Characteristics of Photonic Bandgap Fibres with Hollow Core＇s Inner Surface Coated by a Layer Material

Hollow core＇s inner surface coating in a photonic bandgap fibre （PBCF） is investigated by means of finite element method. The coat material and thickness-dependence dispersion curve and group velocity dispersion are numerically studied. The coating with materials of low index or small thickness will rise up the dispersion curve but will not induce surface modes. However, coating with materials of high index or big coat thickness will induce surface modes and avoided-crossings. By varying coat material＇s refractive index and thickness, the appearances of surface modes and avoided-crossings can be changed. It is found that the avoided-crossing can enormously enlarge the negative dispersion which can find applications in dispersion compensation. We numerically achieve a negative dispersion as large as -21416.15ps/nm/km. The results give a physical insight into the propagation properties of PBGFs with the hollow core coated by a layer of material and are of crucial significance in the applications of PBGF coating.     

Anomalous transmission of terahertz wave through one-dimensional lamellar metallic grating

The anomalous transmission through one-dimensional lamellar metallic gratings was investigated in terahertz (THz) regime. The extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) is identified to originate from two possible ways: coupling of incident light with waveguide resonances and coupling of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at the upper and lower interfaces of metal grating. The dual effects of SPPs have been clarified in this study: (i) the excitation of SPP modes at each individual interface results in the weakness of the THz wave transmission; and (ii) the coupling of SPP modes at two interfaces of metal grating is attributed to enhancement of THz wave transmission. The enhanced transmission is dominated by the coupling of incident light with transverse waveguide resonances. Numerical simulation based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) agrees well with experimental results.     

Widely tunable mid-IR difference-frequency generation based on fiber lasers

A wide tuning technique for mid-IR difference-frequency generation (DFG) with uniform grating periodically poled LiNbO(3) (PPLN) is presented. Based on the dispersion property of the PPLN, the quasi-phase matching (QPM) band for the pump can evolve to two separate bands, and the spacing between them can be increased with the decrease of the crystal temperature. Two such separate QPM bands can be used for increasing the idler tuning range when the crystal temperature is set to adapt the pump tuning. With the technique, an idler tuning range of 690nm is experimentally achieved with fiber laser fundamental lights.     

Tunable highly birefringent photonic bandgap fibers

A novel tunable highly birefringent photonic bandgap fiber (PBGF) is designed theoretically by filling its air holes with high-index material. The transmission band can be continuously tuned by changing the refractive index of the filling material. Accordingly, the tunable modal birefringence and polarization mode dispersion of the PBGFs are investigated by adjusting the refractive index of the filling material. Furthermore, we have also analyzed the effect of surface modes in the photonic bandgap on the characteristics of the tunable PBGFs. The simulation results show the feasibility of constructing birefringence-tunable photonic crystal fibers and related fiber devices in practical applications.     

Symmetry and resonant modes in platonic grating stacks

We study the flexural wave modes existing in finite stacks of gratings containing rigid, zero-radius pins. We group the modes into even and odd classes, and derive dispersion equations for each. We study the recently discovered elasto-dynamically inhibited transmission (EDIT) phenomenon, and relate it to the occurrence of trapped waves of even and odd symmetries being simultaneously resonant. We show how the EDIT interaction may be steered over a wide range of frequencies and angles, using a strategy in which the single-grating reflectance is kept high, so enabling the quality factors of the even and odd resonances to be kept large.     

Enhanced and tunable circular dichroism in the visible waveband by coupling of the waveguide mode and local surface plasmon resonances in double-layer asymmetric metal grating

Circular dichroism (CD) has shown very interesting possibilities as a means to characterize the chiral signal of a chiral structure. Here, we theoretically demonstrated enhanced and tunable CD in the visible light regime using a composite structure consisting of a double-layer metal grating gaped by a dielectric waveguide layer. Based on the coupling of the waveguide modes and the localized plasmonic resonances, the CD could reach a maximum value as high as 0.52 at 635 nm, which is four times higher than the CD value obtained in a conventional double-layer grating without the waveguide coupling effect. Furthermore, the spectral positions of the enhanced CD bands could be easily tuned by controlling the structural parameters. The proposed hybrid double-grating and waveguide structures could have potential applications in chiral selective imaging, sensing and spectroscopy, especially where the transmission measurement is required.     

Transmission properties and band structure of a segmented dielectric waveguide for the terahertz range

In this paper we investigate the band structure of guided modes in a segmented planar waveguide for the terahertz range. The dispersion curves are obtained using two different methods. The first approach is based on a close relationship between the band structure and narrow resonances in transmission spectra: transmission spectra are therefore calculated using a transfer matrix method and compared to the experimental ones. The second technique involves a modal analysis approach of diffraction gratings and it is used for direct calculation of the band structure. Propagation of THz guided waves along the grating considered as a segmented dielectric waveguide is also investigated using a bi-directional mode expansion and propagation method. All approaches are compared to each other and discussed.     

Adjustable plasmon resonance in the coaxial gold nanotubes

We propose the coaxial gold nanotubes for their transmission and plasmon resonances theoretically. We find that the transmission spectra are highly adjustable by tuning the thickness of the nanotubes, the separation and the dielectric constant between the inner and outer nanotubes. The resonance peaks close to the left forbidden band gap edge are strongly correlated with the dielectric constant, the inner and outer tube thickness, and the separation between the two tubes. Based on the localized nature of the electric field distributions, we show that local plasmon resonance modes result from hybridized resonances of multifold multipolar plasmon polaritons in the cross section of the coaxial nanotubes.     

Optical properties of sub-wavelength dielectric gratings and their application for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

We fabricated and measured the far-field optical properties of a sub-wavelength Si₃N₄ (silicon nitride) two dimensional grating. Frequency-dependent transmission measurements from a white-light source revealed that both transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) modes were excited on the grating. We determined the dispersion relations of the modes by tilting the sample with respect to the incoming light beam and measuring the frequency shift of the absorption features. By comparing to a simple model, we determined the effective refractive index for the TM and TE modes and the geometrical constants for the grating. This information enables gratings with desired optical properties to be designed and fabricated. The application of the sub-wavelength grating for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is demonstrated.     

Elastic resonances of a periodic array of fluid-filled cylindrical cavities embedded in an elastic matrix

The resonant scattering by a periodic infinite array of fluid-filled cylindrical cavities in an elastic matrix is studied. The exact reflection and transmission coefficients of the array are calculated by means of a multiple scattering formalism taking into account all the interactions between the cavities. Numerical results are next given for low frequencies for which only the longitudinal and transverse zero modes propagate. A first study based on the analysis of the transmission coefficients clearly shows that the resonances of the array can be classified into two sets: those close to the resonances of a single cavity and those due to a resonant coupling between a cavity and its nearer neighbors. The resonant coupling is due to the interaction between the whispering-gallery surface waves propagating around each cavity. In the case of cavities with very close spacing, it is observed that the dispersion curves of the waves propagating along the array can also be classified into two sets: those with a positive group velocity have cut-off frequencies that correspond to the resonances of a single cavity, those with a negative group velocity have cut-off frequencies that correspond to the resonances resulting from the strong coupling. A new method for the analysis of the resonances is presented. It is based on the properties of the scattering matrix and consists in studying the resonant eigenvalues of the scattering matrix of the array once the background is removed. For the detection of very fine resonances, as well as in the separation of several resonances very close to each other, this method proves to be more efficient than one based on the analysis of the reflection and transmission coefficients.     

基于类表面等离子体激元的矩形金属光栅色散特性的研究

等离子体激元(surface plasmon polaritons, SPP)因其独特的光学和物理特性, 使其具有诸如透射增强和局域共振等一系列新颖现象, 已成为当前国内外学者研究的热点. 本文对基于类表面等离子体激元(Spoof Surface Plasmons, SSP)的矩形金属光栅色散特性和模式分布进行了研究. 利用本征函数法并结合场匹配条件, 获得了矩形栅表面SSP的场表达式、色散关系和模式分布, 并通过电磁仿真进行了验证. 在此基础上分析了矩形栅各参数对SSP色散及模式分布的影响, 研究结果表明: 由本征函数法获得的SSP色散特性与仿真结果基本符合; 增大金属栅高度或减小排列周期能减小SSP的相速度; 而增大金属栅周期占空比能在一定程度上拓展SSP与电子束互作用的带宽; 改变金属盖板高度对慢波SSP色散模式基本没有影响; 减小金属栅侧面宽度能增大模式之间的间隔, 从而能有效避免模式竞争的发生. 本文对基于SSP的矩形金属光栅色散特性的研究将为进一步研究SSP与电子束的相互作用, 形成高效、宽带的新型太赫兹源奠定良好的理论基础.     

Tunable narrowband filter based on a combination of Fabry-Perot etalon and volume Bragg grating

A new type of tunable narrowband filter is proposed. This filter is a combination of a Fabry-Perot etalon, which permits the selection of a comb of discrete narrow bands, and a high-efficiency rotating volume Bragg grating recorded in photo-thermo-refractive glass, which permits tuning between the Fabry-Perot resonances. A tunable filter for fixed wavelengths in the region of 1.5 mum with a spectral width of 220 pm (FWHM), separation between channels of 800 pm, and throughput of 95% (losses <0.2 dB) is demonstrated.     

Higher-order core mode resonances in a mechanically induced long-period holey fiber grating

We present the spectral analysis of higher-order core mode resonances in a long period holey fiber grating induced mechanically in an asymmetric holey fiber. Calculations based on a fast-Fourier transform mode solver shows that the mode resonances obtained experimentally correspond to the odd- and even-LP_1,1 core modes. Additionally, we analyze the twist and polarization response of these mode resonances in the long period holey fiber grating. The results obtained in this work are of great importance in the design of new all-fiber optical devices that involve couplings of higher order core modes in asymmetric holey fibers.     

普通单模光纤色散补偿传输的实验研究

利用自行设计的悬臂梁调节机构,对１２ｃｍ长的均匀光纤光栅进行中心波长和啁啾的同时线性调谐后,将其应用于２０Ｇｂ／ｓ、１００ｋｍ普通单模学纤的色散补偿实验中,取得了良好的补偿效果。     

Highly dispersive large mode area photonic bandgap fiber

An all-silica photonic bandgap fiber composed of a low-index core surrounded by alternating high- and low-index rings allows us to achieve a large mode area (500 microm(2)) and large chromatic dispersion. Sharp resonances from the even Bragg mode to odd ring modes theoretically lead to 20,000 ps/(nm km) chromatic dispersion when large bends are applied. By nature, sharp resonances are sensitive to inhomogeneities along the fiber length. Under experimental conditions, the resonances are broadened and the dispersion coefficient is decreased to 1000 ps/(nm km). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest dispersion coefficient reported using a large mode area fiber.     

Investigation of transmission resonances on the one-dimensional metallic cylindrical gratings in THz frequency range

In the experiments of THz wave transmitting through the metallic cylindrical gratings fabricated by sub-wavelength brass wires, this paper reports that the discrepancy in the sharp resonances occurred as the grating perpendicular or parallel to the electric vector are observed. A simulation based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) indicated that the enhanced transmission through the grating is attributed to the combined effects of surface plasmons and cavity modes in the perpendicular condition, while the cavity modes dominate the resonant transmission under the other conditions. Additional experimental data and calculated results show that ～1 enhanced coupling efficiency can be realized in some THz frequency, which could be applied to the design and improvement of various optoelectronic devices, or detection of biological molecule and powder samples, etc.     

长周期啁啾光纤光栅级联作为波分复用隔离滤波器的数值研究

用矩阵传输法对长周期啁啾光纤光栅用于波分复用隔离滤波器的特性进行了分析,讨论了设计该类型高性能的波分复用隔离滤波器的关键技术,给出了仿真结果,表明该类型滤波器具有大的可用带宽、频率等间隔、隔离度高和通带内的色散可以忽略等优点,并指出通过调谐级联长周期光纤光栅之间的光纤长度可以实现频率间隔的调谐.     

Resonances on metallic compound transmission gratings with subwavelength wires and slits

We investigate the response of gratings formed by subwavelength wires in a dielectric medium. For gratings with a single wire per period, most of the incident power is transmitted through the structure. If the distance between adjacent wires is small enough, the excitation of waveguide modes can lead to reflection resonances. However, only when the period is formed by several wires (compound grating), new degrees of freedom are introduced for the phase distribution of the field inside the slits, allowing a new class of resonances analyzed in this letter. We give numerical examples illustrating the combined effect produced by both types of resonances in the grating response.     

不同包层直径的倾斜光纤光栅折射率传感特性

倾斜光纤光栅的透射谱中有纤芯模和大量的包层模,它们具有与布拉格光栅相同的温度特性.利用HF酸腐蚀的方法得到具有不同包层直径的倾斜光纤光栅,研究了其对外界折射率的传感特性.结果表明,外界环境折射率在1.333～1.4532之间变化时,同一直径倾斜光纤光栅的高阶包层模的敏感性要比低阶包层模强;随着包层直径的减小,包层模的敏感性增强,且在折射率比较高的环境中有更高的敏感性.因此,利用倾斜光纤光栅的温度特性不仅可以解决温度交叉敏感问题,而且通过小同的腐蚀程度能定制所需要的灵敏度,以实现对环境折射率的高灵敏度测量.该办法可应用于对生物和化学等高灵敏度传感领域的各种溶液进行实时监控.     

Temperature effects on supercontinuum generation using a continuous-wave Raman fiber laser

We describe the effect of temperature variations on supercontinuum (SC) generation in optical fibers using a continuous-wave (CW) Raman fiber laser as a pump. We achieve supercontinuum generation by pumping only ∼2 W of power into a 7 km-long nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) in the region of small anomalous dispersion. In these conditions, the supercontinuum builds up basically on modulational instability and Raman. At room temperature, the supercontinuum covers effectively the S, C and L transmission bands defined by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Temperature tuning of the fiber environment provides a means of tuning the fiber dispersion, and thus a means of changing the width and shape of the supercontinuum spectrum. We demonstrate a 27% increase in the 10-dB SC width. We believe that the application of this new tuning mechanism to other experimental configurations using pulsed sources might be used to produce extremely broad supercontinuums.