超导材料的发展与研究现状

新型超导材料一直是人类追求的目标。该文主要从超导材料的探索与发现、制备技术、基础研究面临的挑战等几个方面来探讨超导材料的发展与研究现状。     

Nb_3Al超导材料及磁体制备技术的研究进展

Nb3Al超导材料在高场下具有非常高的临界电流密度以及优异的应变容许特性,被认为是高场磁体应用的理想材料.但由于Nb3Al超导材料成相反应过程的特殊性导致其制备难度极大,成为目前实用化低温超导材料研究领域的热点和难点.本文对目前国内外Nb3Al超导材料及磁体制备技术的研究进展进行了系统分析,对未来发展的趋势进行了探讨.     

我国超导材料研究获重大突破

 从西北有色金属研究院传出喜讯,我国在新型超导材料研究上新近取得一批令世界瞩目的高水平成果:最长达370米、单根重量达500公斤的CCIC型铌钛超导导体在该院研制成功.     

拓扑材料中的超导

近来,人们在凝聚态体系中发现了由拓扑不变量定义的物相,其中最重要的有拓扑绝缘体、拓扑半金属和拓扑超导体等.这些物相的拓扑性质由非平凡的拓扑数描述,相应的材料被称为拓扑材料,具有诸多新奇的物理特性.其中拓扑超导体由于边界上有满足非阿贝尔统计的Majorana零能模,成为实现拓扑量子计算的主要候选材料.除了探索本征的拓扑超导体外,由于拓扑性质上的相似性,在不超导的拓扑材料中调制出超导自然成为了实现拓扑超导的重要手段.目前,人们发展了栅极调制、掺杂、高压、近邻效应调制和硬针尖点接触等多种技术,已经成功地在许多拓扑绝缘体和半金属中诱导出了超导,并对超导的拓扑性和Majorana零能模进行了研究.本文回顾了本征拓扑超导候选材料,以及拓扑绝缘体和半金属中诱导出超导的代表性工作,评述了不同实验手段的优势和缺陷、分析了其超导拓扑性的证据,并提出展望.     

FeSe超导材料相变机理研究

本文采用固相烧结法制备FeSe超导材料,通过对Fe-Se相图进行分析并结合DSC测量的数据,系统的阐述了四方相%-FeSe的形成过程;考察了烧结温度、冷却方式及初始块体密度对Fe-Se体系相转变过程的影响.实验结果表明:随着温度的升高,Fe-Se混合粉末中Se首先熔化生成-FeSe和Se的固溶体,并且由于Se浓度梯度的存在,Se与Fe在升温过程中持续反应,生成%-FeSe;而在冷却过程中,由于固溶体中Se的溶解度下降,Se逐渐向%-FeSe中扩散,-FeSe中的Fe含量增加达到某一临界值,初始生成的-FeSe逐渐转化成%-FeSe,最终得到超导相%-FeSe含量较高的样品.通过对不同温度烧结粉末的XRD谱线进行分析发现,%-FeSe初始形成的温度区间为350~400℃.缓冷方式比冰水淬火方式更有利于提高四方相的含量.在一定范围内,初始块体的密度越大,Se的扩散路径越短,烧结后得到的四方相含量较高.本文的研究为后续获得高超导相含量的FeSe基线带材的研究奠定了理论基础.     

超导材料的各向异性特征与超导转变温度T_c

在本文中,以电声子机制超导电性理论为基础,用电负性均衡原理研究了由于超导材料的各向异性引起的电子态密度分布的不均匀性,晶格稳定性的差异性及超导材料中元素成键特征对超导转变温度影响的特征,提出了在各向异性的超导材料中电声子机制可以产生高的超导转变温度Tc.     

超导材料、理论新进展及应用前景

 自从1911年卡末林·昂尼斯首次发现超导电性以来,已经历了四分之三世纪以上的岁月了.然而,人类对超导电性的研究和应用仍然没有达到完美的境地.尽管如此,超导电性学科和技术仍已步入它的青壮年时期,并且人们认识到:一旦室温超导材料被发现,则人类现代技术文明的一切都将随之发生巨大变革.一、高温氧化物新超导材料的发现直到1985年,人类发现的超导材料的超导转变温度T_c都较低,只能在液态氦温度下工作,这个条件限制了超导技术的应用.想方设法提高T_c是几十年来人们努力寻求的目标,其中一个方向就是研究氧化物超导体.这始于几十年前,从当时的尺度来看,已获得T_c值不算很低的研究结果,因而一直受到关注.     

超导及其军用前景

 1911年荷兰科学家昂内斯(Ｈ.Ｋ.Ｏｎｎｅｓ)在测量汞电阻实验中发现了超导,从此,超导走进人类社会。超导体处于超导态时电阻率为零,且具有完全抗磁性,正由于它这不同寻常的特性,潜藏着无比广阔的应用前景,几十年来吸引着大批科学家孜孜不倦地探索它的奥秘。近年来超导研究飞速发展,不少国家在实用化超导技术的开发应用中取得累累硕果,大批超导产品纷纷问世。据国际超导产业技术研究中心等机构预测,到2020年,超导产业在电子和医疗等领域将发挥重要作用,会发展成1500亿美元的巨大国际市场。     

超导技术在未来电网中的应用

大力发展可再生能源并实现清洁能源变革,是当今能源领域的大趋势。随着可再生能源越来越多地接入电网,将对直流输电和大规模储能技术提出愈加迫切的需求。在此背景下,超导直流输电技术、超导直流限流器以及基于超导电性的电力储能技术等具有潜在的应用前景。文章较为系统地介绍上述直流超导电力装置的原理、优势以及近些年国内外的进展等。     

一种实用的使用铁磁材料匀场的开放式超导MRI磁体的优化方法(英文)

磁共振成像(MRI)系统是一种重要的医学诊断设备。作者提出了一种针对使用铁磁材料匀场的开放式超导MRI主磁场匀场的优化方法。在这种方法中,为了使这种包含非线性铁磁轭结构的MRI磁体产生高均匀度的磁场,集成了改进的多输入多输出负反馈控制理论和有限元方法,来计算匀场区非线性铁磁材料的形状。特别要指出的是,这种方法对初始值的要求不高,一定可以收敛,如果配置得当,可以快速收敛。另外,由于收敛速度快,这种方法也可以应用于大型的非轴对称三维模型优化分析。在文中,作者在一个二维轴对称磁体模型上测试了该方法,表现良好。     

Review of conductor development for use in high-temperature superconducting cables

Summary This paper reviews and assesses the progress in conductor development across the world in advancing high-temperature superconducting science and technology towards the fabrication of superconducting transmission cables operating at 77 K. Materials, fabrication routes and the feasibility of high-temperature superconducting cables will be discussed. Paper presented at the ?VII Congresso SATT?, Torino, 4–7 October 1994.     

高温超导线(带)材的研究进展

综述了高温超导线(带)材的最新研究进展。主要介绍了第一代铋系高温超导线材,第二代钇系高温超导涂层带材以及新型MgB2超导线材的研究现状,并探讨了其发展方向和研究重点。     

激光防护材料的研究现状及发展

根据激光辐射对眼睛的损伤规律,分析了激光对人眼的损伤。介绍了激光防护材料的技术指标。从激光防护的原理和途径出发,可将激光防护材料分为基于线性光学原理的防护材料和基于非线性光学原理的防护材料。简述了基于线性光学原理和非线性光学原理的各种激光防护材料的特点及其国内外研究进展情况,并指出了今后激光防护材料的发展方向。     

高温超导材料技术专利数据统计分析

利用德温特专利数据库和汤姆森数据分析软件(TDA),对1988-2007年20间高温超导材料技术的专利进行统计分析,从专利申请的年度分布、国家/地区分布、机构分布、技术领域特点、专利保护策略等方面探讨了高温超导材料技术的整体发展状况。     

Vibrating reed magnetometer studies of superconducting and magnetic materials

ABSTRACT

Applications of sensitive vibrating reed magnetometry to a variety of superconducting and magnetic materials are reviewed. The advantages of conducting vibrating reed studies of small single crystals, ceramics, thin films and multilayers with high anisotropy, composition gradients, strain and nonlinear magnetic response are documented. The equilibrium and dynamic properties of magnetic flux in superconductors, and coexistence of magnetic and superconducting states are emphasised. Vibrating reed experiments on Nb, NbSe₂, (Ba_0.6K_0.4)BiO₃, HoNi₂B₂C, {Nb(x)/Ni(y)}_Z multilayer films, and κ-(ET)₂Cu{N(CN)₂}Br have revealed subtle, exotic superconducting behaviours that remain unexplained. Future prospects for vibrating reed measurements of ferromagnetic thin films with patterned nanostructures are considered.     

Measurement of electrodynamic parameters of superconducting films in the far-infrared and submillimeter frequency ranges

Possibilities of determing the complex conductivity of thin super-conducting films using far-infrared and submillimeter reflectivity and transmissivity techniques are discussed. It is shown that within the framework of standard approaches a satisfactory accuracy is available only for the imaginary part of the conductivity (dielectric permittivity). Different resonator methods are suggested for measuring the real part of the conductivity. Data for superconducting NbN films at frequencies 3 – 25 cm^–1 are presented.     

Effect of hot-consolidation method on the superconducting properties of B- and C-doped FeSe0.5Te0.5

The effect of hot consolidation method on the microstructures and superconducting properties of FeSe_0.5Te_0.5 (+B, C) was examined. FeSe_0.5Te_0.5 (+B, C) compounds were prepared by four different hot-consolidation methods: in-situ sintering, infra-red radiation sintering, hot-pressing and spark plasma sintering. The results showed that, among the employed consolidation methods, the spark plasma sintering is the most effective processing route for enhancing the critical current density due to enhanced densification. The doping of B or C also increased the critical density of FeSe_0.5Te_0.5, in particular, for spark plasma sintered specimens, but its beneficial effect was less pronounced for the specimens prepared by the other methods.     

Coherence and Divergence of Megatrends in Science and Engineering

Scientific discoveries and technological innovations are at the core of human endeavor, and it is estimated that their role will only increase in time. Such advancements evolve in coherence, with areas of confluence and temporary divergences, which bring synergism and that stimulate further developments following in average an exponential growth. Six increasingly interconnected megatrends are perceived as dominating the scene for the next decades: (a) information and computing, (b) nanoscale science and engineering (S&E), (c) biology and bio-environmental approaches, (d) medical sciences and enhancing human physical capabilities, (e) cognitive sciences and enhancing intellectual abilities, and (f) collective behavior and system approach.This paper presents a perspective on the process of identification, planning and program implementation of S&E megatrends, with illustration for the US research initiative on nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. The interplay between coherence and divergence, leading to unifying science and converging technologies, does not develop only among simultaneous scientific trends but also along time and across geopolitical boundaries. There is no single way of development of S&E, and here is the role of taking visionary measures. Societal implication scientists need to be involved from the conceptual phase of a program responding to a S&E megatrend.