Near-field measurements of the scattering characteristics of a moving object with doppler filtering of the signal

The scattering characteristics of a moving object can be measured by insonifying it with a tone source and receiving the scattered signal with a linear array positioned in the near zone of the object. Possible algorithms of scattered signal processing aimed at determining the angular dependence of scatterer’s target strength are considered. On the basis of experimental data on the angular and frequency characteristics of reverberation caused by insonification of the water area with a tone source, the possibility of the aforementioned measurements is estimated and the minimal measurable values in the angular dependence of scatterer’s target strength are determined for a water area perturbed by weak wind waves.     

非自由声场中目标声场还原与重建的等效源方法

为消除在非自由声场中重建声场时干扰声源对重建效果的影响,提出一种采用单个测量面上的声压和质点振速作为输入、等效源法作为分离和重建算法的非自由声场中目标声场还原与重建方法。该方法首先利用单面声压-质点振速测量和基于等效源法的声场分离技术将测量的混合声场分离为来自目标声源的向外传播的声场和来自干扰声源的向内传播的声场,然后利用向内传播的声场和目标声源的边界条件计算出干扰声在目标声源表面产生的散射声场,并将其从向外传播的声场中去除,还原出目标声源在自由声场条件下的辐射声场,最后利用还原的声场实现目标声场重建。通过数值仿真和实验检验了该方法的有效性和必要性。仿真和实验的结果表明,该方法可以在非自由声场的测量条件下,有效地去除干扰声的影响,实现目标声场的准确重建。      

An equivalent source method for recovering and reconstructing the target sound field in a non-free field

In a non-free field,the existence of disturbing sources would destroy the free-field condition required by near-field acoustic holography,and confuse the identification of target source due to the scattering effect caused by disturbing sound falling on the target source.To totally remove the influence of disturbing source,a method for recovering and reconstructing the target sound field in a non-free field was proposed based on the equivalent source method and the pressure-velocity measurement.In the proposed method,the sound field separation technique was firstly used to separate the mixed sound field into the outgoing field coming from the target source and the incoming field coming from the disturbing source.Then the scattered component contained in the outgoing field was calculated by using the disturbing sound and the surface impedance of the target source.Finally,the sound field radiated by the target source in a free field was obtained by subtracting the scattered component from the outgoing field and was further used to reconstruct the sound field of the target source.The proposed method was numerically and experimentally testified and the results of both the simulation and the experiment demonstrated the validity of the proposed method.     

Effects of localization of the areas of sound scattering by surface wind waves

Experimental studies of the scattering of a monochromatic sound signal by a rough sea surface are carried out. The signal is produced by a point source in a shallow-water basin. The measurements are performed with the use of horizontal and vertical linear receiving arrays. The experimental data are compared with the estimates obtained on the basis of the model developed by the authors for resonant sound scattering by surface roughness. A satisfactory agreement between the experiments and the calculations is achieved. It is shown that the scattered signal is formed within small surface areas, whose sizes have the same order of magnitude as the first Fresnel zone with respect to the source and the receiving system.     

An alternative approach for measuring the scattered acoustic pressure field of immersed single and multiple cylinders

The form function of an elastic target can be obtained from the scattered signal through a deconvolution process. The deconvolution process uses the signal measured from an acoustically hard target (reference signal) to compensate for the impulse response of the measurement system. In this paper, it is shown that this approach limits the usable frequency range of the signal and leads to inaccuracies in the final results. An alternative approach is proposed in which the reference signal is replaced by the specular echo. A procedure is described for extracting the specular echo from the measured signal even in cases where it is not completely isolated from the resonant components. Modifications are made to the existing deconvolution formulation and it is further extended to be applicable to multiple scattering measurements. Experimental results show that the new approach provides improved accuracy and wider usable frequency range in both single and multiple scattering experiments.     

放射性束弹性散射实验中的一种位置校准方法

在弹性散射实验中,探测器的位置校准是非常重要的。结合兰州放射性束流线(RIBLL)的实际情况,以低能轻炮弹在重靶上的弹性散射截面在前角区为卢瑟福散射的事实为依据,发展了一种简单而有效的位置校准方法。通过蒙特卡洛模拟来检测弹性散射角分布与不同方向上位置未校准时的依赖关系。该方法成功地应用在~7Be与重靶的弹性散射实验中,得到了正确的微分截面角分布。     

Modeling of Multiple Scattering Effects in Fraunhofer Diffraction Particle Size Analysis

A model for the direct problem of calculating the forward scattering signature of a multiple scattering medium is presented. The new formulation is optimized for integration into schemes for reconstructing the particle size distribution from laser diffraction (forward scattering) signatures obtained from optically thick media. The analysis is valid for media where the particle sizes and interparticle spacings are large (relative to the wavelength and the particle size, respectively) such that Fraunhofer diffraction theory adequately describes the properties of the forward scattered light from individual scattering events. The simulated performance of laser diffraction particle sizing instruments was then studied using predictions of the scattered light signatures which would be measured by laser diffraction instrument under multiple scattering conditions. The results were compared with experimental data and theoretical calculations based on other models.     

强度调制532 nm激光水下测距

激光水下探测在水下目标搜寻、资源勘探等领域具有重要的应用,而散射是激光水下探测面临的主要挑战.载波调制激光雷达具有抗散射、抗干扰的优点,本文利用自行研制的532 nm强度调制激光源,在3 m长的水箱中搭建激光水下探测系统. 532 nm激光源最大输出功率为2.56 W,强度调制范围为10.0 MHz—2.1 GHz,光束发散角约0.5 mrad.通过在水箱中添加氢氧化镁(Mg(OH)_2)粉末,测量了不同浑浊度下水的衰减系数.采用相位测距的方法,目标反射光的调制信号为探测信号,对激光源进行调制的电信号作为参考信号,利用相关运算获得激光的延时时间,进而可以获得水下目标的距离.最大调制频率为500 MHz时,实现了距离为4.3个衰减长度目标的探测,测距误差约12 cm.探测距离越远,测距误差越大,调制频率越高,测距精度越高.     

Physical model of acoustic forward scattering by cylindrical shell and its experimental validation

Research on the underwater target scattering can provide important theoretical support for target detection. The scattering model of cylindrical shell is established in this paper. It is found that the forward target strength is much stronger and varies with angles of incident wave less significantly than backward target strength. The received forward signal strength fluctuates with the target moving due to the interference between direct signal and scattering signal, which is most significant when target approaches the baseline. An experiment is carried out in an anechoic tank to validate the scattering model. The method of acquisiting forward scattering in the tank is proposed. The forward and the backward target strengths are achieved by using the pulse compression technology, and they are about 3dB less than the modeling results. The forward scattering phenomena of quiescent and moving target are measured, which are similar to modeling results with different target types.     

水下掩埋目标的散射声场计算与实验

水下掩埋目标声散射问题是识别和探测掩埋目标的理论基础, 是声散射研究领域的热点问题. 本文基于射线声学推导了掩埋情况下目标声散射计算的格林函数近似式, 并在此基础上进一步给出了相应的远场积分公式. 在有限元方法的基础上, 将推导得到的公式写入有限元仿真软件, 对软件功能进行拓展, 构建二维轴对称目标的声散射模型, 并计算掩埋情况下弹性实心球在不同条件下的目标强度, 获得了其散射声场随频率、掩埋深度、沙层吸收系数等参数的变化规律. 开展实心球的自由空间和浅掩埋条件下水池声散射实验, 利用共振隔离技术处理实验数据, 提取目标声散射的纯弹性共振特征进行分析, 结果表明可将其用于掩埋目标识别和探测. 最后利用总散射声场与理论计算结果进行对比, 验证了理论仿真的正确性.     

Experimental investigation of the detection and location of a target in layered media by using the TR-RTM mixed method

Targets in layered media can be detected and located using a time reversal(TR)-reversed-time migration(RTM) mixed method.In this study, this single emission-multiple receiving method is tested experimentally by using two types of layered media and three types of targets. The signal reflected at the interface and the signal scattered by the target are measured by each receiver to obtain the travel time for several transmitter-receiver pairs. Thereafter, the amplitude ratio between the two measured signals is compared with the theoretical amplitude. The RTM process involves the convolution of the forward acoustic beam from the source with the backward acoustic beam from the receiver which adds an appropriate delay determined on the measured travel time data. By using this approach, the acoustic field distribution can be obtained, and the position of the target can be determined.Moreover, the measured positions of the target are compared with the actual position to validate the accuracy of this technique.     

实现散射场强整形的微散射体阵列逆向设计方法

本文提出一种基于全介电微散射体的散射阵列结构逆向设计方法,用以实现散射电场强度整形.该方法基于空域傅里叶变换与角谱变换,从给定目标区域处期望实现的散射场强分布出发,逆向求得所需的感应源,再利用电磁感应源理论,逆向设计微散射体阵列,且只需通过解析计算便能够快速地求取出微散射体阵列的电磁参数值分布.基于提出的逆向设计方法,文中提供了三维情况下的具体算例,实现了给定方形面目标区域的散射场强整形.理论计算结果与全波仿真结果符合良好,表明本文提出的逆向设计方法具有可行性与有效性.     

Electromagnetic scattering from two parallel 2D targets arbitrarily located in a Gaussian beam

In this paper based on the equivalence principle and the reciprocity theorem, the scattered field up to second-order by two parallel 2D targets arbitrarily located in a Gaussian beam is considered. The first-order solution can easily be obtained by calculating the scattered field from isolated targets when illuminated by a Gaussian beam. However, because of the difficulty in formulating the couple scattering field, it is almost impossible to find an analytical solution for the second-order scattered field if the shapes of 2D targets are not canonical geometries. In order to overcome this problem, in this paper, the second-order solution is derived by using the technique based on the reciprocity theorem and the equivalence principle. Meanwhile, the relation between the secondary scattered field from target #1 and target {\#}2 is obtained. Specifically, the bi- and mono-static scattering of Gaussian beam by two parallel adjacent inhomogeneous plasma-coated conducting circular cylinders is calculated and the dependence of attenuation of the scattering width on the thickness of the coated layer, electron number density, collision frequency and radar frequency is discussed in detail.     

采用球面波叠加法还原自由声场的方法

为解决非自由声场中近场声全息重建时,干扰声在目标声源表面产生的散射影响,提出一种基于球面波叠加法的自由场还原技术。该技术首先采用基于球面波叠加法的声场分离技术获得向内和向外传播的声场,然后以目标声源的表面导纳作为边界条件,实现目标声源辐射声和散射声的分离,从而获得等效于自由声场的测量条件。该技术为准确实现非自由声场中的噪声源识别创造了条件。文中首先详细描述了该技术的基本原理,并提出一种最优球面波展开项数选取方法,最后通过数值仿真说明了该技术的有效性。结果表明:在频率较低时,散射声影响较小,采用声场分离技术和自由场还原技术效果相当;但随着频率升高,散射声影响逐步增强,必须采用自由场还原技术才能准确获得目标声源辐射声。     

Investigation of Electromagnetic Complex Scattering for Spherical Targets in Ku Wave Band

This paper studies the electromagnetic reciprocity among spherical targets. The second scattering field for a target is derived in detail. The complex scattered field and the bistatic RCS are presented respectively. The simulations for the obtaining result in Ku wave band show that the size of the principal target affects greatly both the forward scatter and the backward scatter. The influence of the targets around shows definite periodicity. The second scattered field decrease with the increase of distance between two targets. The more near the forward area the rounding target is, the bigger its affect is. The magnitude of the second scattered field is about 10^–3 comparing with that of the first scattered field. The size of surrounding particles can be considered as a stated scale when researching the electromagnetic reciprocity. This kind of interaction for three dimensions can be investigated easy by using the obtained result and coordinate transformation.     

Recovery of the free field in noisy environment by using the spherical wave superposition method

To remove the scattering effect of the disturbing sound on the target source when implementing nearfield acoustic holography in a non-free field, a free field recovery technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is proposed. In the method, the sound field separation technique based on the spherical wave superposition method is first used to separate the incoming and outgoing fields, and a further step for separating the radiated and scattered fields is performed by utilizing the surface admittance of the target source as the boundary condition. The technique makes it possible to correctly identify noise sources in a non-free sound field. The basic principle of the technique is described firstly, a method for choosing the optimal number of spherical wave expansion terms is given, and two numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the validity of this technique. It is shown that, for the lower frequency, the scattering effect can be neglected, and the radiated field of the target source can be obtained by the sound field separation technique, however, as the increasing of the frequency, the scattering effect cannot be neglected, and the free field recovery technique has to be used to obtain the radiated field of the target source.     

Radiation transport with anisotropic scattering

Reflection and transmission of radiation with anisotropic scattering in considered, using an invariant-imbedding formulation of the transport equation. Extensive numerical calculations show that the results of the transport approximation, in which the scattering kernel is represented by an isotropic part and a forward scattered component, are useful for an isotropic incident source but they are not satisfactory for a monodirectional source, especially in the case of reflection for large and small incident angles. A modified transport approximation is proposed in which singly-scattered radiation is taken into account exactly and higher-order scatterings are obtained from the transport approximation. The results derived from the modified transport approximation are in good agreement with other calculations for the cases considered.     

Two Phenomena in Forward Scattering Experiments

Recent processing of earlier obtained experimental data has revealed two phenomena making it possible to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for detecting a forward scattering signal with the best efficiency. The location object should intersect one of the rays connecting the emitter and the receiver without touching the water surface. This is the basis of the first phenomenon: significant (more than 100-fold) compression of the detected signal. The second phenomenon is that the noise background surrounding the detected signal is a type of noise formed by an uneven bottom relief. This noise does not generate false alarms and is physically similar to speckle noise in optics. It is demonstrated that additive noise is primarily formed by signals scattered by a rough lake surface and that this noise is weakly suppressed when detecting the useful signal; however, it can be eliminated by imparting directivity to the illuminating signal source. All other noise is completely suppressed.     

自适应直达波抑制方法在前向散射宽带信号中的应用

介绍了前向声散射目标探测的基本原理,并提出了基于自适应滤波的直达波抑制(DBS-AF)方法。将DBS-AF方法扩展到线性调频(LFM)信号中,把信号的包络视为一种广义"波形"并输入自适应滤波器。利用该方法分析了湖试数据,并得到了随观测时间变化的检测输出曲线。在曲线上直达波对应了曲线的背景输出而目标引起的接收声场畸变则对应了曲线的峰值起伏。单个通道的直达波抑制效果可以达到-5 dB左右;引入去均值化预处理能够增强直达波抑制效果,再利用多通道的接收信息,直达波被抑制到-10 dB以下。影响算法性能的主要因素是训练权值时段内接收信号的起伏和信直比。      

逆向傅里叶衍射定理快速预报水下目标三维声散射指向分布

提出逆向运用傅里叶衍射定理预报水下弱散射目标三维声散射指向分布的快速计算方法。依据目标形状、周围介质的密度和声速构建三维声场图像模型,建立散射远场积分结果与图像频域幅值的关系式,提取频域中半径为水中波数k;的球型表面上的幅值,获得精细化的宽带、全方位散射声压指向特性。数值计算表明:将傅里叶衍射定理逆向运用于解决声学正问题,适用于分层的、不均匀的、非规则及多体弱散射目标散射声场的求解。通过插值提取频域样本获得远场声压的方法,避免了有限元法(3D-FEM)所必须的大规模的网格划分和迭代运算,可以有效地减少计算成本并拓展散射频率响应的带宽。在水池中完成两种具有不同声学参数和形状目标指向性测试实验,得到散射声压指向性幅度函数与理论预报相一致。