激光诱导击穿光谱在煤质检测中的应用现状

我国当前主要能源仍是煤炭资源,煤质快速检测有利于其清洁高效利用。激光诱导击穿光谱（Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy,LIBS）作为一种快速光谱检测技术,具有样品需求量小、制样简便、可多元素同时测量等优点,其在煤质快速检测中的应用潜力已得到广泛认可。本文从激光诱导击穿光谱仪器（实验室台式、在线式和便携式）的研发现状、激光诱导击穿光谱对煤质（金属元素、非金属元素和工业指标）的检测现状、煤质分析性能提升方法,以及激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析模型研究等方面介绍了近几年来LIBS技术在煤质检测中的应用现状及未来展望。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)的煤灰熔点快速检测

炉内结渣是影响火电机组和气化工艺可靠运行的关键因素之一,准确预测灰熔点可以提前调整炉膛出口温度以避免结渣。本论文采用激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）采集煤灰样中金属元素的光谱,分别建立煤灰中的金属元素的谱线强度与煤灰熔点的随机森林模型、支持向量机回归模型和线性回归模型,直接预测煤灰熔点温度。采用基于马氏距离(MD)的异常数据剔除算法和基于稀疏矩阵的基线估计与降噪算法（BEADS）,对粉煤灰样的全光谱数据进行了预处理。随机森林模型对粉煤灰熔点的预测平均相对误差（MRE）为54.74%,支持向量机回归模型的预测平均相对误差为60.08%,而线性回归模型的预测平均相对误差达到了9.78%。研究结果表明,线性回归模型对煤灰熔点的预测结果更准确。     

飞秒-纳秒双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术对合金的定量分析

激光诱导击穿光谱(Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)技术几乎不受聚变环境中的强磁场影响,是一种最有希望实现托卡马克装置中面向等离子体材料(Plasma facing materials, PFMs)原位在线诊断的技术,已被用于多个托卡马克PFMs壁诊断。然而,LIBS技术对PFMs表面元素的探测限、定量分析以及PFMs的服役状态判定依旧面临很大挑战。采用同轴飞秒-纳秒激光协同技术,建立了飞秒-纳秒双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(fs-ns-DP-LIBS)技术,通过高峰值功率、低激光能量的飞秒激光诱导等离子体,再用纳秒激光增强常规单脉冲LIBS技术信号发射强度,进而提升常规单脉冲LIBS的探测灵敏度,同时结合6种合金标准样品,采用fs-ns-DP-LIBS技术对样品中的主要元素进行了定量分析,并进一步结合机器学习方法对6种合金进行种类判别。结果显示：在纳秒单脉冲和飞秒单脉冲LIBS检测中,Ni、Fe和Mo在400～800 nm波段没有观察到明显特征峰,仅观察到Cr的特征峰;在飞秒-纳秒脉冲间2μs延时,NiⅠ498.02 nm、FeⅠ517....     

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)法微损快速检测党参中Pb

中药材重金属元素快速检测对污染监控及人们健康具有重要意义。激光诱导击穿光谱技术(Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS)属于一种快速检测方法,研磨压片等预处理方法相对样品消解已有所简化,但破坏了样品的物理性质,且不能满足中药材大宗品种、大批量检测需求。若进一步简化样品预处理,将更加凸显LIBS快速检测的优势。本文建立了激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)快速微损检测中药材样品重金属元素定标方法。线性相关系数R2为0.7764,建立的微损定标曲线线性可用于切片党参LIBS快速检测,对待测党参切片样品检测平均相对误差为3.74%,与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对比,相关系数R2为0.7957,验证了LIBS技术微损检测的可行性。制备的党参参考定标样品可多次重复用于待测样定标和仪器标定等。实验对待测党参样品仅进行切片处理,避免了研磨、压片等预处理,更加充分地体现LIBS快速检测的优势,为LIBS技术应用于中药材重金属元素快检等领域提供了一种新方法。     

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)结合机器学习算法快速测定石油焦中微量元素

石油焦中微量元素对其作为预焙阳极的性能起着决定性的作用。首先,通过基于LIBS光谱构建用于石油焦中铁(Fe)和铜(Cu)定量分析的PLS校正模型。然后,考察了不同光谱预处理(归一化、多元散射校正、标准正态变换、一阶导数和二阶导数)以及变量选择算法(粒子群优化算法和变量重要性投影)对PLS校正模型预测性能的影响。建立了一种基于激光诱导击穿光谱(Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)结合偏最小二乘(Partial least squares, PLS)的石油焦中微量元素定量分析方法。结果显示,与其他PLS校正模型相比,基于二阶导数和变量重要性投影的PLS模型对Fe的预测性能最优,最优的交叉验证相关系数(R-squared cross validation,R²cv)为0.966 7,均方根误差(Root mean squared error cross validation, RMSEcv)为10.282 1 mg/kg,预测集的相关系数(R-squared prediction,R²p)为0.86...     

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)结合字典学习对气溶胶光谱数据筛选方法的研究

气溶胶是大气中的重要组分,对气候、生态环境等均有重要的影响。激光诱导击透光谱(LIBS) 在用于气溶胶检测时,由于气溶胶的离散分布,导致采集到大量无效光谱。本文提出一种结合字典学习对有效光谱数据进行筛选的方法——K-SVD-SVM。通过制备7种不同浓度的NaCl气溶胶样品,选取10% NaCl溶液的5000条光谱数据进行分类,其中70%作为训练集,30%作为测试集。当字典基向量数设置为3时,模型分类性能最优,准确率(accuracy),精确率（precision）,召回率（recall）,精确率和召回率的调和平均(F1)分别达到96%,95%,95%,0.95。此外,采用K-SVD-SVM方法对7种不同浓度的气溶胶样品进行筛选后,输入GA-ELM模型开展定量分析,同时将未筛选的原始光谱数据输入定量模型进行对比。未筛选的原始数据测试集RMSE和R2分别是0.0303和0.8726,筛选光谱后,分别提升至0.0187和0.9809。结果表明,K-SVD-SVM方法有着较好的分类性能,且采用此方法筛选出的有效数据可以为气溶胶中元素定量分析提供数据支撑。     

钆的激光诱导击穿光谱原位统计分布分析

采用LIBS-OPA对取自不同电迁移部位的金属钆棒的纵剖面进行了原位统计分布分析,探讨了电迁移工艺中不同位置处的杂质元素在其电迁移方向上的分布规律。发现在电迁移工艺上部Ti和Cu的偏析较为严重,而下部即阴极附近的杂质元素含量大大降低且其分布趋于均匀。Ti和Al两个元素在电迁移末端含量发生较大变化,出现了一条明显的分界线,说明金属钆中的某些成分组成发生了突变,因此导致其分布发生了较大改变。而Cu,Si,Mo和Fe强度也都发生了不同程度的下降。但其偏析度变化不明显。Ti和Mo是金属钆的原位分析中出现异常信号较多的元素,说明金属Gd中存在一些Ti和Mo的化合物。采用透射电镜对金属钆棒中的化合物进行了观察,其结果与LIBS-OPA统计的结果较为相符。     

激光诱导击穿光谱快速分析炉渣

将激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)应用于钢铁冶炼过程中炉渣的快速分析。针对钢铁生产的实际需要对分析装置提出了新的设计,并自主开发了分析软件,实现了整套分析装置的自动操作和控制、光谱数据的预处理、定标曲线的线性拟合以及最终的分析结果的直接显示。分析用样品可从熔融态炉渣中直接取出,也可采用压片制样。选取不同类别的标准样品分别建立定标曲线有利于提高分析结果的准确性。定标模型的RMSEC和RMSECV分别为0.187,0.275。按所建立的方法对保护渣样品中镁含量连续进行10次测定,测定结果在0.205%～0.209%之间,表明此方法的精密度较高。     

电化学富集-激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）法测定水中铀元素

为改善激光诱导击穿光谱技术(Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS)检测液体样品时遇到的液体飞溅、等离子体猝灭和稳定性差的问题,结合电化学富集方法,以KCl为电解质,石墨棒为阴极,开展了水中铀(U)元素的LIBS检测研究。选择UⅡ367.007 nm、UⅡ409.013 nm作为分析对象进行定量分析,着重研究了富集电压、KCl质量浓度、激光脉冲能量、激发方式等对铀元素特征谱线强度的影响规律,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)对石墨棒表面吸附元素的空间分布进行了分析。结果表明,最佳富集电压为1.6 V,适当的电解质KCl质量浓度可以提高铀元素的富集效率和富集均匀性,提高激光脉冲能量与采用光电双脉冲激发方式能增强铀元素特征谱线的强度并提高信噪比。在光电双脉冲激发下,对水中铀元素进行了定量分析,获得UⅡ367.007 nm、UⅡ409.013 nm的检测下限分别为25.89和15.00μg/L,相关系数均大于0.98。方法可为水体中放射性核素含量调查、生活饮用水铀污染现状以及核工业含铀废水监测等场景提供技术支持。     

激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析全血中的锂元素

锂（Li）盐作为一种精神科药物常被用于治疗重性抑郁障碍,然而长期服用Li盐会产生高中毒风险,及时监测患者血液中Li元素的浓度,对确保用药安全和临床治疗效果非常重要。激光诱导击穿光谱（Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS）作为一种快速分析技术,被广泛应用于实际场景下复杂基质的元素分析。本研究采用LIBS技术结合偏最小二乘法（Partial least squares, PLS）对血液基质中的Li元素进行定量分析。采用45组临床血液样品,分别构建血浆和全血基质下Li元素的定量分析模型,通过五折交叉验证方法对PLS算法中的潜变量数进行优化。结果表明,基于血浆基质构建的PLS定量分析模型预测决定系数（R2）为0.992,预测均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.204μg/mL,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.14%;基于全血基质构建的PLS定量分析模型R2为0.984, RMSEP为0.728μg/mL, RSD为3.45%,因此,基于血浆定标值所建立的LIBS模型定量分析全血中锂元素的效果更佳。LIBS技术为临床血锂的快速检测评估提供了一种新的选择,具有...     

Characterization of cinematographic films by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The emulsion-coated transparent plastic-base film has been the main carrier for production and preservation of motion picture contents since the 19th century. The knowledge of the composition of black and white silver gelatine cinematographic films is of great importance for the characterization of the photographic process and for identifying the optimum conditions for conservation. A cinematographic film is a multi-component system that consists of a layer of photographic emulsion overcoating a polymeric support (plasticized cellulose triacetate) and a protective transparent cross-linked gelatine layer coating the emulsion. In the present work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to characterize the composition of the materials of cinematographic films. LIB spectra of film samples and of different individual film components, polymeric support and reference gelatines, were acquired in vacuum by excitation at 266 nm (Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, 6 ns, 10 Hz). In the cinematographic film, silver lines from the light-sensitive silver halide salts of the photographic emulsion are accompanied by iron, lead, chrome and phosphorus lines. Iron and lead are constituents of film developers, chrome is included in the composition of the hardening agents and phosphorus has its origin in the plasticizer used in the polymeric support. By applying successive pulses on the same spot of the film sample, it was possible to observe through stratigraphic analysis the different layers composition. Additionally, the results obtained reveal the analytical capacity of LIBS for the study and classification of the different gelatine types and qualities used for the protecting layer and the photographic emulsion.     

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy machine for online ash analyses in coal

Presently, online coal ash content monitoring is performed by PGNAA (Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analyses) machines. Laser Detect Systems has developed an online mineral analysis system using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The main advantages of the system are that it is without a radioactive source, compact (1.5 m × 0.8 m × 1.3 m), comparatively light (250 kg) and easy to install. The main disadvantage is that a LIBS system analyzes surface chemistry of the mineral exclusively and not the volume. To prove the LIBS machine analytical ability for coal ash content evaluation, a trial was arranged at Optimum Colliery (South Africa). The LIBS machine was installed in line with a PGNAA machine and laboratory data served as a referee in the final assessment for analytical accuracy. The trial was carried out over a four month period. This paper presents the successful trial results achieved for accurate (at least +/− 0.5% mean absolute error) online coal ash content monitoring.     

Methodologies for laboratory Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis—A review

Since its early applications, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy has been recognized as a useful tool for solid state chemical analysis. However the quantitative accuracy of the technique depends on the complex processes involved in laser induced plasma formation, ablation, atomization, excitation and ion recombination. Problems arising from laser target coupling, matrix effect, fractionation in target vaporization, local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption and interferences from additional air ionization should be properly addressed in order to obtain reliable quantitative results in laboratory to be used as starting point during field campaigns.     

Wavelength dependence on the elemental analysis of glass by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented as a tool for the elemental analysis of glass in forensic applications. Two harmonics of the Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm and 532 nm were used as the irradiation source for the analysis of several glass standards and soda–lime glass samples of interest to forensic scientists. Both lasers were kept at a constant energy of 20 mJ and focused using a 150 mm focal length lens. A series of experiments were also conducted to determine the importance of wavelength on lens-to-sample distance (LTSD) at each wavelength. It was determined that the optimal LTSD was found at ~ 1–2 mm focused into the surface for both wavelengths yet the crater depth resulting from the irradiation at 266 nm was significantly deeper (112 µm) than that from the 532 nm laser (41 µm). In addition, the analytical performance of LIBS on 5 NIST glasses and 6 automobile glasses at both wavelengths is reported. Good correlation for the quantitative analysis results for the trace and minor elements Sr, Ba and Al are reported along with the calibration curves, in most cases R² > 0.95, using absolute intensities at various emission lines. Although 266 nm resulted in more mass removal, the 532 nm produced greater emission intensities. A slightly higher plasma density was determined for irradiation by 532 nm using the Stark broadening technique in comparison to the 266 nm irradiation.     

Comparison of Single Pulse and Double Simultaneous Pulse Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

A simple and cost-effective variant of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is presented that involves a double simultaneous pulse configuration employing a single laser source. Its performance is compared with conventional single pulse configuration. Double simultaneous pulses were accomplished by splitting a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 6 ns, 360 mJ) beam into two components that were focused on the sample surface to produce two concurrent breakdowns. Experiment was repeated for single pulse and double simultaneous pulses under different ambient pressures. The performance was evaluated on the basis of self-absorption, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the Mg II doublet (280.2704 nm, 279.553 nm). Optically thin emission lines of better profiles with higher signal-to-noise ratio resulted from double simultaneous pulses. The lowest relative standard deviations obtained by single pulse and double simultaneous pulse configurations were 18.89% and 12.01%, respectively. In fact, double simultaneous pulses have performed better than single pulse in all respects within the studied regime.     

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy application for ash characterisation for a coal fired power plant

The aim of this work was to apply the LIBS technique for the analysis of fly ash and bottom ash resulting from the coal combustion in a coal fired power plant. The steps of presented LIBS analysis were pelletizing of powdered samples, firing with laser and spectroscopic detection. The analysis “on tape” was presented as an alternative fast sampling approach. This procedure was compared with the usual steps of normalized chemical analysis methods for coal which are coal calcination, fluxing in high temperature plasma, dilution in strong acids and analyzing by means of ICP-OES and/or AAS.     

Characterization of Pollution Indices in Soil Surrounding a Power Plant by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

The distribution of pollution indices of copper, iron, lead, and nickel in the soil around a gas fired power plant were determined by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 90 mJ and 1064 nm was employed to convert the soil into a plasma that was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. High concentrations of copper, iron, lead, and nickel were measured near the power station. The enrichment factors for lead, copper, nickel, and iron were 0.38–0.64, 0.2–0.65, 0.49–0.73, and 1.02–1.46 with means of 0.48, 0.37, 0.60, and 1.16. Geo-accumulation was observed to be in class 0 (unpolluted) for all metals except for iron, which was in class 0–1. The ecological risk factor was in the low potential range for all metal concentrations. From the center to the outskirts of power station and from surface to deep soil, the soil quality varied from low polluted to unpolluted for heavy metals due to power plant emission, fuel storage, and station remnants.     

Artificial neural network for Cu quantitative determination in soil using a portable Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy system

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an advanced analytical technique for elemental determination based on direct measurement of optical emission of excited species on a laser induced plasma. In the realm of elemental analysis, LIBS has great potential to accomplish direct analysis independently of physical sample state (solid, liquid or gas). Presently, LIBS has been easily employed for qualitative analysis, nevertheless, in order to perform quantitative analysis, some effort is still required since calibration represents a difficult issue. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a machine learning paradigm inspired on biological nervous systems. Recently, ANNs have been used in many applications and its classification and prediction capabilities are especially useful for spectral analysis. In this paper an ANN was used as calibration strategy for LIBS, aiming Cu determination in soil samples. Spectra of 59 samples from a heterogenic set of reference soil samples and their respective Cu concentration were used for calibration and validation. Simple linear regression (SLR) and wrapper approach were the two strategies employed to select a set of wavelengths for ANN learning. Cross validation was applied, following ANN training, for verification of prediction accuracy. The ANN showed good efficiency for Cu predictions although the features of portable instrumentation employed. The proposed method presented a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.3 mg dm^− 3 of Cu and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.5 for the predictions.     

Optimization of micro-Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy analysis and signal processing

As a result of continuing instrumental development (Echelle spectrometer and ICCD detectors), micro-Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy analysis may become an increasingly recognized analytical technique for determining elemental compositions of geologic materials. Best conditions of time resolution conditions (delay and time acquisition window) are estimated with respect to the collection geometry of optical plasma emission of our system. It turns out that the level of the Bremsstrahlung continuum emission is weak in the first tens of nanoseconds after the laser excitation pulse. The enlargement of the emission lines is identified in the first 100 ns but remains comparable to the spectral resolution of our system. Thus, results show that time-resolved conditions are not necessarily required to perform elemental analysis at the micrometric scale using LIBS, contrary to macro-LIBS. This suggests potential improvements of micro-LIBS analysis (sensitivity and spectral resolution) using non-intensified CCD connected with the laser pulse.     

Nanosecond and femtosecond Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopic analysis of bronze alloys

In the present work we are studying the influence of pulse duration (nanosecond (ns) and femtosecond (fs)) at λ = 248 nm on the laser-induced plasma parameters and the quantitative analysis results for elements such as Sn, Zn and Pb, in different types of bronze alloys adopting LIBS in ambient atmosphere. Binary (Sn–Cu), ternary (Sn–Zn–Cu or Sn–Pb–Cu) and quaternary (Sn–Zn–Pb–Cu) reference alloys characterized by a chemical composition and metallurgical features similar to those used in Roman times, were employed in the study. Calibration curves, featuring linear regression coefficients over 98%, were obtained for tin, lead and zinc, the minor elements in the bronze alloys (using the internal standardization method) as well as for copper, the major element. The effects of laser pulse duration and energy on laser-induced plasma parameters, namely the excitation temperature and the electron density have been studied in our effort to optimize the analysis. Finally, LIBS analysis was carried on three real metal objects and the spectra obtained have been used to estimate the type and elemental composition of the alloys based on the calibration curves produced with the reference alloys. The results obtained are very useful in the future use of portable LIBS systems for in situ qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of bronze artifacts in museums and archaeological sites.