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通过红外可见内窥镜诊断系统对EAST等离子体芯部逃逸电子的同步辐射功率谱进行了分析,得出低能段逃逸电子同步辐射主要在红外波段,随着逃逸电子能量的增加,同步辐射向短波方向移动进入可见光波段。在欧姆放电条件下,对逃逸电子同步辐射所产生的的红外可见光进行了成像分析,同时研究了EAST等离子体在低杂波和中性束注入加热条件下的逃逸电子行为。实验结果显示,低杂波和 NBI 的投入总体抑制电子的逃逸,但低杂波投入初期产生的快电子对逃逸电子的产生具有促进作用。     

托卡马克等离子体电子逃逸阈值实验研究

本文采用统计方法分析了HL-2A托卡马克装置上欧姆放电条件下的实验数据,根据硬X射线出现时刻的等离子体环电压、中心线平均等离子体电子密度等参数,计算出电子逃逸的实验阈值,并与初级产生机制下逃逸电子的理论阈值进行对比.实验数据表明逃逸电场阈值明显高于相对论碰撞理论预测,抑制电子逃逸现象的临界电子密度明显比理论预测的低.这与ITPA(International Tokamak Physics Activity)在D3D,TEXTOR,FTU,KSTAR等装置得出的实验结果吻合.针对逃逸现象出现时刻硬X射线增长率的实验研究发现初级产生机制下逃逸电子的增长率与电场强度大小成正比,与中心线平均等离子体电子密度成反比,此现象验证了通过减小环电压或提高等离子体密度的方法可以抑制电子逃逸现象.     

托卡马克等离子体电子逃逸阈值实验研究

本文采用统计方法分析了HL-2A托卡马克装置上欧姆放电条件下的实验数据,根据硬X射线出现时刻的等离子体环电压、 中心线平均等离子体电子密度等参数, 计算出电子逃逸的实验阈值, 并与初级产生机制下逃逸电子的理论阈值进行对比. 实验数据表明逃逸电场阈值明显高于相对论碰撞理论预测, 抑制电子逃逸现象的临界电子密度明显比理论预测的低. 这与ITPA（International Tokamak Physics Activity）在D3D, TEXTOR, FTU, KSTAR等装置得出的实验结果吻合. 针对逃逸现象出现时刻硬X射线增长率的实验研究发现初级产生机制下逃逸电子的增长率与电场强度大小成正比, 与中心线平均等离子体电子密度成反比, 此现象验证了通过减小环电压或提高等离子体密度的方法可以抑制电子逃逸现象.     

提升等离子体初始密度抑制逃逸电子的实验研究

利用硬X射线诊断监测逃逸电子,研究了HT-7装置放电初始阶段不同等离子体初始密度对逃逸电子产生过程的影响。实验结果表明,提高等离子体初始密度能有效地抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

HT-7托卡马克等离子体密度调制实验中的逃逸电子行为

在HT-7托卡马克的等离子体密度调制实验中,通过对欧姆和低杂波电流驱动两种放电条件下等离子体逃逸电子辐射行为的研究,验证了非准稳态等离子体中逃逸电子的产生机制,研究了欧姆和低杂波电流驱动两种放电条件下的大量充气对等离子体整体约束性能的影响。研究结果发现：放电过程中额外的大量工作气体的充入使等离子体偏离了准稳态,逃逸电子初级产生机制和次级产生机制准稳态的假设条件被打破,这时候需要利用非准稳态条件下修正后的逃逸电子归一化阈值速度来解释逃逸电子的辐射行为; 同时也发现放电过程中额外的大量工作气体的充入将使等离子体的整体约束性能变差。     

托卡马克等离子体电流爬升阶段逃逸电子行为

分析了电流爬升阶段等离子体密度和电流爬升率对逃逸电子行为的影响,研究了低杂波辅助电流驱动条件下的逃逸电子辐射行为。结果发现：电流爬升阶段等离子体密度的大小严重影响了电流爬升阶段甚至电流平顶阶段逃逸电子的行为,较低的等离子体密度将会导致放电过程中比较强的逃逸电子辐射;低能逃逸电子辐射随着电流爬升率的增大而增强;低杂波辅助电流爬升可以有效地节约装置的伏秒数;降低放电过程中的环电压,可有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

托卡马克等离子体电流爬升阶段逃逸电子行为

 分析了电流爬升阶段等离子体密度和电流爬升率对逃逸电子行为的影响,研究了低杂波辅助电流驱动条件下的逃逸电子辐射行为。结果发现：电流爬升阶段等离子体密度的大小严重影响了电流爬升阶段甚至电流平顶阶段逃逸电子的行为,较低的等离子体密度将会导致放电过程中比较强的逃逸电子辐射;低能逃逸电子辐射随着电流爬升率的增大而增强;低杂波辅助电流爬升可以有效地节约装置的伏秒数;降低放电过程中的环电压,可有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

托卡马克等离子体电流爬升阶段逃逸电子行为

分析了电流爬升阶段等离子体密度和电流爬升率对逃逸电子行为的影响,研究了低杂波辅助电流驱动条件下的逃逸电子辐射行为。结果发现:电流爬升阶段等离子体密度的大小严重影响了电流爬升阶段甚至电流平顶阶段逃逸电子的行为,较低的等离子体密度将会导致放电过程中比较强的逃逸电子辐射;低能逃逸电子辐射随着电流爬升率的增大而增强;低杂波辅助电流爬升可以有效地节约装置的伏秒数;降低放电过程中的环电压,可有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

HL-1M装置逃逸电子的定标律

在欧姆加热与辅助加热的托卡马克等离子体装置中，逃逸电子的约束时间τr与传统新经典模式理论的预计值有所不同。本文使用了1维数值模型，包括逃逸电子的产生、加速和衰减效应，来推断逃逸能量εr与逃逸约束时间的关系。模拟结果给出逃逸能量εr对放电参数的定标律。     

等离子体中充入工作气体抑制电子逃逸行为分析

利用NaI闪烁体探测器组成的伽马射线探测系统和BF3 正比计数管、3He正比计数管和ZnS闪烁体探测器组成的中子探测系统,研究了欧姆放电平稳阶段充入工作气体后对逃逸电子产生过程的影响。实验结果表明：在欧姆放电平稳阶段充入工作气体严重影响了逃逸电子行为,充入的工作气体能有效抑制逃逸电子的产生。     

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利用硬X射线探测系统监测HT-7托卡马克装置中逃逸电子轰击到装置第一壁材料时所产生的高能硬X射线,研究了在放电平顶阶段提高等离子体密度对逃逸电子行为的影响。实验结果表明,通过提高放电平顶阶段等离子体密度,HXR强度迅速降到很低的水平,这意味着能有效减少这个阶段形成的逃逸电子的数目及能量。     

A confident source of hard X‐rays: radiation from a tokamak applicable for runaway electrons diagnosis

In a tokamak with a toroidal electric field, electrons that exceed the critical velocity are freely accelerated and can reach very high energies. These so‐called `runaway electrons' can cause severe damage to the vacuum vessel and are a dangerous source of hard X‐rays. Here the effect of toroidal electric and magnetic field changes on the characteristics of runaway electrons is reported. A possible technique for runaways diagnosis is the detection of hard X‐ray radiation; for this purpose, a scintillator (NaI) was used. Because of the high loop voltage at the beginning of a plasma, this investigation was carried out on toroidal electric field changes in the first 5 ms interval from the beginning of the plasma. In addition, the toroidal magnetic field was monitored for the whole discharge time. The results indicate that with increasing toroidal electric field the mean energy of runaway electrons rises, and also an increase in the toroidal magnetic field can result in a decrease in intensity of magnetohydrodynamic oscillations which means that for both conditions more of these high‐energy electrons will be generated.     

Experimental observation of interaction of runaway electrons with lower hybrid waves in slide-away regime in the HT-7 tokamak

The characters of slide-away regime in the HT-7 tokamak have been investigated, and evidences that lower hybrid waves (LHW) are excited in slide-away regime are presented based on local fast electron bremsstrahlung (FEB) emission profile and FEB emission spectrum. The interaction of high energy runaway electrons with those excited LHW via anomalous Doppler resonance is analyzed and the resonance energy is derived with which the behavior of those relevant signals in the experiment can be explained very well. It is shown that this interaction can provide an effective way to reduce the damage to the machine caused by runaway electrons.     

HL-1M装置逃逸电子的定标律

使用一维数值模型, 推断了逃逸能量ε_r与逃逸约束时间τ_r的关系。模拟结果给出能量ε_r 和放电参数的定标律。在HL- 1M 装置中不同实验条件下测量了硬X 射线谱, 研究了逃逸电子能量 ε_r模拟的定标律, 并推导出HL- 1M 装置放电的逃逸电子的约束时间与逃逸电子扩散系数。     

Investigation of fast of runaway electrons pitch angle scattering in the EAST tokamak

This paper reports that an experimental investigation of fast pitch angle scattering （FPAS） of runaway electrons in the EAST tokamak has been performed. From the newly developed infrared detector （HgCdTe） diagnostic system, the infrared synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons can be obtained as a function of time. The FPAS is analysed by means of the infrared detector diagnostic system and the other correlative diagnostic systems （including electron-cyclotron emission, hard x-ray, neutrons）. It is found that the intensity of infrared synchrotron radiation and the electron-cyclotron emission signal increase rapidly at the time of FPAS because of the fast increase of pitch angle and the perpendicular velocity of the energetic runaway electrons. The Parail and Pogutse instability is a possible mechanism for the FPAS.     

Investigation of fast pitch angle scattering of runaway electrons in the EAST tokamak

This paper reports that an experimental investigation of fast pitch angle scattering(FPAS) of runaway electrons in the EAST tokamak has been performed.From the newly developed infrared detector(HgCdTe) diagnostic system,the infrared synchrotron radiation emitted by relativistic electrons can be obtained as a function of time.The FPAS is analysed by means of the infrared detector diagnostic system and the other correlative diagnostic systems(including electron-cyclotron emission,hard x-ray,neutrons).It is found that the intensity of infrared synchrotron radiation and the electron-cyclotron emission signal increase rapidly at the time of FPAS because of the fast increase of pitch angle and the perpendicular velocity of the energetic runaway electrons.The Parail and Pogutse instability is a possible mechanism for the FPAS.     

Observation of trapped and passing runaway electrons by infrared camera in the EAST tokamak

In EAST, synchrotron radiation is emitted by runaway electrons in the infrared band, which can be observed by infrared cameras. This synchrotron radiation is mainly emitted by passing runaway electrons with tens of Me V energy. A common feature of radiation dominated by passing runaway electrons is that it is strongest on the high field side. However,the deeply trapped runaway electrons cannot reach the high field side in principle. Therefore, in this case, the high field side radiation is expected to be weak. This paper reports for the first time that the synchrotron radiation from trapped runaway electrons dominates that from passing runaway electrons and is identifiable in an image. Although the synchrotron radiation dominated by trapped runaway electrons can be observed in experiment, the proportion of trapped runaway electrons is very low.     

Synchrotron radiation intensity and energy of runaway electrons in EAST tokamak

A detailed analysis of the synchrotron radiation intensity and energy of runaway electrons is presented for the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST). In order to make the energy of the calculated runaway electrons more accurate, we take the Shafranov shift into account. The results of the analysis show that the synchrotron radiation intensity and energy of runaway electrons did not reach the maximum at the same time. The energy of the runaway electrons reached the maximum first, and then the synchrotron radiation intensity of the runaway electrons reached the maximum.We also analyze the runaway electrons density, and find that the density of runaway electrons continuously increased. For this reason, although the energy of the runaway electrons dropped but the synchrotron radiation intensity of the runaway electrons would continue rising for a while.     

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介绍了EAST超导托卡马克偏滤器的结构和相关分析,并对第一壁材料的导热性能和结构的换热效果进行了实验测试,验证了结构的可靠性。