离子液体的制备及应用*

离子液体由于具有独特的物理化学性质而成为一种新型的绿色溶剂,近年来成为国际上研究的前沿和热点。它为开发新型绿色工艺、实现传统重污染、高能耗工业过程的升级换代提供了新机遇。本文介绍了离子液体的合成与制备方法,以及离子液体在CO2捕集分离及转化利用、电解/电镀铝、SO2吸收、废水处理以及废旧塑料降解循环利用中的应用,展望了离子液体的发展前景。     

离子液体在制备金属氧化物纳米材料中的应用

总结了近年来在离子液体中制备金属氧化物纳米材料的新方法以及离子液体在金属氧化物纳米材料制备方面的应用及发展趋势.目前,对于制备纳米金属氧化物,离子液体主要是作为电解液、表面活性剂;其未来的发展趋势是离子热合成和集模板-溶剂-反应物于一身的离子液体反应.     

离子液体固定化材料在固相萃取中的应用研究进展

离子液体是由阴、阳离子组成的低温熔融盐,几乎没有蒸汽压,具有稳定性好、溶解能力强、结构可设计、导电性好等优良性能.离子液体作为一种广受关注的新型“绿色溶剂”,具有代替传统有机溶剂的潜力,其制备方法和应用范围研究日趋完善和多样,已广泛应用于催化化学、光电化学、材料化学和分析化学等领域.离子液体通过功能化导向设计后,可以将...     

Ionic liquids in the synthesis and modification of polymers

Ionic liquids are organic salts that are liquid at ambient temperatures, preferably at room temperature. They are nonvolatile, thermally and chemically stable, highly polar liquids that dissolve many organic, inorganic, and metallo‐organic compounds. Many combinations of organic cations with different counterions are already known, and the properties of ionic liquids may be adjusted by the proper selection of the cation and counterion. In the last decade, there has been increasing interest in using ionic liquids as solvents for chemical reactions. The interest is stimulated not only by their nonvolatility (green solvents) but also by their special properties, which often affect the course of a reaction. In recent years, ionic liquids have also attracted the attention of polymer chemists. Although the research on using ionic liquids in polymer systems is still in its infancy, several interesting possibilities have already emerged. Ionic liquids are used as solvents for polymerization processes, and in several systems they indeed show some advantages. In radical polymerization, the k_p/k_t ratio (where k_p is the rate constant of propagation and k_t is the rate constant of termination) is higher than in organic media, and thus better control of the process can be achieved. Ionic liquids, as electrolytes, have also attracted the attention of researchers in the fields of electrochemical polymerization and the synthesis of conducting polymers. Finally, the blending of ionic liquids with polymers may lead to the development of new materials (ionic liquids may act as plasticizers, electrolytes dispersed in polymer matrices, or even porogens). In this article, the new developments in these fields are briefly discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4675–4683, 2005     

Preparation of Nanoparticles and Diffusion Behavior of Metal Ions in Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted much attention as tunable liquids because of their unique structures and properties. However, the mechanisms of chemical reactions and solute diffusion in ionic liquids are still unknown. This article summarizes our previous studies and recent results on the mechanisms of metal particle formation and solute diffusion in ionic liquids, focusing on the local structure of ionic liquids. It was found that the shape and size of metal particles formed in ionic liquids using electron beams or X-rays are strongly influenced by the local structure. In the study of the diffusion behavior of metal ions in ionic liquids, we proposed a hopping-like diffusion model and proposed that this behavior could be strongly influenced by local structures such as hole concentration and/or domain structures.     

Ionic liquids for soft functional materials with carbon nanotubes

A serendipitous finding that ionic liquids gel with carbon nanotubes has opened a new possibility of ionic liquids as modifiers for carbon nanotubes. Upon being ground into ionic liquids, carbon nanotube bundles are untangled, and the resultant fine bundles form a network structure. This is due to the possible specific interaction between the imidazolium ion component and the pi-electronic nanotube surface. The resultant gelatinous materials, consisting of highly electroconductive nanowires and fluid electrolytes, can be utilized for a wide variety of electrochemical applications, such as sensors, capacitors, and actuators. Ionic liquids allow for noncovalent and covalent modifications of carbon nanotubes and fabrication of polymer composites with enhanced physical properties. The processing of carbon nanotubes with ionic liquids is not accompanied by the disruption of the pi-conjugated nanotube structure and does not require solvents; therefore it can readily be scaled up. This article focuses on new aspects of ionic liquids for designer soft materials based on carbon nanotubes.     

Sonochemistry and sonoluminescence in ionic liquids, molten salts, and concentrated electrolyte solutions

Ionic liquids have favorable intrinsic properties that make them of interest as solvents for various chemical reactions. The same properties that make the liquids effective solvents also make them interesting liquids for studies involving sonochemistry, acoustic cavitation, and sonoluminescence. Recent interest in using ultrasound to accelerate chemical reactions conducted in ionic liquids necessitates an understanding of the effects of acoustic cavitation on these solvents. Here, we review our previous results on the effects of cavitation on some room-temperature ionic liquids, including the sonoluminescence spectra of molten salt eutectics and concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions. In all cases, regardless of the essentially nonexistent vapor pressure of the solution atomic and small molecule emitters are observed in the spectra which arise from sonolysis of the ionic liquids.     

Electrospray mass spectrometry of undiluted ionic liquids

Ionic liquids have been analyzed in undiluted form using electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS); results indicate that signal-to-noise ratios for minor constituents are comparable to those observed in conventional, diluted ES-MS and that this approach could be readily applied for mass spectrometric analysis of ionic liquids and ionic impurities/additives dissolved therein, especially those that are solvent reactive.     

Applications of Ionic Liquids in Whole-Cell and Isolated Enzyme Biocatalysis

Ionic liquids have unique chemical properties that have fascinated scientists in many fields. The effects of adding ionic liquids to biocatalysts are many and varied. The uses of ionic liquids in biocatalysis include improved separations and phase behaviour, reduction in toxicity, and stabilization of protein structures. As the ionic liquid state of the art has progressed, concepts of what can be achieved in biocatalysis using ionic liquids have evolved and more beneficial effects have been discovered. In this review ionic liquids for whole-cell and isolated enzyme biocatalysis will be discussed with an emphasis on the latest developments, and a look to the future.     

聚离子液体材料在分离科学中的研究进展

离子液体作为新型离子化试剂,具有诸多优越的物理化学性质,比如:良好的溶解性、导电性、热稳定性、生物相容性及低蒸气压和不易燃等特点,近年来在分析化学领域得到广泛关注。聚离子液体材料结合了离子液体和聚合物的双重性质,已经成为分离科学研究的前沿领域。本文详细讨论了离子液体与目标物之间的多种作用机制,比如亲/疏水作用、氢键作用、离子交换、π - π 堆积及静电吸附作用等等,总结了聚离子液体材料在固相萃取、液相色谱、气相色谱、毛细管电泳及毛细管电色谱等领域的研究进展;最后,对聚离子液体材料的发展前景进行了展望。     

Ionic liquid assisted synthesis of S-heterocycles

Some organic solvents are highly toxic, flammable, and even explosive. In particular, high vapor pressures and toxicity of certain volatile organic solvents may cause significant environmental problems. Therefore, alternative solvents or media with tunable and versatile solvation properties for conducting chemical reactions and materials synthesis have been actively sought. Ionic liquids have numerous applications not only as environmentally benign reaction media, but also as catalysts and reagents. Due to the increase of environmental consciousness in chemical research and industry, the challenge for a sustainable environment calls for clean procedures that avoid the use of harmful organic solvents. Due to the special properties of ILs (ionic liquids) such as wide liquid range, good solvating ability, negligible vapor pressure, non-inflammability, non-volatility, environment friendly medium, high thermal stability, good stability in air and moisture, easy recycling and rate promoters etc. they are used in organic synthesis. Therefore, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of chemists and act as catalyst and reaction medium in organic reactions with high activity. Highly efficient methods are explored for the preparation of S-heterocycles with the application of ILs as catalyst and reaction medium.     

含氟离子液体的研究进展

近年来人们对离子液体的兴趣不断增长。室温离子液体是一类熔点在室温附近的熔融盐,以其显著的特性在电化学、有机合成、催化、分离等领域被广泛应用。离子液体与氟化学紧密相关,离子液体中含有多种氟阴离子的烷基铵盐、咪唑盐等的合成、性质以及应用已经得到研究。离子液体的阴阳离子中氟原子数量和位置的不同,使离子液体具有不同的性质,如耐水性、耐温性、粘度、密度、表面张力、液体范围、导电性等。含氟的离子液体是离子液体的主要品种,它们凭借良好的可设计性和绿色环保的特点在当今化工工程的绿色化进程中显示出巨大的潜力和广阔的应用前景。     

Where are ionic liquid strategies most suited in the pursuit of chemicals and energy from lignocellulosic biomass?

Certain ionic liquids have been shown to dissolve cellulose, other biopolymers, and even raw biomass under relatively mild conditions. This particular ability of some ionic liquids, accompanied by a series of concurrent advantages, enables the development of improved processing strategies for the manufacturing of a plethora of biopolymer-based advanced materials. The more recent discoveries of dissolution of lignocellulosic materials (e.g., wood) in ionic liquids, with at least partial separation of the major constituent biopolymers, suggest further paths towards the achievement of a truly sustainable chemical and energy economy based on the concept of a biorefinery which provides chemicals, materials, and energy. Nonetheless, questions remain about the use of ionic liquids and the advisability of introducing any new process which utilizes bulk synthetic chemicals which have to be made, disposed of, and prevented from entering the environment. In this article, we discuss our own journey from the discovery of the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids to the cusp of an enabling technology for a true biorefinery and consider some of the key questions which remain.     

Ionische Flüssigkeiten: Innovative Lösungsmittel für die Zweiphasenkatalyse

Ionic liquids are low melting salts which represent a new class of non-molecular, ionic solvents. By combining different cations and anions a large number of liquids with very different physical and chemical properties can be obtained. It is possible to optimize the ionic medium for a specific application by the careful choice of the ion combination. Ionic liquids are interesting substitutes for organic solvent in catalytic reactions for many reasons: Besides their non-volatile nature offering significant engineering advantages, the unusual solubility properties of these liquids enable new multiphasic catalytic reactions.     

离子液体及其在分离分析中的应用进展

室温离子液体是一类熔点在室温附近的熔融盐，以其熔点低、蒸汽压小、电化学窗口宽、酸性可调节以及良好的溶解性等特点在电化学、有机合成、催化、分离等领域应用广泛。综述了离子液体在分离分析上的应用进展。参考文献48篇。     

以离子液体为介质的纤维素加工与功能化

纤维素作为自然界中储量最大的天然高分子,被认为是未来世界能源与化工的主要原料.但由于分子链间存在丰富氢键网络以及高度结晶的聚集态结构特点,天然纤维素不熔化、难溶解,造成纤维素的加工极其困难,纤维素材料的传统生产工艺复杂且污染严重,极大限制了纤维素材料的广泛应用.近年来,人们发现一些特定结构的离子液体能够高效溶解纤维素,为纤维素的加工和功能化提供了新的多用途平台.本文从"溶解纤维素的离子液体、纤维素溶解机理与溶液性质、以离子液体制备再生纤维素材料和以离子液体为介质合成纤维素衍生物"4个方面详细介绍了本课题组在此领域的研究进展.     

Using Caenorhabditis elegans to probe toxicity of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride based ionic liquids

Ionic liquids are gaining attention as new solvents within the green chemistry community; however this attention has quickly outstripped current environmental and toxicological data available. In the present communication, we establish the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for inexpensively and quickly exploring toxicological effects of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids.     

离子液体载催化剂和载试剂在有机合成中的应用

综述了离子液体载催化剂和载试剂在有机合成中的应用进展. 离子液体载催化剂是针对离子液体中催化剂难以回收利用的问题提出来的, 它不仅可以实现均相催化, 而且反应产物容易分离, 催化剂可以循环使用. 离子液体载有机试剂合成, 又称为离子液体相有机合成, 具有固相反应产物纯度高和液相反应反应快的优点. 在离子液体载无机试剂的反应中, 反应物毒性降低, 反应条件温和, 产物选择性好.     

离子液体在纤维素研究中的应用

离子液体是一种新型的绿色溶剂,纤维素是一种可再生的生物资源,作为非衍生化纤维素溶剂,离子液体在纤维素研究中呈现出了良好的发展态势。本文综述了纤维素在离子液体溶解、再生、衍生化反应及其在生物酶催化等方面的一些研究成果。     

Ionic Liquids-New "Solutions" for Transition Metal Catalysis

Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at low temperature (<100 degrees C) which represent a new class of solvents with nonmolecular, ionic character. Even though the first representative has been known since 1914, ionic liquids have only been investigated as solvents for transition metal catalysis in the past ten years. Publications to date show that replacing an organic solvent by an ionic liquid can lead to remarkable improvements in well-known processes. Ionic liquids form biphasic systems with many organic product mixtures. This gives rise to the possibility of a multiphase reaction procedure with easy isolation and recovery of homogeneous catalysts. In addition, ionic liquids have practically no vapor pressure which facilitates product separation by distillation. There are also indications that switching from a normal organic solvent to an ionic liquid can lead to novel and unusual chemical reactivity. This opens up a wide field for future investigations into this new class of solvents in catalytic applications.