三硝基甲苯起爆机理实验研究

 用单脉冲化学激波管实验方法,使用自由基清扫剂和对比速率,测定了邻位和对位硝基甲苯在高温下,裂解瞬间（500 μs） 的化学反应机理,并测定了化学反应速率常数。作为邻位硝基甲苯的同分异构体,对位硝基甲苯的主要裂解通道与其不同。通过实验发现了邻位硝基甲苯的裂解重要通道,测到它的产1氧-2氮-3,4-环丁二稀基异嚙唑（Anthranil） 在瞬间随温度变化生成和很快消失的过程。由此,测得这一化学性质极不稳定的产物的消失速率常数为：k(Anthranil)＝3.7×10¹⁵·exp(－25 800/T) s^-1。分析这一过程的机理,认为第一步是硝基甲苯的裂解,第二步是Anthranil的生成,第三步是Anthranil中的N－O键的断裂。     

一种新的“L”型脉管结构在四阀型脉管制冷机中的试验研究

基于简化冷端结构的目的考虑,该文提出了一种“L”型脉管结构取代了通常的“I”型直脉管结构;并在脉管热端采用两个小孔阀分别进行控制脉管热端的进排气量,并对此结构使用有阀氦压缩机驱动,进行初步的试验研究,样机在频率为2.5Hz时,获得72K的冷头最低温度,针对此试验结果进行分析,给出了目前试验样机所存在的问题,提出了进一步改善的方法。     

Shock tube and modeling study of isobutene pyrolysis and oxidation

Pyrolysis and oxidation of isobutene were studied behind reflected shock waves in the temperature range 1000-1800 K at total pressures between 1.0 and 2.7 atm. The study was carried out using following method: (1) a single-pulse technique for product yields, (2) time-resolved IR-laser absorption at 3.39 μm for isobutene decay and formation rates of compounds which contain C-H bond, (3) time-resolved IR emission at 4.24 μm for CO₂ formation rate, and (4) time-resolved UV absorption at 306.7 nm for OH radical formation rate. The pyrolysis and oxidation of isobutene were modeled using a reaction mechanism including the sub-mechanisms for methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, formaldehyde, allene, propyne, propene, and ketene oxidation. The reaction mechanism used in the present study could reproduce all experimental results.     

Probing PAH formation chemical kinetics from benzene and toluene pyrolysis in a single-pulse shock tube

Benzene and toluene were pyrolyzed under highly argon-diluted conditions at a nominal pressure of 20 bar in a single-pulse shock tube coupled to gas chromatography/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/GC–MS) diagnostics. Concentration evolutions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) intermediates were measured in a temperature range of 1100–1800 K by analyzing the post-shock gas mixtures. Different PAH speciation behaviors, regarding types, concentrations and formation temperature windows, were observed in the two reaction systems. A kinetic model was proposed to predict and interpret the measurements. Through a combination of experimental and modeling efforts, PAH formation patterns from species pools of benzene and toluene pyrolysis were illustrated. In both cases, channels leading to PAHs basically originate from the respective fuel radicals, phenyl and benzyl. Due to the higher thermal stability of benzene, the production of phenyl, and thus most PAH species, occur in higher temperature windows, in comparison to the case of toluene. In benzene pyrolysis, benzyne participates in the formation of crucial PAH species such as naphthalene and acenaphthylene. Phenyl self-recombination takes considerable carbon flux into biphenyl, which serves as an important intermediate leading to acenaphthylene through hydrogen loss and ring closure. The resonantly-stabilized benzyl is abundant in toluene pyrolysis, and its decomposition further produces other resonantly-stabilized radicals such as fulvenallenyl and propargyl. Barrierless addition reactions among these radicals are found to be important sources of PAHs. Fuel-specific pathways have pronounced effects on PAH speciation behaviors, particularly at lower temperatures where fuel depletion is not completed within the reaction time of 4.0 ms. Contributions from the commonly existing Hydrogen-Abstraction-Carbon-Addition (HACA) routes increase with the temperature in both cases.     

Detailed kinetic modeling of soot formation in shock tube pyrolysis and oxidation of toluene and n-heptane

A new detailed kinetic model of soot formation in shock tube pyrolysis and oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons is proposed. The model is based on the comprehensive kinetic model of PAH formation and growth [H. Richter, J.B. Howard, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4 (2002) 2038-2055; H. Richter, S. Granata, W.H. Green, J.B. Howard, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005) 1397-1405; J. Appel, H. Bockhorn, M. Frenklach, Combust. Flame 121 (2000) 122-136; M. Frenklach, D.W. Clary, T. Yuan, W.C. Gardiner, Jr., S.E. Stein, Combust. Sci. Tech. 50 (1986) 79-115; M. Frenklach, J. Warnatz, Combust. Sci. Tech. 51 (1987) 265-283; M.S. Skjøth-Rasmussen, P. Glarborg, M. Østberg, J.T. Johannessen, H. Livbjerg, A.D. Jensen, T.S. Christensen, Combust. Flame 136 (2004) 91-128], on the new concepts of soot particle nucleation [A. Violi, Combust. Flame 139 (2004) 279-287; A. Violi, A.F. Sarofim, G.A. Voth, Combust. Sci. Tech. 176 (2004) 991-1005; A. D’Alessio, A. D’Anna, P. Minutolo, L.A. Sgro, A. Violi, Proc. Combust. Inst. 28 (2000) 2547-2554; A. D’Anna, A. Violi, A.D’Alessio, A.F. Sarofim, Combust. Flame 127 (2001) 1995-2003] and the traditional H-abstraction/C₂H₂-addition (HACA) route of PAH and soot particles surface growth [H. Wang, M. Frenklach, Combust. Flame 110 (1997) 173-221; J. Appel, H. Bockhorn, M. Frenklach, Combust. Flame 121 (2000) 122-136]. The gas-phase kinetic scheme was validated against the experimentally measured concentration profiles of the main gas-phase species formed during toluene pyrolysis and H and OH radicals during benzene and phenol pyrolysis and toluene oxidation behind reflected shock waves. The model describes the main characteristics of soot formation in pyrolysis and oxidation of toluene and n-heptane oxidation under conditions typical of shock tube experiments. Both hydrocarbons have the same number of carbon atoms but different structures, which causes different behavior of the systems. The discrete Galerkin technique was applied for direct counting of the mean number of active sites formed on the surface of soot precursors and soot particles in reactions of activation, deactivation, and surface growth.     

A shock tube study of the auto-ignition of toluene/air mixtures at high pressures

The auto-ignition of toluene/air mixtures was studied in a shock tube at temperatures of 1021-1400 K, pressures of 10-61 atm, and equivalence ratios of Φ = 1.0, 0.5, and 0.25. Ignition times were measured using endwall OH∗ emission and sidewall piezoelectric pressure measurements. The measured pressure time-histories do not show significant pre-ignition energy release, in agreement with the rapid compression machine study of Mittal and Sung [G. Mittal, C.-J. Sung, Combust. Flame 150 (2007) 355-368] and disagreement with the shock tube study of Davidson et al. [D.F. Davidson, B.M. Gauthier, R.K. Hanson, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005) 1175-1182]. Kinetic modeling predictions from three detailed mechanisms are compared. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the reaction of toluene (C₆H₅CH₃) and the benzyl radical (C₆H₅CH₂) with molecular oxygen are important and examination of the rate coefficients for these reactions suggests that improved rate parameters for the multi-channel C₆H₅CH₂ + O₂ reaction may improve model predictions.     

Experimental study of detonating gas bubble oscillations using a shock tube

Oscillations of bubbles containing a mixture of a detonating gas with argon in their interior are studied. The bubbles are excited for oscillations by a pressure step generated in a shock tube. A bubble wall motion is observed by a rotating mirror camera and a radiated pressure wave by a needle hydrophone. For weak pressure steps the bubble behaves as an ordinary gas bubble. However, above a certain pressure step threshold ignition of the detonating gas occurs. Due to released heat the bubble oscillation intensity is amplified. The data obtained are used to estimate pressures and temperatures in the compressed bubble.The experimental part of this research was carried out during the author's stay at the Shock Wave Laboratory of the Technical University in Aachen. The author wishes to thank Professor A. E. Beylich for enabling him to do this work, and H. Kleine for taking all the photographs. The author is also grateful to Dr. K. Hel for helpful discussion on the ignition of gas mixtures. During this research the author was the recipient of a grant awarded by the Heinrich Hertz Foundation, which is gratefully acknowledged.     

Design of a pulse generator and shock tube for measuring hearing protector attenuation of high-amplitude impulsive noise

The effectiveness of hearing protectors against high amplitude impulse noise levels remains the subject of research with objective testing techniques using acoustic test fixtures offering the only realistic method of providing rapid performance data for protector design and qualification. The work presented in this paper examines a prototype test method based on a shock tube and acoustic test fixture for the evaluation of protectors against high-level impulsive noise where established real ear attenuation at threshold methods would be impractical to apply. The results show that the system is capable of producing controlled repeatable high amplitude pressure pulses of variable duration for testing hearing protection devices in a grazing wave type test. A series of pilot tests illustrate how the system can have a sufficient self-insertion loss to reject flanking noise and allow the measurement of protector attenuations of up to 45 dB with little corruption from flanking noise.     

A shock tube study of line broadening in a temperature range of 6100 to 8300 K

Line widths of the Ca(II) 3968 Å and Na(I) 5890 Å resonance lines broadened by electric microfields in a plasma were measured. A pressure-driven shock tube was used as the light source. Radiation from the equilibrium region behind the reflected shock wave was studied using a rapid scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. Electron and argon atom densities of about 8 x 10¹⁶ and 1 x 10¹⁹ per cm³, respectively, were achieved at the relatively low temperature of around 7500 K by vaporizing a cesium powder that had been added to the shock tube as a solid aerosol in argon gas. The measured line widths were predominantly Stark broadened by the electrons and ions in the plasma, although Doppler, van der Waals, instrument function and optical depth effects had to be taken into account. The electron broadened line width of Na(I) 5890 Å was lower by about 16% than the predicted value from a semiclassical calculation, in agreement with a recently reported measurement, while for Ca(II) 3968 Å the results agree with previous reliable experiments and are lower than two calculated values by 20 and 36% respectively. The van der Waals broadening by argon was also determined and showed qualitative agreement with other results.     

脉管制冷机脉管热端层流化丝网的实验研究

为了改善脉管内部的流动,防止气体在进出脉管的突变截面上发生射流,一般会在脉管的两端添加层流化丝网。而层流化丝网既是均流化元件,同时也是阻力元件。导流丝网的这两种作用如何达到最优化的平衡非常关键,而目前对层流化元件主要通过经验选取,暂无定量的指导。在此对脉管层流化丝网片数对制冷温度的影响展开实验研究和定量分析。实验结果对于在不同制冷量范围,选取最合适的层流化丝网片数以提高制冷机的性能有着重要的研究价值和指导意义。     

A method to obtain pulse contrast on a single shot

A novel method for obtaining a single shot multi-point high dynamic range pulse contrast measurement is presented. We use Dammann gratings to generate multiple beamlets by division of amplitude on ultrashort laser pulses. The analysis results show that this method can achieve high dynamic range in pulse contrast measurement on a single shot by using photomultiplier tube （PMT） detectors and the long working distances to minimize cross talk between channels. Some distortion of pulse shape is also analyzed detailedly with the Dammann grating and its compensation grating, which may degrade the pulse contrast measurement in some degree by pulse stretching and spectrum clipping.     

脉管制冷机回热器流动阻力系数测量和模拟研究

针对脉管制冷机CFD模拟时,回热器的粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数的选取至关重要。为研究回热器的粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数,搭建了实验测量平台,实验研究了粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数与制冷温度、充气压力和丝网目数的变化关系,利用所测得的粘性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数作为输入参数进行仿真计算,建立了回热器二维数值仿真模型。结果表明:粘性阻力系数随充气压力和制冷温度的增加而减小,随丝网目数的增加而变大;惯性阻力系数随充气压力和丝网目数的增加而减小,随制冷温度的增加而变大。     

Transforming pulse tube radiation by means of fluorescent solutions

The data presented below indicate that under certain conditions solutions of organic luminophors transform the radiation of pulse tubes in such a way that the intensity of radiation increases more than twofold in the 550 and 580 nm spectral ranges and 1. 5-fold in the 630 nm range.The authors are grateful to V. V. Lelinskii for supervising the present study.