Chaotic dynamics of homogeneous Yang-Mills fields with two degrees of freedom

In the present paper, we consider a scenario of transition to chaotic dynamics in the Hamiltonian system of homogeneous Yang-Mills fields with two degrees of freedom in the case of the Higgs mechanism. We show that in such a system, as well as in other Hamiltonian and conservative systems of equations, the nonlocal effect of multiplication of hyperbolic and elliptic cycles and tori around elliptic cycles in neighborhoods of the separatrix surfaces of hyperbolic cycles plays a key role on the initial stage of transition from a regular motion to a chaotic one. We observe that the new elliptic and hyperbolic cycles of the Hamiltonian system are generated as stable and saddle cycles of the extended dissipative system of equations not only as a result of saddle-node bifurcations but also as a result of fork-type bifurcations.     

Multidimensional Symplectic Separatrix Maps

Summary. We consider an a priori unstable (initially hyperbolic) near-integrable Hamiltonian system in a neighborhood of stable and unstable asymptotic manifolds of a family of hyperbolic tori. Such a neighborhood contains the most chaotic part of the dynamics. The main result of the paper is the construction of the separatrix map as a convenient tool for the studying of such dynamics. We present evidence that the separatrix map combined with the method of anti-integrable limit can give a large class of chaotic trajectories as well as diffusion trajectories. Received March 26, 2001; accepted November 5, 2001     

Shadowing Homoclinic Chains to a Symplectic Critical Manifold

We prove the existence of trajectories shadowing chains of heteroclinic orbits to a symplectic normally hyperbolic critical manifold of a Hamiltonian system.The results are quite different for real and complex eigenvalues. General results are applied to Hamiltonian systems depending on a parameter which slowly changes with rate ε. If the frozen autonomous system has a hyperbolic equilibrium possessing transverse homoclinic orbits, we construct trajectories shadowing homoclinic chains with energy having quasirandom jumps of order ε and changing with average rate of orderε| ln ε|. This provides a partial multidimensional extension of the results of A. Neishtadt on the destruction of adiabatic invariants for systems with one degree of freedom and a figure 8 separatrix.     

Separatrix splitting from the point of view of symplectic geometry

Generally, the invariant Lagrangian manifolds (stable and unstable separatrices) asymptotic with respect to a hyperbolic torus of a Hamiltonian system do not coincide. This phenomenon is called separatrix splitting. In this paper, a symplectic invariant qualitatively describing separatrix splitting for hyperbolic tori of maximum (smaller by one than the number of degrees of freedom) dimension is constructed. The construction resembles that of the homoclinic invariant found by lazutkin for two-dimensional symplectic maps and of Bolotin's invariant for splitting of asymptotic manifolds of a fixed point of a symplectic diffeomorphism. Translated fromMatematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 890–906, June, 1997. Translated by O. V. Sipacheva     

Modeling of a Hamiltonian conservative chaotic system and its mechanism routes from periodic to quasiperiodic,chaos and strong chaos

In this paper, the important role of 3D Euler equation playing in forced-dissipative chaotic systems is reviewed. In mathematics, rigid-body dynamics, the structure of symplectic manifold, and fluid dynamics, building a four-dimensional (4D) Euler equation is essential. A 4D Euler equation is proposed by combining two generalized Euler equations of 3D rigid bodies with two common axes. In chaos-based secure communications, generating a Hamiltonian conservative chaotic system is significant for its advantage over the dissipative chaotic system in terms of ergodicity, distribution of probability, and fractional dimensions. Based on the proposed 4D Euler equation, a 4D Hamiltonian chaotic system is proposed. Through proof, only center and saddle equilibrium lines exist, hence it is not possible to produce asymptotical attractor generated from the proposed conservative system. An analytic form of Casimir power demonstrates that the breaking of Casimir energy conservation is the key factor that the system produces the aperiodic orbits: quasiperiodic orbit and chaos. The system has strong pseudo-randomness with a large positive Lyapunov exponent (more than 10 K), and a large state amplitude and energy. The bandwidth for the power spectral density of the system is 500 times that of both existing dissipative and conservative systems. The mechanism routes from quasiperiodic orbits to chaos is studied using the Hamiltonian energy bifurcation and Poincaré map. A circuit is implemented to verify the existence of the conservative chaos.     

Shadowing in a neighborhood of a separatrix

We consider a model example of a diffeomorphism of a two-dimensional manifold with two hyperbolic fixed points joined by a separatrix. We show that, in a tubular neighborhood of the separatrix, every pseudotrajectory satisfying an additional error smallness condition is shadowed by an exact trajectory.     

A theory for n-dimensional nonlinear dynamics on continuous vector fields

This paper systematically presents a theory for n-dimensional nonlinear dynamics on continuous vector fields. In this paper, a different view to look into the fundamental theory in dynamics is presented. The ideas presented herein are less formal and rigorous in an informal and lively manner. The ideas may give some inspirations in the field of nonlinear dynamics. The concepts of local and global flows are introduced to interpret the complexity of flows in nonlinear dynamic systems. Further, the global tangency and transversality of flows to the separatrix surface in nonlinear dynamical systems are discussed, and the corresponding necessary and sufficient conditions for such global tangency and transversality are presented. The ε-domains of flows in phase space are introduced from the first integral manifold surface. The domain of chaos in nonlinear dynamic systems is also defined, and such a domain is called a chaotic layer or band. The first integral quantity increment is introduced as an important quantity. Based on different reference surfaces, all possible expressions for the first integral quantity increment are given. The stability of equilibriums and periodic flows in nonlinear dynamical systems are discussed through the first integral quantity increment. Compared to the Lyapunov stability conditions, the weak stability conditions for equilibriums and periodic flows are developed. The criteria for resonances in the stochastic and resonant, chaotic layers are developed via the first integral quantity increment. To discuss the complexity of flows in nonlinear dynamical systems, the first integral manifold surface is used as a reference surface to develop the mapping structures of periodic and chaotic flows. The invariant set fragmentation caused by the grazing bifurcation is discussed. The global grazing bifurcation is a key to determine the global transversality to the separatrix. The local grazing bifurcation on the first integral manifold surface in a single domain without separatrix is a mechanism for the transition from one resonant periodic flow to another one. Such a transition may occur through chaos. The global grazing bifurcation on the separatrix surface may imply global chaos. The complexity of the global chaos is measured by invariant sets on the separatrix surface. The invariant set fragmentation of strange attractors on the separatrix surface is central to investigate the complexity of the global chaotic flows in nonlinear dynamical systems. Finally, the theory developed herein is applied to perturbed nonlinear Hamiltonian systems as an example. The global tangency and tranversality of the perturbed Hamiltonian are presented. The first integral quantity increment (or energy increment) for 2n-dimensional perturbed nonlinear Hamiltonian systems is developed. Such an energy increment is used to develop the iterative mapping relation for chaos and periodic motions in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. Especially, the first integral quantity increment (or energy increment) for two-dimensional perturbed nonlinear Hamiltonian systems is derived, and from the energy increment, the Melnikov function is obtained under a certain perturbation approximation. Because of applying the perturbation approximation, the Melnikov function only can be used for a rough estimate of the energy increment. Such a function cannot be used to determine the global tangency and transversality to the separatrix surface. The global tangency and transversality to the separatrix surface only can be determined by the corresponding necessary and sufficient conditions rather than the first integral quantity increment. Using the first integral quantity increment, limit cycles in two-dimensional nonlinear systems is discussed briefly. The first integral quantity of any n-dimensional nonlinear dynamical system is very crucial to investigate the corresponding nonlinear dynamics. The theory presented in this paper needs to be further developed and to be treated more rigorously in mathematics.     

On the topological structure of singular attractors of nonlinear systems of differential equations

We study the topological structure of singular (in the sense of the Feigenbaum-Sharkovskii-Magnitskii theory) attractors of nonlinear dissipative systems of differential equations. We show that any such attractor is a stable nonperiodic trajectory lying on a two-dimensional infinitely folded heteroclinic separatrix manifold generated by the unstable two-dimensional invariant manifold of the original singular cycle as the bifurcation parameter of the system varies. The results obtained for two-dimensional nonautonomous and three-dimensional autonomous dissipative systems are generalized to autonomous multi- and infinite-dimensional dissipative systems as well as to conservative (in particular, Hamiltonian) systems.     

A geometric mechanism of diffusion: Rigorous verification in a priori unstable Hamiltonian systems

In this paper we consider a representative a priori unstable Hamiltonian system with 2+1/2 degrees of freedom and we apply the geometric mechanism for diffusion introduced in [A. Delshams, R. de la Llave, T.M. Seara, A geometric mechanism for diffusion in Hamiltonian systems overcoming the large gap problem: heuristics and rigorous verification on a model, Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 179 (844) (2006), viii + 141 pp.], and generalized in [A. Delshams, G. Huguet, Geography of resonances and Arnold diffusion in a priori unstable Hamiltonian systems, Nonlinearity 22 (8) (2009) 1997-2077]. We provide explicit, concrete and easily verifiable conditions for the existence of diffusing orbits.The simplification of the hypotheses allows us to perform the straightforward computations along the proof and present the geometric mechanism of diffusion in an easily understandable way. In particular, we fully describe the construction of the scattering map and the combination of two types of dynamics on a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold.     

Chaotic dynamics of an unbalanced gyrostat

The free three-dimensional motion of an unbalanced gyrostat about the centre of mass is considered. The perturbed Hamiltonian for the case of small dynamical asymmetry of the rotor is written in Andoyer–Deprit canonical variables. The structure of the phase space of the unperturbed system is analysed, six forms of possible phase portraits are identified, and the equations of the phase trajectories are found analytically. Explicit analytical time dependences of the Andoyer–Deprit variables corresponding to heteroclinic orbits are obtained for all the phase portrait forms. The Melnikov function of the perturbed system is written for heteroclinic separatrix orbits using the analytical solutions obtained, and the presence of simple zeros is shown numerically. This provides evidence of intersections of the stable and unstable manifolds of the hyperbolic points and chaotization of the motion. Illustrations of chaotic modes of motion of the unbalanced gyrostat are presented using Poincaré sections.     

A General Mechanism of Diffusion in Hamiltonian Systems: Qualitative Results

We present a general mechanism to establish the existence of diffusing orbits in a large class of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems. Our approach is based on following the “outer dynamics” along homoclinic orbits to a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold. The information on the outer dynamics is encoded by a geometrically defined “scattering map.” We show that for every finite sequence of successive iterations of the scattering map, there exists a true orbit that follows that sequence, provided that the inner dynamics is recurrent. We apply this result to prove the existence of diffusing orbits that cross large gaps in a priori unstable models of arbitrary degrees of freedom, when the unperturbed Hamiltonian is not necessarily convex and the induced inner dynamics is not necessarily a twist map, and the perturbation satisfies explicit conditions that are generic. We also mention several other applications where this mechanism is easy to verify (analytically or numerically), such as the planar elliptic restricted three-body problem and the spatial circular restricted three-body problem. Our method differs, in several crucial aspects, from earlier works. Unlike the well-known “two-dynamics” approach, the method we present here relies on the outer dynamics alone. There are virtually no assumptions on the inner dynamics, such as on existence of its invariant objects (e.g., primary and secondary tori, lower-dimensional hyperbolic tori, and their stable/unstable manifolds, Aubry-Mather sets), which are not used at all. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions for a class of two dimensional Hamiltonian systems

Summary The problem of the existence of homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions for a class of two dimensional Hamiltonian systems, calledcanyon-like, is discussed. Some basic properties, that are helpful in the qualitative analysis of dynamics, are discussed before stating the principal existence properties for the separatrix solutions. A schematic representation of the dynamics useful for obtaining an immediate sketch of the phase portrait and in computer applications, is proposed. It has been shown how the 1 d.o.f. conservative mechanical systems have a canonical canyon-like structure.

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Sommario E' stato discusso il problema dell'esistenza di orbite omocline ed eterocline per una particolare classe di sistemi Hamiltoniani bidimensionali, denominatitipo-canyon. Si sono mostrate alcune proprietá elementari utili nello studio qualitativo della dinamica. Successivamente si sono discusse le principali proprietà di esistenza per le orbite separatrici. Si é proposta una rappresentazione schematica della dinamica che risulta utile sia per ottenere immediatamente in modo qualitativo il ritratto di fase sia per le applicazioni al computer. Si é mostrato come la classe dei sistemi meccanici conservativi ad un grado di libertà possieda una struttura di tipo-canyon canonica.

     

Persistence of hyperbolic tori in Hamiltonian systems

We generalize the well-known result of Graff and Zehnder on the persistence of hyperbolic invariant tori in Hamiltonian systems by considering non-Floquet, frequency varying normal forms and allowing the degeneracy of the unperturbed frequencies. The preservation of part or full frequency components associated to the degree of non-degeneracy is considered. As applications, we consider the persistence problem of hyperbolic tori on a submanifold of a nearly integrable Hamiltonian system and the persistence problem of a fixed invariant hyperbolic torus in a non-integrable Hamiltonian system.     

A $${C^\infty}$$ closing lemma for Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of closed surfaces

We prove a \({C^\infty}\) closing lemma for Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of closed surfaces. This is a consequence of a \({C^\infty}\) closing lemma for Reeb flows on closed contact three-manifolds, which was recently proved as an application of spectral invariants in embedded contact homology. A key new ingredient of this paper is an analysis of an area-preserving map near its fixed point, which is based on some classical results in Hamiltonian dynamics: existence of KAM invariant circles for elliptic fixed points, and convergence of the Birkhoff normal form for hyperbolic fixed points.     

三次系统E_3~1存在四角形双曲线分界线环的充要条件

得到了三次系统Ｅ１３存在四角形双曲线分界线环的充要条件，并给出了它们的拓扑分类和各种拓扑结构的参数条件．     

Life-span of Classical Solutions of Nonlinear Hyperbolic Systems

In this paper, we give a lower bound for the life-span of classical solutions to the Cauchy problem for first order nonlinear hyperbolic systems with small initial data, which is sharp, and give its application to the system of one-dimensional gas dynamics; for the Cauchy problem of the system of one-dimensional gas dynamics with a kind of small oscillatory initial data, we obtain a precise estimate for the life-span of classical solutions.     

三次系统E_3~1存在二角形双曲线分界线环的充要条件

得到了三次系统 E1 3存在二角形双曲线分界线环的充要条件 .并给出了它们的拓扑分类和各种拓扑结构的参数条件 .     

Symbolic dynamics and Arnold diffusion

We consider hyperbolic tori of three degrees of freedom initially hyperbolic Hamiltonian systems. We prove that if the stable and unstable manifold of a hyperbolic torus intersect transversaly, then there exists a hyperbolic invariant set near a homoclinic orbit on which the dynamics is conjugated to a Bernoulli shift. The proof is based on a new geometrico-dynamical feature of partially hyperbolic systems, the transversality-torsion phenomenon, which produces complete hyperbolicity from partial hyperbolicity. We deduce the existence of infinitely many hyperbolic periodic orbits near the given torus. The relevance of these results for the instability of near-integrable Hamiltonian systems is then discussed. For a given transition chain, we construct chain of hyperbolic periodic orbits. Then we easily prove the existence of periodic orbits of arbitrarily high period close to such chain using standard results on hyperbolic sets.     

Normal form of a quantum Hamiltonian with one and a half degrees of freedom near a hyperbolic fixed point

According to classical result of Moser [1] a real-analytic Hamiltonian with one and a half degrees of freedom near a hyperbolic fixed point can be reduced to the normal form by a real-analytic symplectic change of variables. In this paper the result is extended to the case of the non-commutative algebra of quantum observables.We use an algebraic approach in quantum mechanics presented in [2] and develop it to the non-autonomous case. We introduce the notion of quantum non-autonomous canonical transformations and prove that they form a group and preserve the structure of the Heisenberg equation. We give the concept of a non-commutative normal form and prove that a time-periodic quantum observable with one degree of freedom near a hyperbolic fixed point can be reduced to a normal form by a canonical transformation. Unlike traditional results, where only formal theory of normal forms is constructed, we prove a convergence of the normalizing procedure.