多层建筑屋顶风场的数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学软件Fluent17.2,以浙江温州大学某栋带女儿墙的多层试验教学楼为研究对象,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对其进行数值模拟.通过对不同风向角下的数值模拟结果进行对比分析,探究屋顶风场与未受扰来流风场的区别,屋顶不同高度风场的差异,以及不同风向角来流情况下近屋面风场的分布特点、变化规律.结果表明:在离屋...     

Reviews of fluid dynamics researches in wind energy engineering

中国风电行业发展十分迅速, 总装机容量和新增装机容量已达到世界第一, 主力机型将从兆瓦级发展到多兆瓦级(> 5 MW), 风资源已从陆地扩展到海上, 这些变化将带来一系列新的问题. 本文将就目前风力发电行业中的流体力学问题进行综述和探讨, 总结其研究现状及取得的进展. 主要包括大气边界层风特性、局部复杂地形影响及微观选址、风力机尾流干扰、风力机专用翼型族、风力机性能计算、气动弹性、海上风力发电的基础及水力作用等问题. 此外, 还针对目前发展迅速的计算流体力学问题进行了讨论. 最后指出中国风电技术的不足及措施.     

地表温度对颗粒跃移轨迹的影响

为了研究由地表温度变化引起的向上的垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,本文给出了考虑近地表温度变化和水平来流风场作用下的沙粒的跃移运动。在定量给出不同时刻的近地表温度和垂向风速的基础上,计算了由于太阳辐射所引起的近地表层垂向气流对沙粒跃移运动的影响,发现:垂向风速在午后可达到1.5m/s并使得沙粒跃移轨迹的最大高度和长度分别增加55.56%和73.68%;同时,与不考虑温度效应的情况不同的是,沙粒跃移轨道最大高度将随粒径变化。     

某商业街区建筑风压及风环境数值模拟

针对上海市某商业街区建立了简化物理模型,采用离散化的数值模拟方法对该街区风场进行三维模拟研究.首先采用CAARC标准模型进行可行性验证,探讨了流体力学数值模拟的适用性和精确度.然后对该街区风场及建筑物的风场进行了数值模拟,分析了由于狭长T字型建筑布局而引起的巷道风效应.最后,讨论了街区群楼间间距及建筑布局等因素的改变对风场和风荷载的影响.研究结果表明,商业街区规划时应避免巷道风效应,并建议将行人高度风环境纳入考虑的范畴.     

Status of large scale wind turbine technology development abroad

To facilitate the large scale (multi-megawatt) wind turbine development in China, the foreign efforts and achievements in the area are reviewed and summarized. Not only the popular horizontal axis wind turbines on-land but also the offshore wind turbines, vertical axis wind turbines, airborne wind turbines, and shroud wind turbines are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive comment and assessment about the basic work principle, economic aspects, and environmental impacts of turbines.     

Experimental study of wind loads on cylindrical reticulated shells

The cylindrical reticulated shell structures without side walls, which are normally arranged in pairs, are usually used as dry-coal sheds in a thermal power plant. The wind loads of these shells do not exist in standards or codes. Therefore, this study investigates the mean and fluctuating wind loads on a cylindrical reticulated shell with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.39 through a series of wind tunnel tests. The characteristics of the wind pressures on the upper and lower surfaces and the net pressures are presented. The results show that the wind direction and another shell structure significantly affect the wind loads on the principal shell. The most unfavorable wind direction is around 30°, whereas the effects of the wind field and the height of the coal stack are small. The surfaces of the shells are divided into nine blocks, and the block mean and fluctuating (rms) pressure coefficients suitable for engineering applications are given as references for wind load codes.     

Influences of affiliated components and train length on the train wind

The induced airflow from passing trains, which is recognized as train wind, usually has adverse impacts on people in the surroundings, i.e., the aerodynamic forces generated by a high-speed train’s wind may act on the human body and endanger the safety of pedestrians or roadside workers. In this paper, an improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method is used to study train wind. The effects of the affiliated components and train length on train wind are analyzed. The results indicate that the affiliated components and train length have no effect on train wind in the area in front of the leading nose. In the downstream and wake regions, the longitudinal train wind becomes stronger as the length of the train increases, while the transverse train wind is not affected. The presence of affiliated components strengthens the train wind in the near field of the train because of strong flow solid interactions but has limited effects on train wind in the far field.     

Possible effects of climate change of wind on aerosol variation during winter in Shanghai,China

Several data sets were introduced to investigate the possible effects of climate-change-related variation of wind on aerosol concentration during winter in Shanghai, China. These data sets included the daily wind speed, wind direction, visibility, and precipitation from 1956 to 2010, hourly PM₁₀ concentration from 2008 to 2010, and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of global atmospheric circulation from 1956 to 2010. The trend of aerosol concentration and its correlations with wind speed and wind direction in winter were analyzed. Results indicated that there was an increase in the number of haze days in winter of 2.1 days/decade. Aerosol concentration, represented by PM₁₀ in this study, was highly correlated to both wind speed and direction in winter. The PM₁₀ concentration increased as wind speed decreased, reaching maximum values under static wind conditions. The PM₁₀ concentration was relatively lower under easterly winds and higher under westerly winds. The analysis showed that weaker East Asia winter monsoons have resulted in a reduction of wind speed, increase in static wind frequency, and decline in the frequency of northerly winds since the 1980s. Moreover, the rapid expansion of urban construction in Shanghai has changed the underlying surface considerably, which has led to a reduction in wind speed. Finally, a wind factor was defined to estimate the combined effects of wind speed and wind direction on aerosol concentrations in Shanghai. The analysis of this factor indicated that changes in atmosphere circulation and urbanization have had important effects on the number of winter haze days in Shanghai.     

群集建筑中大跨裙摆屋盖风荷载特性的数值模拟研究

以苏州太平金融大厦为工程背景,针对其大跨裙摆屋盖的风荷载作用,首先采用RNG k-ε模型模拟分析了其平均风压分布规律,以及风向变化对屋盖表面风荷载体型系数的影响;其次,引入干扰因子IF,探讨了周边建筑对大跨裙摆屋盖风荷载的气动干扰作用。结果表明:0°风向下,走廊上方屋盖两侧区域出现“上吸下顶”的叠加作用;90°风向下屋盖北侧飘带末端区域受到狭道风效应出现正压集中现象;风向变化对大跨裙摆屋盖的风荷载体型系数分布影响较大;且周围建筑物对大跨裙摆屋盖的气动干扰效应明显,主要表现为风压“遮挡效应”,而局部区域表现为风压“放大效应”。     

大型户外广告牌面板极值风压分布的试验研究

大型户外广告牌作为城市典型的风灾易损性结构,在强风作用下的毁坏倒塌发生频繁,存在巨大的安全隐患.本文针对大型户外独立柱广告牌结构设计的薄弱环节,即广告牌面板的极值风压破坏,通过开展三种湍流度不同的风场的测压试验,考虑面板风压时程的高斯/非高斯特性,使用三种不同的极值风压计算方法,给出了极值风压与风场之间的联系,同时也比...     

基于CFD技术的垂直轴风力机动态尾流特性研究

利用CFD软件对麦克马斯特大学垂直轴风力机进行不同叶尖速比下的数值模拟,计算结果与风洞试验数据吻合良好。近场尾流中,与单叶片的风力机模拟结果比较,上游叶片产生并向下游延伸的旋涡影响下游运行轨道上叶片的升阻力特性,不仅使叶片扭矩输出峰值降低,而且峰值产生的时间延迟。对垂直轴风力机叶片叶梢进行修改,模拟结果显示,叶片扭矩输出峰值不变,但是谷值有所降低,修改后风力机沿风向推力幅值降低明显;远场尾流中,采用风速轮廓线原理,以瑞典的法尔肯贝里市200kW垂直轴风力机为原型,按照真实的空间排布进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示,上游风力机上下两端处产生较为集中的远场尾流,影响下游风力机叶片下半段的气动性能,下游风力机功率输出降低明显。     

漂浮运动对风力机气动特性的影响分析

海上浮式风机为蕴藏丰富的深海风能开发提供了有效的解决方案,浮式基础存在的大幅度纵荡、纵摇和艏摇运动可以改变风轮与流场间的相互作用,从而影响风力机的气动特性。基于叶素-动量理论及其修正方法,以NREL 5MW风力机为研究对象,考虑浮式基础运动对叶片不同径向位置处相对入流风速的影响,提出了风载荷的计算模型,通过编程计算获得了叶轮转矩和风力机功率,并比较了不同运动形式对风力机功率波动的影响。结果表明,纵摇对其功率特性影响最大,这为海上浮式风机的优化设计提供理论依据与数据基础。     

CFD wind tunnel test: Field velocity patterns of wind on a building with a refuge floor

This paper reports a CFD wind tunnel study of wind patterns on a square-plan building with a refuge floor at its mid-height level. In this study, a technique of using calibrated power law equations of velocity and turbulent intensity applied as the boundary conditions in CFD wind tunnel test is being evaluated by the physical wind tunnel data obtained by the Principal Author with wind blowing perpendicularly on the building without a refuge floor. From the evaluated results, an optimised domain of flow required to produce qualitative agreement between the wind tunnel data and simulated results is proposed in this paper. Simulated results with the evaluated technique are validated by the wind tunnel data obtained by the Principal Author. The results contribute to an understanding of the fundamental behaviour of wind flow in a refuge floor when wind is blowing perpendicularly on the building. Moreover, the results reveal that the designed natural ventilation of a refuge floor may not perform desirably when the wind speed on the level is low. Under this situation, the refuge floor may become unsafe if smoke was dispersed in the leeward side of the building at a level immediately below the refuge floor.     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.     

Criterion of aerodynamic performance of large-scale offshore horizontal axis wind turbines

With the background of offshore wind energy projects, this paper studies aerodynamic performance and geometric characteristics of large capacity wind turbine rotors （1 to 10 MW）, and the main characteristic parameters such as the rated wind speed, blade tip speed, and rotor solidity. We show that the essential criterion of a high- performance wind turbine is a highest possible annual usable energy pattern factor and a smallest possible dimension, capturing the maximum wind energy and producing the maximum annual power. The influence of the above-mentioned three parameters on the pattern factor and rotor geometry of wind turbine operated in China＇s offshore meteoro- logical environment is investigated. The variation patterns of aerodynamic and geometric parameters are obtained, analyzed, and compared with each other. The present method for aerodynamic analysis and its results can form a basis for evaluating aerodynamic performance of large-scale offshore wind turbine rotors.     

大跨度脊谷式膜屋盖风载分布的实验研究

基于台州某风雨操场脊谷式张拉膜屋盖缩尺模型风洞试验的数据结果,选取典型测点,研究了屋面迎风前缘、过渡区及中轴区的平均风压和脉动风压系数的分布特性。同时,鉴于屋盖的不规则曲面造型,表面风压梯度变化较大,采用单一体型系数反映屋面风载已不能满足要求。文中在结合屋盖自身复杂体型和风压分布特征基础上,按各榀各边片将屋面划分为不同区域,对5个不利风向角下的区域体型系数进行统计分析,并给出各区域体型系数建议取值。最后,针对这类体型屋盖特点和风压分布特性,得出一些结论和建议,为进一步研究该类屋盖的风荷载特性和结构抗风设计提供了依据。     

敞开式大跨空间桁架结构风荷载分布特性研究

敞开式空间结构的桁架由于直接受气流作用,其流场空间分布复杂,风荷载确定困难,且风洞试验受模型缩尺比限制难于获取桁架结构上的气动力．借助数值风洞技术,利用高性能计算平台,本文数值求解了敞开式桁架结构的空间流场及风荷载分布．敞开式空间桁架结构整体风荷载表现为水平向为主,竖向不显著的特点,该点与封闭式桁架结构整体通常表现出竖向较强吸力作用明显不同．敞开式空间桁架结构整体风荷载对风向角表现并不敏感,其原因在于敞开式空间桁架的流场多处分离且相互干扰严重,其整体特征紊流不易在某个风向角下特别占优．     

Effect of Unsteady Wind Flow on Galloping of Tall Prismatic Structures

The galloping of tall prismatic cantilevertype structures due to unsteady wind is solvedanalytically. The unsteady wind was considered byadding a time varying wind speed component to the meanwind speed component. In reality, the time-varyingwind speed component is a random phenomenon that can bemodeled as a series of harmonic terms using thetransformation of the unsteady wind speed spectruminto the time domain. In doing this it is apparentthat the structure is subjected to multiharmonicexternal and parametric excitations due to theunsteady wind in addition to the nonlinearself-excited wind forces due to the steady wind speedcomponent. To have a clear insight into the unsteadywind effect, only one harmonic term is considered outof all the harmonic terms. The multiple-scale methodis used to study the effect of primary and secondaryresonances on the galloping response of the structure. Comparisons between the analytical results obtainedfrom the method of multiple scales and the numericalsolutions obtained from numerical integration indicate the accuracy of the analysis and thecomprehensive information obtained from the analyticalsolutions.     

基于风洞试验的不同坡度多跨锯齿屋面风压特性研究

多跨锯齿屋面因其具有跨度大、结构轻盈的特点成为典型的风灾易损结构.目前国内规范对锯齿屋盖的风荷载规定较为粗略,简单给定了统一的风压系数参考值,在实际工程应用中具有一定的局限性.本文以某4跨锯齿房屋为研究对象,通过风洞试验测试了15°、21°、26°、30°和40°等5种不同屋面坡度对锯齿屋盖风压特性的影响.试验结果表明...     

An experimental investigation on the characteristics of fluid–structure interactions of a wind turbine model sited in microburst-like winds

An experimental investigation is performed to assess the characteristics of the fluid–structure interactions and microburst-induced wind loads acting on a wind turbine model sited in microburst-liked winds. The experiment study was conducted with a scaled wind turbine model placed in microburst-like winds generated by using an impinging-jet-typed microburst simulator. In addition to quantifying complex flow features of microburst-like winds, the resultant wind loads acting on the turbine model were measured by using a high-sensitive force–moment sensor as the turbine model was mounted at different radial locations and with different orientation angles with respect to the oncoming microburst-like winds. The measurement results reveal clearly that, the microburst-induced wind loads acting on the turbine model were distinctly different from those in a conventional atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind. With the scales of the wind turbine model and the microburst-like wind used in the present study, the dynamic wind loadings acting on the turbine model were found to be significantly higher (i.e., up to 4 times higher for the mean loads, and up to 10 times higher for the fluctuation amplitudes) than those with the same turbine model sited in ABL winds. Both the mean values and fluctuation amplitudes of the microburst-induced wind loads were found to vary significantly with the changes of the mounted site of the turbine model, the operating status (i.e., with the turbine blades stationary or freely rotating), and the orientation angle of the turbine model with respect to the oncoming microburst-like wind. The dynamic wind load measurements were correlated to the flow characteristics of the microburst-like winds to elucidate underlying physics. The findings of the present study are helpful to gain further insight into the potential damage caused by the violent microbursts to wind turbines to ensure safer and more efficient operation of the wind turbines in thunderstorm-prone areas.