak has been established, and applied for the determination of the carbonate/hydrogencarbonate ratio, in solutions where the overall carbonate concentration is known and exceeds 0.05 M.     

Sequence analysis of ethylene sulphide-propylene sulphide copolymers by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance

Ethylene sulphide-propylene sulphide copolymers, prepared with anionic type catalysts, have been investigated by ¹³C NMR. The peaks have been assigned both in terms of diad and triad monomer sequences and in terms of tacticity. It has been shown that the propylene sulphide monomer units were directionally oriented and the tacticity was approximately random. We have also determined the effect of methyl substitution in various positions on the chemical shift of the main chain carbon atoms.     

Substituent effects in heterocyclic systems by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. Isoxazoles

The carbon-13 nmr spectra of a series of 3-aryl-5-phenylisoxazoles (I) and 3-phenyl-5-arylisoxazoles (II) have been recorded and the signals assigned. Carbon-13 data for series I show little effect of substituent on the chemical shift of the isoxazole ring carbons. However, a plot of the carbon-13 chemical shift of carbon-5 in the isoxazole system I versus the chemical shift of carbon-3 in the 3-(4′-aryl)-1-phenylpropenones gives a straight line (r = .989) with a slope of 0.35. In series II, the chemical shifts of both carbon-4 and -5 are relatively sensitive to substituent effects. Fair correlations between Hammett sigma values and the chemical shifts of these two carbons are found; dual substituent parameter treatment improves the correlations. The results obtained from correlations with carbon-4 in series II are similar to those obtained from β-carbons of a number of styrene systems. The data show that carbon-4 in series II is approximately 20% less sensitive to substituent effects than the previously reported data for carbon-3 of 2-arylfurans. Transmission of substituent effects in the isoxazole system compare well with those of the benzothiazole system.     

A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of compounds substituted by a perfluoroalkyl chain

The ¹³C NMR spectra of alkanes, alkanones and cyclohexanones substituted by perfluoroalkyl groups, R_F, have been studied. The influence of the perfluoroalkyl group on the chemical shifts of other carbons of the molecules is the same regardless of the R_F chain length.     

A computer search system for similar organic compounds in carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance data files

From the ¹³C-NMR spectrum of an unknown compound, the system provides a list of compounds ranked according to their similarity to the unknown. The similarity is estimated in a three-dimensional feature space, rather than by direct match of all peaks. All the spectra in the library are first converted to pattern points in the feature space by a dimensionality-reduction method. Thus, the search for similar compounds is simplified to a search for points within a given distance from the point representing the unknown. The compounds listed can be offered as the result or used for further operations (match of carbon number and peak position) in order to get a more exact result. An auto-optimization option is included to provide efficiency and user convenience.     

A proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of neopentylmercury compounds

Substituent effects on ¹⁹⁹Hg¹H and ¹⁹⁹Hg¹³C spinspin coupling constants have been studied for neopentylmercury derivatives, (CH₃)₃CCH₂HgR(or X), where R is covalently bonded Me, Et, t-Bu, neopentyl, and vinyl, and X is easily ionizable CN, Br, Cl, OCOCH₃, and ONO₂. Linear relationships exist between the methylene J(¹³CH) and ²J(HgH), ⁴J(HgC) and ²J(HgC) and ³J(HgC); but deviations from linearity occur for the chloride, bromide, acetate, and nitrate in the relationships between ²J(HgH) and ⁴J(HgH), ²J(HGH) and ²J(HGC). These deviations are discussed in terms of hyperconjugative p_πd_π bonding between the methylene CH bonds and mercury.     

Expert system for solving problems in carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The expert system CARBON is built around a knowledge base consisting of spectra/structure correlations, tables of data, mathematical formulae and graph-theory procedures and on a data base of 2500 assigned ¹³C-NMR spectra. The built-in knowledge enables the user to obtain suggestions for solutions to problems of different types arising in ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. Use of the system is facilitated by appropriate command files, large on-line help files, and user-friendly dialogue. The system can be used with spectrometries other than ¹³C-NMR and in other fields concerned with correlations between chemical structures and properties.     

Cadmium-113 and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of cadmium peptide complexes

The cadmium complexes of glycylglycine, glycylglycylglycine, glycyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid and beta-alanylglycine (beta-Ala-Gly) have been investigated by (113) Cd and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The minima observed in plots of the (113)Cd chemical shift vs. pH are consistent with cadmium binding first at the carboxylic site and then at the amino-group site. The chemical shift vs. pH profile for the beta-Ala-Gly system is different from that for the other peptides, and is interpreted as suggesting formation of a five-membered chelate between Cd(II) and glycyl residues at the N-terminal groups and not at the C-terminal groups. The data further indicate that the NH groups of the peptide linkages are probably not involved in complexation with cadmium. Finally, a reported pH-dependent (113)Cd resonance for parvalbumin has been reassigned.