Stress tensor symmetry and singular solutions in the theory of elasticity

In the plane problem of the theory of elasticity about a cantilever strip bending, we study the stress state near its fixed end. It is found that the solution singularity at the corner points does not have any physical nature and is generated by specific characteristics of the statement of the problem in which it is assumed that the stress tensor symmetry is violated at these points.     

Numerical analysis of singular solutions of two-dimensional problems of asymmetric elasticity

An algorithm for the numerical analysis of singular solutions of two-dimensional problems of asymmetric elasticity is considered. The algorithm is based on separation of a power-law dependence from the finite-element solution in a neighborhood of singular points in the domain under study, where singular solutions are possible. The obtained power-law dependencies allow one to conclude whether the stresses have singularities and what the character of these singularities is. The algorithm was tested for problems of classical elasticity by comparing the stress singularity exponents obtained by the proposed method and from known analytic solutions. Problems with various cases of singular points, namely, body surface points at which either the smoothness of the surface is violated, or the type of boundary conditions is changed, or distinct materials are in contact, are considered as applications. The stress singularity exponents obtained by using the models of classical and asymmetric elasticity are compared. It is shown that, in the case of cracks, the stress singularity exponents are the same for the elasticity models under study, but for other cases of singular points, the stress singularity exponents obtained on the basis of asymmetric elasticity have insignificant quantitative distinctions from the solutions of the classical elasticity.     

薄宽带材局部纵向屈曲的辛弹性力学求解方法

局部纵向屈曲是普遍存在于薄宽带材生产过程的板形缺陷,是屈曲研究的难点,精确的解析求解方法对局部纵向屈曲形成机理的研究和板形质量的提高具有重要意义。本文将任意位置的局部纵向屈曲分为带材边部和内部两类,采用辛弹性力学方法直接推导得到了局部纵向屈曲区域承受不同边界约束条件时的临界屈曲应力和屈曲挠度函数,并将求解结果与有限元和相关文献结果进行了对比。结果表明：辛弹性力学方法与有限元方法相比具有相同计算精度和更高的计算效率,计算精度高于传统能量法;带材边界的约束条件对临界屈曲应力、屈曲区域几何形状和屈曲挠度函数均存在显著影响,验证了传统能量法求解的不足,有利于提高局部屈曲计算精度。     

New solution of the plane problem for an equilibrium crack

We consider the classical plane problem of elasticity about a crack in an isotropic elastic unbounded plane resulting in a singular solution for the stresses near the crack edge. Relations of generalized elasticity with a small parameter characterizing the medium microstructure are derived, and the higher order of these relations permits eliminating the singularity of the classical solution. An experimental method for determining the medium parameter is proposed, and the corresponding experimental results are given.     

On the finite deformation of a sector plate

Summary In this paper an investigation is given into the behaviour of the stress singularity which occurs in the linear theory of elasticity at the deformation of a sector plate, if finite deformations are considered. It is assumed that for very small deformations Hooke's law is valid, and only in the neighbourhood of the singularity Hooke's law has to be extended. This extension is not unique. It is shown that for two different strain-energy functions, which have the same asymptotic expansion for infinitesimal deformations, the behaviour of the solutions is quite different. One of the strain-energy functions leads to a bounded solution, while the solution, obtained from the other one becomes singular for the case of contraction. As it cannot be expected that it will be possible to decide on an experimental basis about the right extension, an assertion about the difference in smoothness of solutions to problems in linear and non-linear theory cannot be given. An open question is raised: whether or not the requirement of regularity for this kind of problems in non-linear theory can be posed as a restriction on the admissible energy functions.     

Axisymmetric contact problem of cubic quasicrystalline materials

The axisymmetric elasticity theory of cubic quasicrystal was developed in Ref. [1]. The axisymmetric elasticity problem of cubic quasicrystal is reduced to a single higher-order partial differential equation by introducing a displacement function, based on which, the exact analytic solutions for the elastic field of an axisymmetric contact problem of cubic quasicrystalline materials are obtained for universal contact stress or contact displacement. The result shows that if the contact stress has order −1/2 singularity on the edge of the contact domain, the contact displacement is a constant in the contact domain. Conversely, if the contact displacement is a constant, the contact stress must have order −1/2 singularity on the edge of the contact domain. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19972011).     

Elastic study on singularities interacting with interfaces using alternating technique: Part I. Anisotropic trimaterial

Schwarz–Neumann's alternating technique is applied to singularity problems in an anisotropic `trimaterial', which denotes an infinite body composed of three dissimilar materials bonded along two parallel interfaces. Linear elastic materials under general plane deformations are assumed, in which the plane of deformation is perpendicular to the two parallel interface planes.It is well known that if the solution is known for singularities in a homogeneous anisotropic medium, the solution for the same singularities in an anisotropic bimaterial can be constructed by the method of analytic continuation. It is shown here that the solution for singularities in a homogeneous medium may also be used as a base of the solution for the same singularities in a trimaterial. The alternating technique is applied to derive the trimaterial solution in a series form, whose convergence is guaranteed. The solution procedure is universal in the sense that no specific information about the singularity is needed. The energetic forces exerted on a dislocation due to interfaces are also evaluated from the trimaterial solution. The trimaterial solution studied here can be applied to a variety of problems, e.g. a bimaterial (including a half-plane problem), a finite thin film on semi-infinite substrate, and a finite strip of thin film, etc. Some examples are presented to verify the usefulness of the obtained solutions.     

Mixed mode crack initiation and direction in beams with edge crack

The S-theory is applied to determine crack initiation and direction for beams with edge crack. A simple method for obtaining approximate stress intensity factors of straight cracked beams is also proposed. It takes into account the elastic crack tip stress singularity while using the elementary beam theory. The results are in reasonable agreement with the more accurate calculations.     

Euler–Bernoulli beams with multiple singularities in the flexural stiffness

Euler–Bernoulli beams under static loads in presence of discontinuities in the curvature and in the slope functions are the object of this study. Both types of discontinuities are modelled as singularities, superimposed to a uniform flexural stiffness, by making use of distributions such as unit step and Dirac's delta functions. A non-trivial generalisation to multiple different singularities of an integration procedure recently proposed by the authors for a single singularity is presented in this paper. The proposed integration procedure leads to closed form solutions, dependent on boundary conditions only, which do not require enforcement of continuity conditions along the beam span. It is however shown how, from the solution of the clamped-clamped beam, by considering suitable singularities at boundaries in the flexural stiffness model, responses concerning several boundary conditions can be recovered. Furthermore, solutions in terms of deflection of the beam are obtained for imposed displacements at boundaries providing the so called shape functions. The above mentioned shape functions can be adopted to insert beams with singularities as frame elements in a finite element discretisation of a frame structure. Explicit expressions of the element stiffness matrix are provided for beam elements with multiple singularities and the reduction of degrees of freedom with respect to classical finite element procedures is shown. Extension of the proposed procedure to beams with axial displacement and vertical deflection discontinuities is also presented.     

Impact of a strip of compressible liquid on a barrier

The exact solution of the plane problem of the impact of a finite liquid strip on a rigid barrier is obtained in the linearized formulation. The velocity components, the pressure and other elements of the flow are determined by means of a velocity potential that satisfies a two-dimensional wave equation. The final expressions for them are given in terms of elementary functions that clearly reflect the wave nature of the motion. The exact solution has been thoroughly analyzed in numerous particular cases. It is shown directly that in the limit the solution of the wave problem tends to the solution of the analogous problem of the impact of an incompressible strip obtained in [1]. A logarithmic singularity of the velocity parallel to the barrier in the corner of the strip is identified. A one-dimensional model of the motion, which describes the behavior of the compressible liquid in a thin layer on impact and makes it possible to obtain a simple solution averaging the exact wave solution, is proposed. Inefficient series solutions are refined and certain numerical data on the impact characteristics for a semi-infinite compressible liquid strip, previously considered in [2–4] in connection with the study of the earthquake resistance of a dam retaining water in a semi-infinite basin, are improved. The solution obtained can be used to estimate the forces involved in the collision of solids and liquids. It would appear to be useful for developing correct and reliable numerical methods of solving the nonlinear problems of fluid impact on solids often examined in the literature [5].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 138–145, November–December, 1990.The results were obtained by the author under the scientific supervision of B. M. Malyshev (deceased).     

Mixed Convection on a Horizontal Surface Embedded in a Porous Medium: the Structure of a Singularity

The mixed convection boundary-layer flow on a horizontal impermeable surface embedded in a saturated porous medium and driven by a local heat source is considered. Similarity solutions are obtained for specific outer flow variations and these are shown to have a solution only for parameter values greater than some critical value. When this is not the case the solution develops a singularity at a finite distance from the leading edge. The nature of this singularity is also discussed.     

Local stress singularities in mixed axisymmetric problems of the bending of circular cylinders

A method of analyzing the near-edge stress state in mixed problems of the deformation of an isotropic cylindrical body is proposed. The method is based on the expansion of the solution of three-dimensional problems of elasticity into a series of Lurie–Vorovich homogeneous basis functions. An asymptotic analysis is performed to find the principal part of the solution of the infinite systems of linear algebraic systems to which the problems are reduced. The type of the stress singularity at the edge of the cylinder is the same as in the mixed problems for a quarter plane. Kummer’s convergence acceleration method is used. The obtained results are validated by testing the boundary conditions and by comparing with results obtained by other authors     

Singular stress fields near contact boundaries in a composite bolted joint

Singular stresses arising in the neighborhood of contact surfaces introduced in laminated orthotropic plates by mechanical joining with clamp-up were investigated by using local asymptotic solutions and full-field numerical analysis. Three-dimensional B-spline approximation of the displacements and a penalty function-based contact solution was used in the numerical analysis. Recent work has shown that fracture in bolted composite joints may initiate near the outer edge of the bolt head or washer away from the hole edge, particularly if the joint is preloaded. Material and geometric discontinuities exist in these regions, resulting in singular stress behavior. Asymptotic stress analysis was performed to obtain the power of singularity in these regions as a function of the bolt-head (washer) stiffness. Frictionless contact conditions were assumed. It was found that the characteristics of the stress singularity for such practically important combinations as titanium bolt-head and carbon fiber composite plate are similar to a crack in terms of the power of singularity and uniqueness of the singular term. Coefficients of the singular terms of the asymptotic expansion were determined by comparison with the numerical solution in the close vicinity of the singular contour. Good agreement between the asymptotic and numerical solution in the transition regions was observed.     

Mixed mode crack growth in curved beams with radial edge crack

Mixed mode crack growth in curved beams with radial edge crack is predicted by the prominent S-theory. An improved simple engineering method for obtaining approximate stress intensity factors of curved cracked beams is also used. It takes into account the elastic crack tip stress singularity while using the elementary beam theory. The results are in reasonable agreement with the more accurate calculations in literature.     

Elasticity solutions for plane anisotropic functionally graded beams

This paper considers the plane stress problem of generally anisotropic beams with elastic compliance parameters being arbitrary functions of the thickness coordinate. Firstly, the partial differential equation, which is satisfied by the Airy stress function for the plane problem of anisotropic functionally graded materials and involves the effect of body force, is derived. Secondly, a unified method is developed to obtain the stress function. The analytical expressions of axial force, bending moment, shear force and displacements are then deduced through integration. Thirdly, the stress function is employed to solve problems of anisotropic functionally graded plane beams, with the integral constants completely determined from boundary conditions. A series of elasticity solutions are thus obtained, including the solution for beams under tension and pure bending, the solution for cantilever beams subjected to shear force applied at the free end, the solution for cantilever beams or simply supported beams subjected to uniform load, the solution for fixed–fixed beams subjected to uniform load, and the one for beams subjected to body force, etc. These solutions can be easily degenerated into the elasticity solutions for homogeneous beams. Some of them are absolutely new to literature, and some coincide with the available solutions. It is also found that there are certain errors in several available solutions. A numerical example is finally presented to show the effect of material inhomogeneity on the elastic field in a functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam.     

The appropriate edge conditions for two-dimensional quasicrystal semi-infinite strips with mixed edge-data

For two-dimensional quasicrystal semi-infinite strips with mixed edge-data, the Betti–Rayleigh reciprocal theorem and the general solution of plane elasticity of quasicrystals are applied in a novel way to obtain the appropriate edge conditions accurate to all order. By introducing two definitions for the decaying and regular states, the necessary conditions deduced form the reciprocal theorem, for the edge-data to induce only a decaying elastostatic are directly translated into the appropriate edge conditions for the existence of a rapidly decaying solution of the strips. Once a suitable regular state, which fulfills load-free boundary conditions, is constructed for the relevant edge-data, the translation is immediate. However, this is not the situation for general edge-data. For the case of transverse bending and in-plane extension of the strips, these decaying state conditions are obtained explicitly for the first time when the mixed edge-data are imposed on the strip edge. Besides, for a degenerated form, an analytical solution of the decaying state is formulated to verify validity of these edge conditions.     

Saint-Venant end effects for plane deformation of sandwich strips

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that the routine application of Saint-Venant's principle in the solution of elasticity problems for sandwich type structures is not justified in general. This is illustrated in the context of the plane problem of elasticity for a sandwich strip composed of two dissimilar isotropic materials. The exponential decay of end effects is characterized in terms of a complex eigenvalue. For the case of a sandwich with relatively soft middle core, the characteristic decay length is shown to be much greater than that for an homogeneous isotropic strip. The results are analogous to those obtained previously by the authors for highly anisotropic and composite materials.     

各向异性压电材料平面裂纹的耦合场分析

用Stroh方法分析了各向异性压电材料电导通型裂纹问题的耦合场。结果表明,裂纹面上的切向电场强度和法向电位移均为常数,在裂纹尖端有由弹性场的耦事作用产生的奇异电导通裂纹模型中的静电场对裂纹尖端扩展的能量释放率不作贡献。     

Stress distribution in multilayered composites near loaded edges

The edge effect in layered composite material is studied using the piecewise-homogeneous body model and the exact equations of the theory of elasticity. It is assumed that continuously distributed normal forces act at the edges of the reinforcing layers. A plain strain state is considered and the stresses are expressed in terms of the solutions of a system of dual singular integral equations. The singularity of the stresses is determined by the solution procedure. The concentration of the reinforcing layers is assumed low and the interaction between them is not taken into account. A numerical algorithm is developed and numerical results on the stress distribution are presented Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 134–144, April 2008.     

Singularity formation in three-dimensional inviscid flow

A phenomenological model to explain finite time singularity formation in a three-dimensional inviscid vorticity field is given. The thin filament approximation for a vorticity field is used, and the model is based on the three-dimensional interaction of two approximately straight vortex filaments. It is shown that the model has a solution which exhibits finite time singularity formation in a vorticity field.