旋转湍流中雷诺应力模型压力应变关联项的修正研究

利用张量的不变量理论,推导得出传统雷诺应力模型中压力应变关联项模型应用于旋转湍流模拟中的一些基本问题,即在纯旋转条件下,传统模型所描述的初始各向异性的湍流中雷诺应力张量演化规律是一个无衰减振荡过程,而快速畸变理论推导结果显示,其演化应是一个阻尼振荡衰减的过程。以衰减雷诺应力为目的,构造出包含旋转率张量高阶量的关联项。然后,结合变形率张量的高阶项,将修正模型扩展至椭圆形流线类型流动。最后,将修正模型应用于轴向旋转圆管内湍流流场的模拟,并将结果与实测结果进行了对比。     

两种湍流模型时域颤振计算方法研究

采用时域计算分析方法进行了机翼跨音速颤振特性研究。在结构运动网格的基础上,采用格点格式有限体积方法进行空间离散和双时间全隐式方法进行时间推进求解雷诺平均N-S方程。针对流动粘性分别应用了SST湍流模型和SSG雷诺应力模型,通过对跨音速标模算例AGARD445.6机翼的计算结果与实验值的对比分析,其中应用SST湍流模型得到的颤振速度与实验值最为接近,特别是在跨音速段平均相对误差在3%以内;并且计算结果整体上反映了跨音速颤振"凹坑"物理特性,验证了方法的有效性。     

Modelling of pressure–strain correlation in compressible turbulent flow

Previous studies carried out in the early 1990s conjectured that the main compressible effects could be associated with the dilatational effects of velocity fluctuation. Later, it was shown that the main compressibility effect came from the reduced pressure-strain term due to reduced pressure fluctuations. Although better understanding of the compressible turbulence is generally achieved with the increased DNS and experimental research effort, there are still some discrepancies among these recent findings. Analysis of the DNS and experimental data suggests that some of the discrepancies are apparent if the compressible effect is related to the turbulent Mach number, Mt. From the comparison of two classes of compressible flow, homogenous shear flow and inhomogeneous shear flow （mixing layer）, we found that the effect of compressibility on both classes of shear flow can be characterized in three categories corresponding to three regions of turbulent Mach numbers： the low-Mr, the moderate-Mr and high-Mr regions. In these three regions the effect of compressibility on the growth rate of the turbulent mixing layer thickness is rather different. A simple approach to the reduced pressure-strain effect may not necessarily reduce the mixing-layer growth rate, and may even cause an increase in the growth rate. The present work develops a new second-moment model for the compressible turbulence through the introduction of some blending functions of Mt to account for the compressibility effects on the flow. The model has been successfully applied to the compressible mixing layers.     

超声速流动中非线性EASM湍流模式应用研究

针对超声速复杂流动区域精确模拟的需要,发展了基于k-ω可压缩修正形式的非线性显式代数雷诺应力模式（EASM）,提高了该模式对超声速复杂流动的数值模拟精度。通过对二维超声速凹槽和三维双椭球的数值计算表明,与SA和SST常规线性涡黏性湍流模式比较,非线性的EASM模式对大分离以及剪切层流动结构的刻画能力更精细,对剪切层再附区的压力及摩擦系数分布模拟更加精确;EASM模式能够准确地模拟二次激波引起的压强和热流分布情况。     

Nonlinear turbulence models for predicting strong curvature effects

Prediction of the characteristics of turbulent flows with strong streamline curvature, such as flows in turbomachines, curved channel flows, flows around airfoils and buildings, is of great importance in engineering applications and poses a very practical challenge for turbulence modeling. In this paper, we analyze qualitatively the curvature effects on the structure of turbulence and conduct numerical simulations of a turbulent Uduct flow with a number of turbulence models in order to assess their overall performance. The models evaluated in this work are some typical linear eddy viscosity turbulence models, nonlinear eddy viscosity turbulence models （NLEVM） （quadratic and cubic）, a quadratic explicit algebraic stress model （EASM） and a Reynolds stress model （RSM） developed based on the second-moment closure. Our numerical results show that a cubic NLEVM that performs considerably well in other benchmark turbulent flows, such as the Craft, Launder and Suga model and the Huang and Ma model, is able to capture the major features of the highly curved turbulent U-duct flow, including the damping of turbulence near the convex wall, the enhancement of turbulence near the concave wall, and the subsequent turbulent flow separation. The predictions of the cubic models are quite close to that of the RSM, in relatively good agreement with the experimental data, which suggests that these models may be employed to simulate the turbulent curved flows in engineering applications.     

Reynolds stress, mean velocity, and dynamic static pressure measurement by a four-hole pressure probe

An improved version of the four-hole directional pressure probe, or Cobra probe, is described, in which the frequency response has been extended to 1.5 kHz. The probe measures all three orthogonal mean and turbulent velocity components at a point in the flow field. The probe also resolves the local mean and turbulent components of static pressure, allowing moments between the fluctuating velocity components and pressure to be determined. The techniques developed to allow the improved frequency response and the use of the probe in turbulent, developed pipe flow (a calibration flow) are described. Also given are the turbulent pressure-velocity correlations, which show a high degree of anticorrelation for one velocity component.     

Modelling of inhomogeneous turbulence in the absence of mean velocity gradients

In this paper we propose a new rational model for turbulent transport of Reynolds stresses and dissipation. For this purpose we first analyse some properties of diffused turbulence i.e. turbulence where dissipation is balanced by turbulent diffusion arising from inhomogeneity. Then we use some of these results to deduce some mathematical requirements that must be satisfied by any rational model and we show that they are not verified by available models. Consequently we derive a more general model taking into account the various properties of diffused turbulence.     

Study on anisotropic buoyant turbulence model

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Nonlinear two-equation model taking into account the wall-limiting behavior and redistribution of stress components

Nonlinear k– models have been extensively used in technological applications. It is clear from the assessment of the existing nonlinear k– models using DNS databases that the nonlinear models can not satisfy and reproduce exactly the wall-limiting behavior and the anisotropy of Reynolds normal stress components. Especially, the Reynolds normal stress component, , in the wall-normal direction, which is proportional to x₂⁴ near the wall, is not satisfied. Since the wall-limiting behavior of Reynolds normal stress components in the nonlinear model is determined by the turbulence energy k, which is proportional to x₂² in the model, the Reynolds stress components, , and , are proportional to x₂². In this study, we have proposed a new nonlinear k– model which satisfies exactly the wall-limiting behavior of Reynolds normal stress components in the inertial and the noninertial frames. The proposed model can also predict well the anisotropy of the Reynolds normal stress components near the wall. PACS 47.27.Eq, 47.27.Ak, 47.27.Nz     

On pre-dissipative ‘bumps' and a Reynolds-number-dependent spectral parameterization of turbulence

Considerable experimental, numerical and theoretical evidence has accumulated during the last two decades for the presence of a maximum above the right end of the inertial plateau in compensated high-Reynolds-number turbulence spectra k^+5/3E(k). This energy pileup, due to the reduced nonlocal triadic interactions near the viscous cut-off, complies with Kolmogorov's 1941 theory but hampers experimental interpretation about its intermittency corrections. It has been included in a semi-empirical Reynolds-number-dependent complete (i.e. from the largest to the smallest scales) spectral model of isotropic turbulence. This simple parameterization is shown to represent satisfactorily well experimental data over a large variety of situations.     

随机湍流工况低雷诺数风力机翼型优化研究

为改善小型风力机随机湍流工况适应性,以NACA0012翼型为研究对象,采用非嵌入式概率配置点法,获得随机湍流工况下小型风力机叶片翼型运行攻角分布规律;在气动优化中耦合层流分离预测,基于Transition SST模型、拉丁超立方试验设计、Kriging模型和带精英策略非支配排序遗传算法NSGA-II进行高湍流低雷诺数风力机翼型气动优化。结果表明,优化翼型叶片平均风能捕获效率分别提高3.01%和4.76%,标准差分别降低4.76%和14.93%,优化翼型湍流适应性增强。该方法将翼型设计与湍流风况相匹配,为湍流工况低雷诺数翼型及小型风力机设计提供参考。     

Extended intrinsic mean spin tensor for turbulence modelling in non-inertial frame of reference

We investigate the role of extended intrinsic mean spin tensor introduced in this work for turbulence modelling in a non-inertial frame of reference. It is described by the Euclidean group of transformations and, in particular, its significance and importance in the approach of the algebraic Reynolds stress modelling, such as in a nonlinear K-ε model. To this end and for illustration of the effect of extended intrinsic spin tensor on turbulence modelling, we examine several recently developed nonlinear K-ε models and compare their performance in predicting the homogeneous turbulent shear flow in a rotating frame of reference with LES data. Our results and analysis indicate that, only if the deficiencies of these models and the like be well understood and properly corrected, may in the near future, more sophisticated nonlinear K-ε models be developed to better predict complex turbulent flows in a non-inertial frame of reference.     

On Modelling Periodic Motion with Turbulence Closures

In periodic flows near walls transport effects may be considerably larger than in a steady turbulent boundary layer. The question explored in this contribution is, therefore, whether providing separate transport equations for each of the Reynolds stresses consequently leads to a better modelling of a periodic flow's evolution than an eddy viscosity scheme whose constitutive equation is inherently linked to the generation and dissipation terms being in balance (local equilibrium). Our conclusion is that, while a stress-transport scheme is indeed better equipped to reproduce the phenomena, it does not consistently out-perform the EVM over the range of flows studied. In some cases it is suggested that more attention must be paid to modelling diffusive transport in order to secure the benefits of second-moment closure. To illustrate sensitivity to diffusive transport, two different diffusion models are tested, one of which leads to different effective transport coefficients in each stress component. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Employment of the second‐moment turbulence closure on arbitrary unstructured grids

The paper presents a finite‐volume calculation procedure using a second‐moment turbulence closure. The proposed method is based on a collocated variable arrangement and especially adopted for unstructured grids consisting of ‘polyhedral’ calculation volumes. An inclusion of 23k in the pressure is analysed and the impact of such an approach on the employment of the constant static pressure boundary is addressed. It is shown that this approach allows a removal of a standard but cumbersome velocity–pressure –Reynolds stress coupling procedure known as an extension of Rhie‐Chow method (AIAA J. 1983; 21 : 1525–1532) for the Reynolds stresses. A novel wall treatment for the Reynolds‐stress equations and ‘polyhedral’ calculation volumes is presented. Important issues related to treatments of diffusion terms in momentum and Reynolds‐stress equations are also discussed and a new approach is proposed. Special interpolation practices implemented in a deferred‐correction fashion and related to all equations, are explained in detail. Computational results are compared with available experimental data for four very different applications: the flow in a two‐dimensional 180o turned U‐bend, the vortex shedding flow around a square cylinder, the flow around Ahmed Body and in‐cylinder engine flow. Additionally, the performance of the methodology is assessed by applying it to different computational grids. For all test cases, predictions with the second‐moment closure are compared to those of the k–εmodel. The second‐moment turbulence closure always achieves closer agreement with the measurements. A moderate increase in computing time is required for the calculations with the second‐moment closure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

AN EXTENDED k-ε MODEL FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

It is assumed in this paper that for a high Reynolds number nearly homogeneouswind flow, the Reynolds stresses are uniquely related to the mean velocity gradientsand the two independent turbulent scaling parameters k and E. By applying dimensionalanalysis and owing to the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for tensors, a new turbulenceenclosure model so-called the axtended k-ε model has been developed. The coefficientsof the model expression were detemined by the wind tunnel experimental data ofhomogeneous shear turbulent flow. The model was compared with the standard k-εmodel in in composition and the prediction of the Reynold’s normal Stresses. Using thenew model the numerical simulation of wind flow around a square cross-section tallbuilding was performed. The results show that the extended k-ε model improves theprediction of wind velocities around the building the building and wind pressures on the buildingenvelope.     

Validation of turbulence models in a simulated air-conditioning unit

Details are given of a study to obtain experimental data in an idealized environment for the purpose of evaluating the corresponding computational predictions and which supplement parallel measurements made in actual packaged air-conditioning units. The system consisted of a purpose-built low-speed wind tunnel with a working section constructed to reproduce particular features of the real units. In the experiment, both the mean velocity profiles and turbulence properties of the flow are obtained from triple-hot-wire anemometry measurements. A numerical model, based on finite volume methodology, was used to obtain the solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible isothermal flow. The Reynolds stress terms in the equations are calculated using the standard k–ϵ model and second-moment closure (Reynolds stress) models. The accuracy of the two models was evaluated against the experimental measurements made 10 mm downstream of a baffle. The results show that the standard k–ϵ model gave the better agreement except in regions of strong recirculation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

液固两相槽道流中湍流调制的数值研究

结合雷诺应力模型 (Reynolds Stress Model, RSM) 和混合模型 (Mixture Model) 对槽道湍流向下流动中的颗粒调制湍流问题进行了研究．该模型考虑了颗粒流的动能理论和颗粒对湍流的反馈作用．着重分析了颗粒对湍流的调制作用,以及颗粒参数变量（如颗粒密度和质量载荷）对湍流调制的影响．结果表明：(1)在颗粒抑制湍流的范围内,当颗粒密度小于载流体密度时,湍流强度的改变量与颗粒密度成反比;当颗粒密度大于载流体密度时,湍流强度的改变量与颗粒密度成正比;(2)在一定范围内,颗粒抑制湍流的能力随颗粒质量载荷增加而变强．     

Computation of backward-facing step flows by a second-order Reynolds stress closure model

This paper scrutinizes the predictive ability of the differential stress equation model in complex shear flows. Two backward-facing step flows with different expansion ratios are solved by the LRR turbulence model with an anisotropic dissipation model and the near-wall regions of the separated side resolved by a near-wall model. The computer code developed for solving the transport equations is based on the finite-volume-finite-difference method. In the numerical solution of the time-averaged momenum equations the Reynolds stresses are treated partially as a diffusion term and partially as a source term to avoid numerical instability. Computational results are compared with experimental data. It is found that the near-wall region of the separated side resolved by the near-wall model, the LRR model with a simple modification of an anisotropic dissipation model can predict backward step flows well.     

AN EXTENDED k-ε MODEL FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

I.IntroductionWindvelocitiesaroundbuildingsandwind-inducedpressuresonbuildingsurfaceareimportantparametersforbuildingdisign.Withtherapidadvanceofcomputertechnology,ithasbecomepossibletoevaluatethethree-dimensionalwind-turbulentflow'sbyusingnumericalsimulationtechniques.Atpresent.awidevarietyofnumericalapproacheshavebeendevelopedanddifferenttypesofturbulencemodellinghavebeenappliedforthepredictionofwindflowphenomena.Amongtheseapproaches,thenumericalsimulationbasedonthesteadyReynold'saveragedN…