Acoustic source identification using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

This paper shows how a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), an instrument designed to measure vibrations of structures or objects, can be used in a non-traditional fashion to identify acoustical sources. This is achieved by measuring the changes in the optical path induced by local fluctuation of the air refraction index to which the LDV is sensitive. The acoustical signal used is sinusoidal and may be recovered by scanning at a uniform rate over a subject area (continuous scan) parallel to the source axis and demodulating this signal. Due to the fact that the measured scan area is in fact a line integral over a measurement volume between the laser head and a rigid object needed to reflect the laser beam, multiple view planes around the axis of the acoustic source are usually measured. These are then passed through a tomographic algorithm, thereby reconstructing the full sound field. In this article however, only one view plane is measured, but the acoustic source is placed on a rotating surface with fixed rotational frequency, thereby imposing a modulation on the measured spectrum. Demodulation will allow reconstruction of the three-dimensional sound field.     

Two-axis-scanning laser Doppler vibrometer for precision engineering

Laser Doppler vibrometer (LVD) has been the most favorite instrument for precision dynamics measurement due to its non-contact, high accuracy and high resolution. However, LDV can only give the dynamic data of a particular location on the entire feature. In order to get the whole field data, a laser beam-scanning mechanism has to be implemented. Currently, motor-driven scanning mirror is used to move the measurement probe from one point to another. The mechanical vibrations of the scanning mirror will reduce the measurement accuracy. This paper introduces a novel scanning LDV optical system embodied in an acousto-optic deflector scanning mechanism. It can improve the measurement accuracy since there is no mechanical motion involved. One main advantage of this system is that it generates a laser scanning beam in parallel that is different from the beam scanning in the conventional scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV). The new system has a board scanning range. The measurement target size ranges from few tens of millimeters down to 10 μm. We have demonstrated the capability of the novel system on scanning measurements of features as big as ultra-precision cutting tool to features as tiny as AFM cantilever. We believe that the novel SLDV will find profound potential applications in the precision engineering field.     

全光纤激光多普勒测振仪空气耦合振动检测

采用外差探测方式, 建立了全光纤结构的激光多普勒测振仪,用来测量经空气传播耦合引起的散射体振动,以期感知振源振动信息。实验探索了散射体材料、固定方式和相对振源位置等对空气耦合振动的影响,得到了200~2700 Hz频率范围内6种散射体振动响应特性曲线。结果表明:通过空气耦合引起的散射体振动,在相同振源振幅下,散射体振动的振幅一般随频率升高而升高; 在材料、固定方式和相对振源位置等因素中,散射体材料对振动响应特性的影响是主要的,后两者只影响局部细节。     

Flow characterization using a laser Doppler vibrometer

This paper shows how a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), an instrument designed to measure vibrations of structures or objects, can be used in a non-traditional fashion to measure the flow around a cylinder. In particular the von Karmann vortex street which appears in the cylinder wake will be visualized. This is achieved by measuring the changes in the optical path induced by local fluctuation of air refraction index to which the laser vibrometer is sensitive.The measurements obtained with the LDV will be compared visually to measurements done with particle image velocimetry and also with CFD computations for one test case. The specific frequency of the Von Karmann street predicted by the vibrometer, will be compared numerically to the other techniques for two different sized cylinders at three different velocities.     

Automatic vibration mode tracking using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

Optical measurement techniques are being used more and more for quality control in the production process. An important problem when trying to implement optical measurement systems, and in particular the scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) which is considered in this paper, is that user interaction is always required. The need for user interaction implies an increase in testing time and cost and also brings an additional source of variability of the test results. In this article, a completely autonomous test procedure is developed to track the vibration behavior of a product during the production process (this includes automatic laser focussing, position calibration, object recognition, grid generation and mode estimation). The proposed procedure typically requires a few minutes only to automatically determine a high-resolution model of the vibration behavior. The method will be validated on measurements of an electronic circuit board.     

3D model assisted fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer measurements

In this paper, a new fully automated scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measurement technique is presented. In contrast to existing scanning LDV techniques which use a 2D camera for the manual selection of sample points, we use a 3D Time-of-Flight camera in combination with a CAD file of the test object to automatically obtain measurements at pre-defined locations. The proposed procedure allows users to test prototypes in a shorter time because physical measurement locations are determined without user interaction. Another benefit from this methodology is that it incorporates automatic mapping between a CAD model and the vibration measurements. This mapping can be used to visualize measurements directly on a 3D CAD model. The proposed method is illustrated with vibration measurements of an unmanned aerial vehicle     

Global noise characteristics of a laser Doppler vibrometer-II. Experiments using beam dynamics

The use of a laser Doppler vibrometer to obtain velocity information from vibrating structures has gained wide acceptance in recent years. Although use of such an instrument can yield a spatially dense matrix of velocity information, several users have noted ‘noise’ at certain points in the spatial field. The technique by which the SLDV system operates results in occasional velocity ‘drop-outs’ which are unidirectional, always estimating the velocity response closer to zero than reality. These ‘drop-out’ areas occur more predominately at points of maximum velocity response with small rotational components. Alternatively, points exhibiting minimum velocity response with large rotational components are less susceptible to the ‘noise’. In this paper, an experiment to visualize the speckle pattern motions received by the photo-detectors during these vibration conditions is presented. Theories regarding the source(s) of the ‘noise’ are developed.     

Hilbert transform for processing of laser Doppler vibrometer signals

A first application of the digital Hilbert transform for processing of laser Doppler vibrometer signals is considered. The possibility of vibration amplitude measurement with a relation errors less than 1% in the amplitude interval 0.1-10Λ, where Λ is the fringe spacing, and the linear velocity measurement of the examined object has been proved. The analysis of the amplitude measurement errors is given. The applications of the method under review are discussed.     

Optical measurement of the dynamic strain field of a fan blade using a 3D scanning vibrometer

Understanding the origin of the stress and strain distribution is crucial to increase the durability of components under dynamic loading. Numerical simulations based on finite element (FE) models help with this understanding but must be validated by real measured data. Updating the FE model using the measured data is often the next step in the design process. In this paper the recently developed 3D-scanning laser doppler vibrometer (3D-SLDV) is used to measure the 3D-displacement of a fan blade, which is then used to calculate the dynamic strain distributions. The measurement principle and experimental setup are discussed thoroughly. The experimental results are validated by using a FE model on the one hand and strain gage measurements on the other. It is shown that this technique is capable of measuring normal strain far below 1 microstrain. This technique has the potential to fill in the gap of accurately measuring small (full-field) normal and shear strains at both low and high frequencies, where other optical techniques (and strain gages) would certainly fail.     

Doppler振镜正弦调制多光束激光外差二次谐波测量角度的方法

提出了一种多光束激光外差测微小角度的新方法. 基于激光外差技术和Doppler效应, 通过做简谐振动的Doppler振镜对不同时刻入射光的正弦调制, 把待测角度信息加载到外差信号的频率差中, 经信号解调后可以得到待测角度参数值, 经加权平均处理可以提高待测角度的测量精度. 利用这种新方法, 通过Matlab仿真了平面标准镜不同入射角的模拟结果, 表明该仿真结果的最大相对误差小于0.789677%. 关键词： 角度测量 多光束激光外差 激光Doppler技术 Fourier分析     

多普勒振镜正弦调制多光束激光外差测量玻璃厚度的方法

本文提出了一种多普勒振镜正弦调制多光束激光外差测量玻璃厚度的新方法. 基于激光外差技术和多普勒效应, 通过做简谐振动的多普勒振镜对不同时刻入射光的频率进行正弦调制, 把待测厚度信息加载到外差信号的频率差中, 通过快速傅里叶变换对外差信号解调后可以同时得到多个待测玻璃厚度值, 经加权平均处理可以提高待测厚度的测量精度. 利用这种新方法, 通过MATLAB仿真测量了不同玻璃厚度值, 结果表明：该测量结果的最大相对误差小于0.008%.     

Laser Doppler velocimeter using a single longitudinal mode solid-state laser source

An experimental demonstration of using a single longitudinal mode solid-state laser source in laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) is presented. The technology of frequency spectrum correction is used in processing Doppler signal. The results of the experiments show that: the magnitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Doppler signal are both enhanced by the solid-state laser; the measurement accuracy of LDV is improved by the technology of frequency spectrum correction, and the variance of the measured Doppler frequency is larger than the Cramer-Rao low bound (CRLB) of Doppler frequency about one order of magnitude.     

大型激光装置束间同步抖动的高精度测量

在多路激光组合使用的大型激光装置中,需要对不同链路输出的激光进行严格的同步控制,以获得更高能量和更高强度的激光脉冲。介绍了利用光谱干涉方法测量大型激光装置中束间同步抖动的基本原理,分析了光谱仪分辨率、束间固有同步延迟等参数对测量精度的影响。在实验上第一次基于光谱干涉方法获得了国内典型的大型激光装置（神光-Ⅲ原型装置）束间同步抖动数据。实验结果表明,神光Ⅲ原型装置的束间同步抖动优于2 ps。该方法与目前常用的方法（光电管结合示波器测试方法或者条纹相机测试法）相比具有更高的精度。实验获得的结果为超高峰值功率激光相干合成技术路线和相关误差控制方案的选取提供依据。     

Numerical investigation of multi-beam laser heterodyne measurement with ultra-precision for linear expansion coefficient of metal based on oscillating mirror modulation

This paper proposes a novel method of multi-beam laser heterodyne measurement for metal linear expansion coefficient. Based on the Doppler effect and heterodyne technology, the information is loaded of length variation to the frequency difference of the multi-beam laser heterodyne signal by the frequency modulation of the oscillating mirror, this method can obtain many values of length variation caused by temperature variation after the multi-beam laser heterodyne signal demodulation simultaneously. Processing these values by weighted-average, it can obtain length variation accurately, and eventually obtain the value of linear expansion coefficient of metal by the calculation. This novel method is used to simulate measurement for linear expansion coefficient of metal rod under different temperatures by MATLAB, the obtained result shows that the relative measurement error of this method is just 0.4%.     

The measurement of 3-D asymmetric temperature field by using real time laser interferometric tomography

A real time nondestructive temperature measurement technique based on laser holographic interference tomography technique is presented. An He–Ne laser is used as light source, and a CCD video camera is used to grab the interferogram. This laser holographic tomography technique is applied to the measurement of the temperature fields generated by two heated rods. Since data error is inevitable in engineering measurement, it is necessary to study the reconstruction techniques for reconstructing the temperature field. Three techniques including convolution back projection (CBP), algebra reconstruction technique (ART) and simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) are studied. Based on the reconstruction techniques and experimental situation, ART is used to reconstruct the asymmetric temperature fields. The thermocouples are used to measure the temperatures of the two heated rods. Comparing the reconstructed result with the measured temperature value, a satisfactory result is obtained.     

多束高重复频率全光纤激光脉冲时间波形实时精密测量技术

提出了一种基于时分复用的多束高重复频率全光纤激光脉冲时间波形实时精密测量技术,针对分类成组的多束高重复频率全光纤激光系统不同测量功能需求,分别设计了18时分复用器、不同延时量的12时分复用器,实现了48路、144个1 kHz光纤激光整形脉冲时间波形宽度、上升沿、面积等关键参数的精密测量,同时实现了多束高重复频率全光纤脉冲激光系统运行状态的实时监测。     

多束高重复频率全光纤激光脉冲时间波形实时精密测量技术

提出了一种基于时分复用的多束高重复频率全光纤激光脉冲时间波形实时精密测量技术,针对分类成组的多束高重复频率全光纤激光系统不同测量功能需求,分别设计了1×8时分复用器、不同延时量的1×2时分复用器,实现了48路、144个1kHz光纤激光整形脉冲时间波形宽度、上升沿、面积等关键参数的精密测量,同时实现了多束高重复频率全光纤脉冲激光系统运行状态的实时监测。     

Demonstration of two-point velocity measurement using diffraction grating elements for integrated multi-point differential laser Doppler velocimeter

We have proposed a configuration of an integrated multi-point differential laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) using arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) as grating elements. This paper demonstrates two-point velocity measurement using the proposed configuration with diffraction grating elements. An experiment was conducted using a free-space optical setup with bulk diffraction gratings instead of AWGs. The experimental results indicate that velocities at different positions can be measured using the proposed configuration. The measured separation of the two measurement positions was about 20.5 mm, about 11% of the working distance.     

Real time detection of antibody-antigen interaction using a laser scanning confocal imaging-surface plasmon resonance system

A laser scanning confocal imaging-surface plasmon resonance (LSCI-SPR) instrument integrated with a wavelength-dependent surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor and a laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) is built to detect the bonding process of human IgG and fluorescent-labeled affinity purified antibodies in real time. The shifts of resonant wavelength at different reaction time stages are obtained by SPR, corresponding well with the changes of the fluorescence intensity collected by using LSCM. The instrument shows the merits of the combination and complementation of the SPR and LSCM, with such advantages as quantificational analysis, high spatial resolution and real time monitor, which are of great importance for practical applications in biosensor and life science.