导电突扩管中磁流体管流的数值模拟

采用基于OpenFOAM环境自主开发的低磁雷诺数磁流体求解器,对45°和90°突扩矩形管中液态金属流体在受到垂直流向的外加磁场作用时的速度、感应电流、压力的分布及突扩位置处的MHD三维现象进行数值模拟.结果表明：磁场沿突扩方向时,由于无回流涡,45°比90°突扩管在肩部位置速度分布更优.哈特曼数增大,强射流和突扩结构,在突扩肩部位置引发流动的不稳定性.伴随感应电流的不稳定,流动不稳定发展到突扩位置上游.磁场沿垂直突扩方向时感应电流的三维效应显著.哈特曼数增大,MHD压降显著增大.同方向磁场和相同哈特曼数,不同突扩角度的三维无量纲压力梯度无明显差异.     

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在开源的CFD工具包OpenFOAM环境下开发了基于低磁雷诺数的磁流体湍流数值模拟求解器,对2π×1×1的方管中无磁场湍流和磁流体湍流进行直接数值模拟研究,给出了截面瞬时速度、平均速度的分布,截面对称中心线上的脉动速度的均方根值、湍动能的分布。计算结果表明,外加磁场对磁流体湍流具有抑制作用和并且这种抑制作用具有各向异性。     

粗糙壁面上湍流边界层的直接数值模拟

本文采用多重直接力内嵌边界法计算流体与粗糙壁面之间的相互作用力,直接数值模拟了粗糙壁面上湍流边界层的流动状况。粗糙壁面则通过流向和展向分别叠加正弦函数的方法产生。研究发现,峰值较大的位置优先诱导产生出涡结构,并且加大了涡结构的倾斜角度。此外,较大峰值处的粗糙度所产生出的"喷出"和"扫入"事件更加强烈,其对外层的作用范围也就更大。同时粗糙壁面的峰值大小对于雷诺应力的输运也起着至关重要的作用。     

高精度有限差分在湍流直接数值模拟中的应用

本文采用高精度有限差分法对矩形管道内充分发展湍流换热进行了直接数值模拟,湍流雷诺数Rer和普朗特数分别为400(Rem=6200)和0.71,压力泊松方程分别采用两种不同的离散格式(二阶和四阶中心差分离散).结果表明,同二阶中心差分格式相比,高精度有限差分可以在较少的网格下得到较好的结果;压力泊松方程采用四阶中心差分或二阶中心差分对计算结果的影响甚小,但采用二阶中心差分时,可以节省大量的计算时间.     

三维Kolmogorov流动弹性湍流直接数值模拟研究

黏弹性流体弹性湍流现象是在极低雷诺数下(惯性效应可以忽略),完全由流体弹性引起的复杂湍流现象,在此条件下牛顿流体处于层流流态.该现象不仅具有与惯性湍流类似的一些特征,还具有其独特的特性,此外,其诱发机理与惯性湍流完全不同.为了更深刻地认识弹性湍流特性及其产生机理,本文基于三维Kolmogorov流动采用直接数值模拟研究...     

聚合物湍流减阻流动的直接数值模拟研究

采用离散弹性元素.珠簧哑铃模型方程模拟了聚合物减阻流动.模拟出了高分子聚合物浓度的空间分布.得到了减阻率与粘弹性应力,雷诺应力等的定量关系.分析了聚合物湍流结构和离散弹性元素模型中弹性系数的关系.     

平直水翼梢隙流动的直接数值模拟研究

本文对真实湍流入口条件下的梢隙流动进行直接数值模拟研究,来流湍流边界层动量厚度雷诺数为800。水翼采用NACA0012水翼,水翼攻角为8°,选取经水翼弦长无量纲化后的梢隙宽度为0.0167和0.0333。研究发现,梢泄涡仅在较大梢隙宽度条件下的水翼吸力面才出现,而当梢隙宽度较小时在水翼吸力面侧近端壁处形成回流区。吸力面侧回流涡沿流向存活时间较短,而梢泄涡沿流向发展直至水翼尾缘及其下游。在上述两工况间存在着一临界梢隙宽度,使得梢隙流动由回流向梢隙射流转变。     

湍流分层燃烧的直接数值模拟和小火焰模型研究

湍流分层燃烧广泛应用于工业燃烧装置,但是目前还比较缺乏适用于湍流分层燃烧的高精度数值模型。本文利用直接数值模拟数据库,对高Karlovitz数分层射流火焰的小火焰模型表现进行了先验性评估。考虑了两种小火焰模型,一种是基于自由传播层流预混火焰的小火焰模型M1,另一种是基于分层对冲小火焰的小火焰模型M2。研究发现M1和M2在c-Z空间的结果与直接数值模拟在定性上是一致的。在物理空间,M2对过程变量反应速率脉动值的预测结果要优于M1.     

H_2/N_2湍射流抬升火焰的直接数值模拟

使用上海超算中心的并行计算机模拟了一个实验参数下的湍流射流抬升火焰。该实验的喷口直径为4.57 mm,实验雷诺数达到了23600。为了完成这个高雷诺数射流燃烧的直接数值模拟,共采用了1024个CPU,共计2.85亿网格。主要介绍了采用的直接数值模拟方法,实验的具体参数以及选取该实验作为模拟对象的原因。最后用直接数值模拟的结果具体分析该实验的着火机理。     

球环位形磁流体平衡的数值模拟

对原有的托卡马克平衡编码SWEQU进行了改进。使之适用于小环径比球形环装置的磁流体研究。用改进后的平衡编码SWEQU模拟了放电初始阶段等离子体平衡位形的演化及稳态阶段的双零偏滤器平衡位形。结果表明。不但町以得到球形环装置稳态阶段的平衡位形，也可以模拟等离子体电流上升阶段平衡位形的演化过程。     

Direct numerical simulations of autoignition in turbulent two-phase flows

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) were carried out to investigate the impact of evaporation of droplets on the autoignition process under decaying turbulence. The droplets were taken as point sources and were tracked in a Lagrangian manner. Three cases with the same initial equivalence ratio but different initial droplet size were simulated and the focus was to examine the influence of the droplet evaporation process on the location of autoignition. It was found that an increase in the initial droplet size results in an increase in the autoignition time, that highest reaction rates always occur at a specific mixture fraction ξ_MR, as in purely gaseous flows, and that changes in the initial droplet size did not affect the value of ξ_MR. The conditional correlation coefficient between scalar dissipation rate and reaction rates was only mildly negative, contrary to the strongly negative values for purely gaseous autoigniting flows, possibly due to the continuous generation of mixture fraction by the droplet evaporation process that randomizes both the mixture fraction and the scalar dissipation fields.     

带引流条导电矩形管磁流体湍流大涡数值模拟

为研究引流条对磁流体湍流的影响，采用自主开发的低磁雷诺数流固耦合磁流体相干结构模型大涡模拟求解器，对均匀磁场作用下平行层内带引流条导电矩形管和标准导电矩形管中液态金属湍流进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明，外加垂直流动方向的均匀磁场与流动的导电流体相互作用产生与流动方向相反的洛伦兹力，能够抑制磁流体的湍流脉动，这种抑制作用随着哈特曼数增大而增强。在弱导电率条件下，当Re=16350、Ha=212 时，两种管道中的流动均转换为层流流动状态。管道内壁面摩擦系数随着哈特曼数的增大而增大。引流条能在其近壁局部区域增强横向速度，有效激发湍流，但在弱壁面导电率条件下，带引流条导电矩形管壁面摩擦系数较标准矩形管大。     

Complex chemistry simulations of spark ignition in turbulent sprays

Three-dimensional DNS of two-phase flows with the point-source approximation and with complex chemistry for n-heptane has been used to extract physical information on the structure of igniting kernels following localised heat deposition in turbulent monodisperse sprays. Consistent with experiment, small sparks fail to ignite and sprays ignite later than premixed gaseous mixtures. Reaction rates are intense in spherical zones near droplets and much lower in the interdroplet spacing, resulting in a highly wrinkled flame surface. The propagation of these reaction zones was observed. The flame shows a locally non-premixed character, with reactions proceeding at a wide range of mixture fractions, which increases as evaporation progresses. The distribution of various chemical species is presented. The results constitute a database for model validation and physical analysis.     

Modelling of turbulent scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames based on DNS databases

A transport equation for scalar flux in turbulent premixed flames was modelled on the basis of DNS databases. Fully developed turbulent premixed flames were obtained for three different density ratios of flames with a single-step irreversible reaction, while the turbulent intensity was comparable to the laminar burning velocity. These DNS databases showed that the countergradient diffusion was dominant in the flame region. Analyses of the Favre-averaged transport equation for turbulent scalar flux proved that the pressure related terms and the velocity–reaction rate correlation term played important roles on the countergradient diffusion, while the mean velocity gradient term, the mean progress variable gradient term and dissipation terms suppressed it. Based on these analyses, modelling of the combustion-related terms was discussed. The mean pressure gradient term and the fluctuating pressure term were modelled by scaling, and these models were in good agreement with DNS databases. The dissipation terms and the velocity–reaction rate correlation term were also modelled, and these models mimicked DNS well.     

Entropic lattice Boltzmann method for turbulent flow simulations: Boundary conditions

We introduce a new concept of boundary conditions for realization of the lattice Boltzmann simulations of turbulent flows. The key innovation is the use of a universal distribution function for particles, analogous to the Tamm–Mott-Smith solution for the shock wave in the classical Boltzmann kinetic equation. Turbulent channel flow simulations demonstrate that the new boundary enables accurate results even with severely under-resolved grids. Generalization to complex boundary is illustrated with an example of turbulent flow past a circular cylinder.     

Effects of temperature and equivalence ratio on the ignition of n-heptane fuel spray in turbulent flow

Direct numerical simulations were performed to study the autoignition process of n-heptane fuel spray in a turbulent field. For the solution of the carrier gas fluid, the Eulerian method is employed, while for the fuel droplets, the Lagrangian method is used. Droplets are initialized at random locations in a two-dimensional isotropic turbulent field. A chemistry mechanism for n-heptane with 44 species and 112 reactions was adopted to describe the chemical reactions. Three cases with the same initial global equivalence ratio (0.5) and different initial gas phase temperatures (1100, 1200, and 1300 K) were simulated. In addition, two cases with initial global equivalence ratios of 1.0 and 1.5 and initial temperature 1300 K were simulated to examine the effect of equivalence ratio. Evolution of temperature, species mass fraction, reaction rate, and the joint PDF of temperature and equivalence ratio are presented. Effects of the initial gas temperature and equivalence ratio on vaporization and ignition are discussed. A correlation was derived relating ignition delay times to temperature and equivalence ratio. It was confirmed that with the increase of initial temperature, the autoignition occurs earlier. With the increase of the initial equivalence ratio, however, autoignition occurs later due to a larger decrease in gas phase temperature caused by fuel droplet evaporation. The results obtained in this study are expected to be constructive in understanding fuel spray combustion, such as that in homogeneous charge compression ignition systems.     

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent flame expansion in fine sprays

Direct Numerical Simulations of expanding flame kernels following localized ignition in decaying turbulence with the fuel in the form of a fine mist have been performed to identify the effects of the spray parameters on the possibility of self-sustained combustion. Simulations show that the flame kernel may quench due to fuel starvation in the gaseous phase if the droplets are large or if their number is insufficient to result in significant heat release to allow for self-sustained flame propagation for the given turbulent environment. The reaction proceeds in a large range of equivalence ratios due to the random location of the droplets relative to the igniter location that causes a wide range of mixture fractions to develop through pre-evaporation in the unreacted gas and through evaporation in the preheat zone of the propagating flame. The resulting flame exhibits both premixed and non-premixed characteristics.