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电荷转移引发的聚合近年来受到人们的广泛注意,许多电子给体,如芳香族的胺、醚、硫醚以及含氮芳杂环化合物,都可引发丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸甲酯等负性单体光聚合,研究表明,其聚合都是通过电荷转移机制引发的[1-3]。 相似文献
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通过电荷转移引发的光聚合反应中涉及电子给体和电子受体形成的激基复合物,这激基复合物进一步产生活性中心,引发聚合。本文重点介绍两类聚合:1、电子给体引发剂引发电子受体单体光聚合,以芳香胺引发丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸甲酯等烯类单体聚合为代表;2、双组分引发体系经光的电荷转移产生自由基引发聚合,以二苯酮一芳香胺、稠芳烃—芳香胺体系为代表。 相似文献
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本文研究了哌嗪 (PPZ)与二氧化硫 (SO2 )电荷转移复合物 (CTC)的制备及其作为光引发剂引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)的聚合 ,发现PPZ/SO2 摩尔比对聚合速率影响甚大 .当PPZ/SO2 为 1∶2时 ,形成了具有潜在引发能力的复合物 (Ⅰ ) .Ⅰ引发MMA光聚合的动力学关系式为Rp =Kp [Ⅰ ] 0 .34[MMA] 1.0 6 ,表观活化能为 2 3 7kJ/mol.并对引发机理进行了探讨 相似文献
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<正> 有机过氧化物引发烯类单体的聚合,可以加入芳叔胺促进过氧化物的分解,提高聚合速度。其中最常用的芳叔胺有N,N-二甲苯胺(DMA)、N,N-二甲基对甲苯胺(DMT),本文采用过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)、过氧化二月桂酰(LPO)、叔丁基过氧化氢(TBH)和过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯(TBPB)四种过氧化物为引发剂进行甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的本体聚合,测得其聚合速度R_p的顺序为LPO>BPO>TBH>TBPB,但在添加芳叔胺DMT或脂环叔胺N-乙基哌啶(NEP)时,则聚合速度的顺序变为BPO-胺>LPO-胺>TBH-胺>TBPB-胺。添加这两种叔胺虽然都能促进聚合,但只对BPO引发剂有显著的影响,研究结果如下: 相似文献
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<正> N-乙烯基咔唑(NVC)具有大的共轭结构和中间有一个杂原子氮,而容易与其它试剂反应,形成自由基、阳离子和电荷转移络合物,故是一种活性较高的单体,1970年有人发现NVC与N-C_4H_9NCl_2一起可以引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)聚合,此外,文献报道了电子给体如胺与CCl_4体系在二甲亚砜(DMSO)中引发MMA聚合,本文研究了NVC与几种卤代烃所组成的双组分体系对MMA的引发聚合反应;该体系的引发活性和组成与分子量及分子量分布的关系;并探讨了反应机理。 相似文献
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A. V. Afonin M. V. Sigalov S. E. Korostova V. K. Voronov I. A. Aliev 《Russian Chemical Bulletin》1988,37(12):2490-2494
Conclusions Alterations of the dihedral angles between the planes of the three unsaturated fragments are interrelated in N-vinyl-2-arylpyrroles. Upon the introduction of a substituent at C3 in the pyrrole ring, the dihedral angle between the planes of the aryl and pyrrole ring increases, while the corresponding angle between the planes of the vinyl group and pyrrole ring decreases.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2765–2769, December, 1988.The authors express their gratitude to V. K. Turchanin for a useful discussion of these results. 相似文献
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Christian Wiebeler Aditya G. Rao Wolfgang Grtner Igor Schapiro 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2019,58(7):1934-1938
The origin of the spectral shift from a red‐ to a green‐absorbing form in a cyanobacteriochrome, Slr1393g3, was identified by combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. This protein, related to classical phytochromes, carries the open‐chain tetrapyrrole chromophore phycocyanobilin. Our calculations reveal that the effective conjugation length in the chromophore becomes shorter upon conversion from the red to the green form. This is related to the planarity of the entire chromophore. A large distortion was found for the terminal pyrrole rings A and D; however, the D ring contributes more strongly to the photoproduct tuning, despite a larger change in the twist of the A ring. Our findings implicate that the D ring twist can be exploited to regulate the absorption of the photoproduct. Hence, mutations that affect the D ring twist can lead to rational tuning of the photoproduct absorption, allowing the tailoring of cyanobacteriochromes for biotechnological applications such as optogenetics and bioimaging. 相似文献
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Indachlorins: Nonplanar Indanone‐Annulated Chlorin Analogues with Panchromatic Absorption Spectra between 300 and 900 nm
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Dr. Lalith P. Samankumara Dr. Sarina J. Dorazio Dr. Joshua Akhigbe Ruoshi Li Dr. Arunpatcha Nimthong‐Roldán Dr. Matthias Zeller Prof. Dr. Christian Brückner 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,21(31):11118-11128
Indaphyrins, pyrrole‐modified porphyrins containing a cleaved pyrrole β,β′‐bond and two annulated indanone moieties, possess unusually broadened and redshifted UV/Vis spectra because of their π‐expanded chromophores. The parent free base indaphyrin has been crystallographically characterized, highlighting its strongly ruffled conformation incorporating a helimeric twist. It was shown to be susceptible to regiospecific derivatizations at the opposite side of the ring‐cleaved pyrrole (dihydroxylation, followed by functional group transformations of the resulting diol functionality), generating indaphyrin‐based chlorin analogues, indachlorins, that incorporate a dihydroxypyrroline, pyrrolindione, oxazolone, or a morpholine moiety. Structural modifications resulted in further broadening and hyper‐ and bathochromic shifts of the optical spectra, some of which possess a nearly panchromatic absorption between 300 to well above 900 nm. The extents to which these modifications affect their solid‐state conformations were analyzed. 相似文献
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芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈光聚合的引发机理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
芳香叔胺引发丙烯腈(AN)光聚合是通过形成激基复合物(exciPlex)进行的。紫外光谱和荧光光谱表明,芳香叔胺在基态可以和AN形成电荷转移复合物(CTC),而在激发态可和AN形成exciplc(称定域激发)。CTC经光照亦可激发(称CTC激发)。 定域激发引起光聚合速率为CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>C_6H_5N(CH_3)_2>HOCH_2·C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_2CH_2OH)_2,与芳胺荧光被AN淬灭的Stern-Vo-lmer常数顺序一致。CTC激发引起的光聚合顺序为:CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>CH_3C_6H_4N(CH_2CH_2OH)_2>HOCH_2C_6H_4N(CH_3)_2>C_6H_5N(CH_3)_2,与芳胺上取代基推电子能力一致。端基分析表明聚合物有芳胺端基。 相似文献
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Marijana Juki Mario Cetina Jasna Vorkapi‐Fura
Amalija Golobi
Ante Nagl 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2003,59(7):o357-o359
Crystal structure analysis of the title compound, C13H12ClNO, reveals three crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The main conformational difference between these molecules is the orientation of the phenyl rings with respect to the pyrrole rings. The coplanar arrangement of the aldehyde groups attached to the pyrrole rings influences the pyrrole‐ring geometry. The C2—C3 and N1—C5 bonds are noticeably longer than the C4—C5 and N1—C2 bonds. Two independent molecules of the title compound form dimers via intermolecular C—H⃛O hydrogen bonds [D⃛A = 3.400 (3) Å and D—H⃛A = 157°]. The perpendicular orientation of the phenyl and pyrrole rings of one independent molecule and its symmetry‐related molecule allows C—H⃛π interactions, with an H⃛centroid distance of 2.85 Å and a C—H⃛π angle of 155°. The distances between the H atom and the pyrrole‐ring atoms indicate that the C—H bond points towards one of the bonds in the pyrrole ring. 相似文献
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T. D. S. Hamilton 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1964,3(2):153-156
Abstract. ESR measurements on 9, 10-diphenylanthrace in solution show that the molecule is non-planar, the two phenyl rings being twisted by about 66° relative to the anthracene nucleus. This agrees with previous predictions made on the basis of scale models.
Evidence from absorption and fluorescence spectra for a change of angle between ground and excited state is examined, and a decrease of about 6° is found for the excited state. On the basis of the large angle of twist possible reasons are suggested for the difference between anthracene and 9, 10-diphenylanthracne with regard to dimer formation and quantum yield of fluorescence in solution. 相似文献
Evidence from absorption and fluorescence spectra for a change of angle between ground and excited state is examined, and a decrease of about 6° is found for the excited state. On the basis of the large angle of twist possible reasons are suggested for the difference between anthracene and 9, 10-diphenylanthracne with regard to dimer formation and quantum yield of fluorescence in solution. 相似文献
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A. V. Afonin M. V. Sigalov B. A. Trofimov A. I. Mikhaleva I. A. Aliev 《Russian Chemical Bulletin》1991,40(5):914-921
In N-vinyl-2-isopropylpyrrole the isopropyl group is in a conformation with the CH3 group in an anti position to the vinyl group. On introducing a substituent at the 3 position of the ring the isopropyl group passes into a gauche and (or) a syn conformation, leading to an increase in the dihedral angle between the plane of the vinyl group and the pyrrole ring. In N-vinyl-2-cyclo-propylpyrrole the cyclopropyl group is 80% in the gauche form, which is attributed to the repulsion between the electrons of the -shells of the cyclopropyl and pyrrole fragments.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1031–1038, May, 1991. 相似文献
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Tohru Sugimoto Yasunori Inoue Hideo Suzuki Masaki Furuya 《Photochemistry and photobiology》1984,39(5):697-702
Abstract— The changes in the chromophore structure of pea phytochrome during phototransformation in vitro from the red-light-absorbing form (Pr ) to the far-red-light-absorbing form (Pfr ), and from Pfr to Pr , were analysed in terms of wavelength and oscillator strength of absorption, using the zero-differential overlap approximation of the molecular orbital theory for electrons. The effect of a point-charge and a point-dipole on the optical absorption of phytochromobilin intermediates were examined using the stationary perturbation theory for degenerate states. The results indicate that the cis-trans photoisomerization of the pyrrole ring D, if any, occurred within 10 μs after a laser-flash excitation of the phytochrome, and that the conformations of phytochromobilin and the protein moiety of phytochrome were not significantly changed during the period of examination of phototransformation in either direction. 相似文献
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Jan Almlöf 《Chemical physics》1974,6(1):135-139
The geometry of the biphenyl molecule has been studied with the MO LCAO method using a gausian basis set of “double zeta” quality. For various values of the twist angle between the phenyl ring planes the positions of the hydrogen atoms in the 2-position and the distance between the two rings have been simultaneously optimized. The lowest energy has been obtained for a non-planar conformation having a twist angle of 32°. The rotation barriers are 1.2 and 4.5 kcal/mol for the planar perpendicular cases, respectively. 相似文献