用“等积法”解题

<正>用不同的方法表示同一个平面图形的面积,计算结果始终相等.利用这一结论证明或计算某些数学问题的数学方法称之为"等积法"."等积法"是初中数学中是很常见的一种非常重要的解题方法,利用这一方法在解决某些问题时具有化难为易、化繁为简、事半功倍的功效.下面列举"等积法"在解决中考试题中的应用几例,供读者参考.一、求三角形的高例1(2014年贺州)如图1,网格中的每个小正方形的边长都是1,△ABC每个顶点都在网格的交点处,则sinA=.     

基于问题解决的单元主题教学--以“网格中的特殊三角形”教学为例

以“网格”为背景,网格中的特殊三角形为主题,通过“回忆—画图—识图—操作”四个过程,以提升问题解决能力、提高核心素养为目标,设计问题串研究网格中特殊三角形“点”的特征,培养学生合理猜想及计算验证的能力,引导学生沉浸、深入、彻底地思考,促进学习.     

常见的几类网格问题例析

在正方形的网格中,每个小正方形的边长都是相等的,每个小正方形的顶点叫做格点(等边三角形、菱形等也有类似的情形),我们把以格点的连线为边的图形叫做格点图形.格点有关问题是近几年中考的新型题之一,它不仅可以考查学生数形结合思想方法的运用,而且还可以考查学生动手操作的能力,有利于提高学生运用数学知识解决实际问题的能力,也有利于培养学生的探究意识和创新精神.     

"问题引入"教学的课例分析——余弦定理的教学案例

一、教学设计 　　(一)教材分析 　　余弦定理是高中数学中解斜三角形的重要方法之一.它是初中"解直角三角形"内容的延伸,也是三角函数一般知识和平面向量知识在三角形中的具体运用,是解可转化为三角形计算问题的其它数学问题及生产、生活实际问题的重要工具,因此具有广泛的应用价值.……     

例析等积法的解题技巧

初中数学中的等积法是一种十分重要的解题思路与方法,其实质是一种转换思想,例如运用“两个三角形等底等高则面积相等”的性质,把一些较复杂的难以直接解决的问题,转化为较简单的能够间接解决的问题,从而使问题得到简捷的解答.本文中结合四类典型实例,探讨和总结了运用等积法解题的方法与技巧.     

样条曲线光顺概念及指标回弹法的应用

<正> 一、引言一般样条曲线光顺的通常提法是:C~2级连续,没有多余拐点,曲率比较均匀.可是把它用于实际放样时仍然有不足的地方.由于对弯势的提法不确切,因而对曲线的局部臌瘪现象消除得不够有力,也就是还有一定程度的多余臌瘪存在.在船体放样中,三组剖面线(水线、纵剖线、站线)对定出船壳面而言仅是粗网格,加密插值出的实际肋骨是细网格.如果粗网格光顺性不够,细网格就可能出现多余拐点,这无疑意味着数学放样方法尚不完善,因此必须对粗网格提出严密的光顺要求——把消除多余臌瘪做得很彻底.     

从证明线段相等谈个性教育的研究性学习

培养学生个性的教育 ,是造就各方面人才的长远之计 .每个学生都有自己的个性 ,个性教育的根本目的是使学生的个性得到全面而充分的健康发展 .每个学生生来都具有追求成功 ,避免失败的心理倾向 .因此 ,在数学教学中 ,如何创设个性教育的条件 ,把个性教育与数学教学有机地结合起来 ,是深化素质教育的重要措施 .为此 ,现以初中证明线段相等的一堂课谈谈我们对这一问题的探究与做法 .大家知道 ,证明线段的相等 ,除用平行四边形对角线互相平分 ,等腰三角形两腰相等等定理外 ,用得最多的还是全等三角形的对应边相等 .但线段的相等有时变形为某一线…     

98直角三角形全等的判定

[主持人按:彭加勒说过“数学的真理是用一连串无懈可击的推理,从少数一目了然的命题推演出来的”.数学家们的喜好是要把这样的推演和谐地一直扩展到极致,数学史反映的发展历程可以为证.和谐扩展也是数学学科知识展开的主要方式与准则,常见的有三种类型:由特殊扩展到一般;由一般     

等边三角形性质在证几何题中的应用

等边三角形具有下述基本性质:1.三边相等,2.三内角都等于60’,3.三条高(也是中线)相等且等于江。;4.面积为它了。2。(。表边 艺4长)。 这些性质在平面几何、立体几何的求解与证明中经常用到。当证明角相等,线段相等时,灵活运用它,容易打开思路,便于找出规律。在解决极值间题时,使用旋转的方法很有效。然而旋转60。,实质就是作一个辅助等边三角形,使思考过程由繁变简,由难变易,效果很好,在有关曲边形计算问题中,若把复杂图形视作某些基本图形的组合体,等边三角形常常是重要的奠基石,分解组合后,问题便由隐变显了,思路豁然开朗。因此,等边三角…     

直角三角形相似的判定

1　从一般到特殊 ,发现新命题启发学生回顾和小结一般三角形相似的判定方法 (填入下表中 ) :一般三角形直角三角形1 .两角对应相等 ,两三角形相似 ;1′.一锐角对应相等 ,两直角三角形相似 ;2 .两边对应成比例且夹角相等 ,两三角形相似 ;2′.两直角边对应成比例 ,两直角三角形相似 ;3.三边对应成比例 ,两三角形相似 .3′. (暂空 )　　　 T:直角三角形是一般三角形的特殊情形 .两直角三角形已有一直角对应相等 .从一般三角形相似的判定 ,到直角三角形相似的判定 ,一般地 ,可以减少一个条件 .那么 ,直角三角形相似的判定方法应是怎样的呢 ?S1 …     

Towards a more efficient dynamic mesh adaptation methodology for continuum discretization in complex engineering problems

A novel and efficient method of adaptive mesh generation, for dynamically adaptive unstructured grids, is proposed. A locally refined triangulation is constructed on a coarse background mesh, subdividing each triangle in the refinement region R into four congruent sub-triangles iteratively, by connecting edge midpoints, until triangles of a prescribed lengthscale are obtained. The unavoidable propagation outside the refinement region R is restricted to a single triangle in the coarse background mesh. The triangles, in the immediate vicinity of region R, are broken down using the concept of iterated function systems, widely used in fractal modeling, by recursive generation of sub-triangles with a gradation towards the region R triangles. A quantitative assessment of the present algorithm proves its superiority over other comparable models reported in the literature. The time cost of the algorithm is linear, and the method can be easily extended to three dimensions.     

Local and Parallel Finite Element Algorithms for Eigenvalue Problems

Abstract Some new local and parallel finite element algorithms are proposed and analyzed in this paper foreigenvalue problems.With these algorithms, the solution of an eigenvalue problem on a fine grid is reduced tothe solution of an eigenvalue problem on a relatively coarse grid together with solutions of some linear algebraicsystems on fine grid by using some local and parallel procedure.A theoretical tool for analyzing these algorithmsis some local error estimate that is also obtained in this paper for finite element approximations of eigenvectorson general shape-regular grids.     

Two-scale sparse finite element approximations

To reduce computational cost,we study some two-scale finite element approximations on sparse grids for elliptic partial differential equations of second order in a general setting.Over any tensor product domain ?R~d with d = 2,3,we construct the two-scale finite element approximations for both boundary value and eigenvalue problems by using a Boolean sum of some existing finite element approximations on a coarse grid and some univariate fine grids and hence they are cheaper approximations.As applications,we obtain some new efficient finite element discretizations for the two classes of problem:The new two-scale finite element approximation on a sparse grid not only has the less degrees of freedom but also achieves a good accuracy of approximation.     

On the convergence of nonnested multigrid methods with nested spaces on coarse grids

Multigrid methods for discretized partial differential problems using nonnested conforming and nonconforming finite elements are here defined in the general setting. The coarse‐grid corrections of these multigrid methods make use of different finite element spaces from those on the finest grid. In general, the finite element spaces on the finest grid are nonnested, while the spaces are nested on the coarse grids. An abstract convergence theory is developed for these multigrid methods for differential problems without full elliptic regularity. This theory applies to multigrid methods of nonnested conforming and nonconforming finite elements with the coarse‐grid corrections established on nested conforming finite element spaces. Uniform convergence rates (independent of the number of grid levels) are obtained for both the V and W‐cycle methods with one smoothing on all coarse grids and with a sufficiently large number of smoothings solely on the finest grid. In some cases, these uniform rates are attained even with one smoothing on all grids. The present theory also applies to multigrid methods for discretized partial differential problems using mixed finite element methods. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 16: 265–284, 2000     

非定常Stokes问题的矩形Crouzeix-Raviart型各向异性非协调元变网格方法

该文给出了关于速度-压力型非定常Stokes问题的一个 矩形 Crouzeix-Raviart 型各向异性非协调有限元的变网格逼近格式.并用一些新的技巧和方法导出了各向异性网格下的有关速度和压力的最优误差估计.     

Two-level method and some a priori estimates in unsteady Navier-Stokes calculations

A two-level method proposed for quasielliptic problems is adapted in this paper to the simulation of unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes flows. The method requires a solution of a nonlinear problem on a coarse grid and a solution of linear symmetric problem on a fine grid, the scaling between these two grids is superlinear. Approximation, stability, and convergence aspects of a fully discrete scheme are considered. Stability properties of the two-level scheme are compared with those for a commonly used semi-implicit scheme, some new estimates are also proved for the latter.     

LOCAL AND PARALLEL FINITE ELEMENT ALGORITHMS FOR THE NAVIER-STOKES PROBLEM

Based on two-grid discretizations, in this paper, some new local and parallel finiteelement algorithms are proposed and analyzed for the stationary incompressible Navier-Stokes problem. These algorithms are motivated by the observation that for a solutionto the Navier-Stokes problem, low frequency components can be approximated well by arelatively coarse grid and high frequency components can be computed on a fine grid bysome local and parallel procedure. One major technical tool for the analysis is some locala priori error estimates that are also obtained in this paper for the finite element solutionson general shape-regular grids.     

MSE's of prediction in growth curve model with covariance structures

We consider the growth curve model with covariance structures: positive-definite, uniform covariance structure and serial covariance structure. Two types of prediction problems are studied in this paper. One is called the conditional prediction problem and the other is called the extended prediction problem. For both types of prediction problems, the mean squared error for a serial covariance structure is obtained for the estimates based on the conditional expectation: the mean squared error for an unrestricted covariance structure is compared with the mean squared error for a uniform covariance structure or a serial covariance structure. These results are exemplified by two sets of real data.This research was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for general Scientific Research, The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture under Contract Number 03640239.     

Comparison of two cell-centered multigrid schemes for problems with discontinuous coefficients

Two different schemes for constructing coarse-grid operators are implemented in a linear multigrid code. In the first scheme, the construction of the coarse-grid operators is done using a variational approach. Certain conservation properties of the fine-grid matrices are shown to be preserved on the coarser grids by the variational construction. In the second scheme, the diffusion coefficients for the coarse grids are calculated by a simple restriction of the coefficient from the fine grid, using a flux conservation principle. The multigrid codes are then applied to solve the linear equations from an IMPES formulation of a two-phase porous-media flow model. A standard elliptic model problem with jump discontinuous coefficients is also solved using the two multigrid schemes. In simple cases of particular elliptic equations these two schemes are identical. However, in more general cases, such as in reservoir problems, these schemes differ. It is shown that multigrid efficiency typical of the constant coefficient cases is obtained for these problems involving discontinuous coefficients. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.