Effect of Spray Dryer Scale Size on the Properties of Dried Beetroot Juice

Experiments detailing the spray drying of fruit and vegetable juices are necessary at the experimental scale in order to determine the optimum drying conditions and to select the most appropriate carriers and solution formulations for drying on the industrial scale. In this study, the spray-drying process of beetroot juice concentrate on a maltodextrin carrier was analyzed at different dryer scales: mini-laboratory (ML), semi-technical (ST), small industrial (SI), and large industrial (LI). Selected physicochemical properties of the beetroot powders that were obtained (size and microstructure of the powder particles, loose and tapped bulk density, powder flowability, moisture, water activity, violet betalain, and polyphenol content) and their drying efficiencies were determined. Spray drying with the same process parameters but at a larger scale makes it possible to obtain beetroot powders with a larger particle size, better flowability, a color that is more shifted towards red and blue, and a higher retention of violet betalain pigments and polyphenols. As the size of the spray dryer increases, the efficiency of the process expressed in powder yield also increases. To obtain a drying efficiency >90% on an industrial scale, process conditions should be selected to obtain an efficiency of a min. of 50% at the laboratory scale or 80% at the semi-technical scale. Designing the industrial process for spray dryers with a centrifugal atomization system is definitely more effective at the semi-technical scale with the same atomization system than it is at laboratory scale with a two-fluid nozzle.     

Influence of Fermentation Beetroot Juice Process on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Spray Dried Powder

Picking vegetables is, along with salting and drying, one of the oldest ways to preserve food in the world. This is the process of decomposition of simple sugars into lactic acid with the participation of lactic bacteria. The aim of the study was to obtain powders from fermented red beet juice with the highest possible amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and active ingredients. For the analysis, juices were squeezed from the vegetables and two types of fermentation were used: a spontaneous fermentation and a dedicated one. After inoculation, samples were taken for analysis on a daily basis. Extract, pH, total acidity, pigments, and color were measured. In addition, microbiological tests were also carried out. The juices from the fifth day of fermentation was also spray dried, to obtain fermented beetroot powder. Juices from 3–5th day were characterized by a high content of LAB and betanin, had also a low pH, which proves that the lactic fermentation is working properly. The exception was the juice from spontaneous fermentation. According to the observations, the fermentation process did not run properly, and further analysis is needed. The powders were stable; however, results obtained from the pigment content and the LAB content are not satisfactory and require further analysis.     

Extraction and Stabilization of Betalains from Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) Wastes Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) using magnesium chloride hexahydrate [MgCl₂·6H₂O] and urea [U] proportions (1:1) and (2:1), were prepared for their use as extracting and stabilizer agents for red and violet betalains from beetroot (Beta vulgaris) waste. The synthetized DES [MgCl₂·6H₂O] [U] showed similar properties to eutectic mixtures, such as, liquid phase, low melting points and conductivity, thermal stability, and variable viscosity. In turn, betalain DES extracts (2:1) exhibited compatibility in the extraction and recovery of betalains from beetroot wastes, showing a betalain content comparable to that of betalain extracts. Betalain stability was determined by degradation tests; the exposure conditions were visible light (12 h), molecular oxygen from atmospheric air and environmental temperature (20–27 °C) for 40 days. The kinetic curves of the betalain degradation of water samples depicted a first-order model, indicating the alteration of a violet colouration of betalains from beetroot waste for 5–7 days. However, betalains from DES extracts were kept under visible light for 150 days, and for 340 days in storage (amber vessels), achieving a stability of 75% in comparison with initial beet extracts.     

Bioaccessibility of Betalains in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Juice under Different High-Pressure Techniques

The influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCD) on the bioaccessibility of betalains in beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) juice was investigated. Freshly squeezed juice (FJ) was treated at a mild temperature of 45 °C for 10 min (T45), pasteurization at 85 °C for 10 min (T85), HHP at 200, 400, and 500 MPa at 20 °C for 5 min (HHP200, HHP400, HHP500) and SCCD at 10, 30 and 60 MPa at 45 °C for 10 min (SCCD10, SCCD30, SCCD60). The juice was subjected to an in vitro digestion system equipped with dialysis. The content of betalains was measured with the aid of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the antioxidant capacity (AC) (ABTS•+, DPPH•) was analyzed during each digestion step, and the bioaccessibility of betacyanins and betaxanthins was assessed. The SCCD at 30 and 60 MPa significantly increased pigments’ bioaccessibility compared with other samples. The 30 MPa proved particularly advantageous, as it increased the bioaccessibility of the total betacyanins and the betaxanthins by 58% and 64%, respectively, compared to the T85 samples. Additionally, higher bioaccessibility of betacyanins was noted in HHP200 and HHP400, by 35% and 32%, respectively, compared to FJ, T45, and T85 samples. AC measured by ABTS•+ and DPPH• assays were not unequivocal. However, both assays showed significantly higher AC in SCCD60 compared to T85 (21% and 31%, respectively). This research contributed to the extended use of the HHP and/or SCCD to design food with higher health-promoting potentials.     

Effect of an Antioxidant Based on Red Beetroot Extract on the Abiotic Stability of Polylactide and Polycaprolactone

This study investigated the effect of natural antioxidants inherent to beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. Vulgaris) on the ageing of environmentally friendly plastics. Certain properties were examined in this context, comprising thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. A visual evaluation of relevant changes in the given polymers (polylactide and polycaprolactone) was conducted during an ageing test in a UV chamber (45 °C, 70% humidity) for 720 h. The films were prepared by a casting process, in which samples with the extract of beetroot were additionally incorporated in a common filler (bentonite), this serving as a carrier for the extract. The results showed the effect of the incorporated antioxidant, which was added to stabilize the biodegradable films. Its efficiency during the ageing test in the polymers tended to exceed or be comparable to that of the reference sample.     

A Preliminary Color Study of Different Basil-Based Semi-Finished Products during Their Storage

Basil-based semi-finished products, which are mainly used as an intermediate to produce the typical pesto sauce, are prepared and exported all over the world. Color is a fundamental organoleptic requirement for the acceptability of these semi-finished products by the manufacturers of the pesto sauce. Some alternative formulations, which adjust the typical industrial recipe by both changing the preservative agent (ascorbic acid, citric acid, or a mixture of both) and introducing a preliminary thermic treatment (blast chilling), were evaluated. In this work, a fast and non-destructive spectrophotometric analysis, to monitor the color variations in these food products during their shelf-life, was proposed. The raw diffuse reflectance spectra (380–900 nm) obtained by a UV–visible spectrophotometer, endowed with an integrating sphere, together with the CIELab parameters (L*, a*, b*) automatically obtained from these, were considered, and elaborated using multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis). From this preliminary study, blast chilling, together with the use of ascorbic acid, proved to be the best solution to better preserve the color of these products during their shelf-life.     

对钠燃烧产物颜色的研究

从钠燃烧产物的颜色入手,结合理论和实验,对产物中存在的少量黑色物质、燃烧后产物的颜色变化以及最终产物的成分这3个问题进行讨论,从而得出了钠燃烧的产物主要是白色的过氧化钠和黄色的超氧化钠杂质这一结论.     

乳腺癌术前灰阶超声与彩色多普勒超声联合应用对预后的预测价值

目的探究乳腺癌术前灰阶超声与彩色多普勒超声联合应用对预后的预测价值。方法选取温州医科大学附属第一医院2013年5月—2015年5月期间收治的乳腺癌患者83例,治疗前均行灰阶超声与彩色多普勒超声检查,分析患者超声检查结果、临床征象与术后随访2年期间患者预后的关系,从而分析术前灰阶超声与彩色多普勒超声联合应用对乳腺癌患者预后的预测价值。结果乳腺癌肿块边界清晰、边界不清晰、边界恶性晕的患者2年无瘤生存率依次降低,边界恶性晕与边界不清晰患者死亡率均显著高于边界清晰患者(P0.05);肿瘤≥2 cm患者2年无瘤生存率显著低于2 cm患者;淋巴结转移患者2年无瘤生存率显著低于无转移患者(P0.05);血流分级Ⅱ级患者2年无瘤生存率明显低于0级(P0.05),Ⅲ级患者2年无瘤生存率显著低于0级和Ⅰ级(P0.05)。结论乳腺癌患者术前联合应用灰阶超声与彩色多普勒超声检查可确定肿瘤边界、大小及淋巴转移等征象,其与患者无瘤生存率、死亡率等预后指标密切相关,可作为预测乳腺癌患者预后的重要方法。     

水性颜料体系无树脂色浆的制备与应用

中性墨水属于热力学上不稳定的颜料悬浮体系,选择低黏度、高稳定性的色浆是保证墨水体系分散稳定性的重要手段之一.基于此,以颜料炭黑和酞菁蓝为着色剂,配合超分散剂(EK43)与协同增效剂(BM10),制备了两款适用于中性墨水体系的无树脂色浆.首次从色浆粒径与体系分散稳定性角度出发,确定了EK43、BM10用量以及最佳研磨时间...     

彩色多普勒超声结合弹性成像技术在鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤中的应用价值

本文对彩色多普勒超声(CDUs)结合弹性成像技术(UE)在鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤中的应用价值进行了分析。选取2018年1月~2019年2月本院乳腺肿瘤患者103例为研究对象,所有患者均给予CDUs、UE检查,以病理检查为对照,分析CDUs、UE及二者结合对乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别价值。病理检查显示,103例乳腺肿瘤患者中,恶性48例(46.60%)、良性55例(53.40%);乳腺肿瘤恶性者CDUs、UE得分明显高于良性者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、准确度中,CDUs为79.17%、72.73%、75.73%,UE为75.00%、65.45%、69.90%,CDUs与UE结合为95.83%、90.91%、93.20%,CDUs结合UE明显高于CDUs、UE,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本文证实CDUs、UE对乳腺良恶性肿瘤具有良好的鉴别价值,且CDUs结合UE的鉴别价值更高。     

Change Color Effect and Spectral Properties of Gold Nanoparticle-cationic Surfactants System

The change color effect of gold nanoparticle solutions was studied by means of resonance scattering and absorption spectrometry and scan electron microscopy. The red Au nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm exhibit a resonance absorption peak and a resonance scattering peak all at 525 nm. After some inorganic electrolyte was added to a red Au nanoparticles solution, the color of the solution became blue and the absorbance at 600-700 nm was significantly increased. The ratio of the concentration of rnonovalent cations, at which the resonance scattering of the system at 525 nm is maximal to that of divalent cations, is in the range of 100 : 1--100 ; 1. 8. It is in good agreement with the Schulze-Hardy rule of the coagulation value of electrolyte. After adding some cationic surfactants to the above solution, the color of the solution is in deep blue, with two resonance absorption peaks at 550 and 680 nm, and a greatly enhanced resonance scattering peak at 525 nm. The experiments demonstrate that the stronger the hydrophobicity of the cationic surfactant is, the stronger the change color effect of the Au nanoparticle solution promoted by cationic surfactant is. The change color effect of Au nanoparticle solution is resulted from the increased diameter of Au nanoparticles, and the changes of resonance absorotion DeaR and resonance scattering.     

The Effect of the Addition of Fiber Preparations on the Color of Medium-Grounded Pasteurized and Sterilized Model Canned Meat Products

A beneficial aspect of the use of fiber preparations in the meat industry is the improvement of some quality characteristics of meat products. However, the preparation added in the amount of 3 or 6% may affect their color. The effect of the addition of barley, wheat and oat fiber preparations with different fiber lengths, in quantities allowing the product to be indicated as “high in fiber” or “source of fiber”, to pasteurized or sterilized medium-grounded canned meat products on their color, was determined. In the obtained canned meat products, the basic chemical composition and the L*, a* and b*, C* (Chroma) and h* (hue angle) color components were determined. The addition of the barley fiber preparation BG 300 to the model canned meat products caused a significant (p ≤ 0.05) darkening and an increase in the proportion of yellow color. In an industrial practice, this may result in poorer consumer acceptance of the meat product. Fiber length of wheat and barley fiber had no effect on the color components of products. The 6% addition of the wheat fiber preparations WF 200R and WF 600R or the oat fiber preparations HF 200 and HF 600 caused an apparent lightening of their color (ΔE > 2) compared to the control products.     

共轭高分子材料荧光颜色的调节机理及方法

近年来,共轭高分子作为荧光材料的研究受到越来越多的关注.共轭高分子相对于小分子发光材料在材料加工和发光性能上均具有极大的优势,从而在生物成像、传感、编码和光电材料等方面均有良好的应用前景,而其发光颜色的调节在某些应用中是极为重要的.本文首先对共轭高分子荧光颜色调节的两大类机理进行了阐述:直接调节共轭聚合物发光体系的能隙以改变发光颜色,或者将具有不同荧光颜色的材料发出的光叠加获得新的表观颜色.我们还对具体的调节手段进行了初步分类,包括物理共混法、共聚法、改变聚合物主链或侧基结构,以及改变共轭高分子聚集态等方法;在列举具体调节手段同时还引入了共轭高分子体系的实例说明,并对其中调节荧光颜色的可能机理进行了探讨.     

中草药样品不同预处理方法对微量元素测定结果的影响

探讨了采用不同的预处理方法对中草药中微量元素含量测定结果的影响。结果表明，湿式消化法优于干式灰化法，所测中草药中锌、铜、锰、铁、铅和镉的数值较高，这可能与湿式消化法处理样品时，元素被挥发、损耗和吸附较少有关。     

经阴道多普勒彩色超声联合血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素对子宫瘢痕妊娠的诊断价值分析

本研究拟探讨经阴道多普勒彩色超声联合血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)对子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的诊断价值。选取2018年4月~2019年4月于我院妇产科就诊的疑似子宫瘢痕妊娠患者56例作为研究对象,同时行阴道多普勒彩色超声和血清β-HCG水平检查,经手术和(或)病理组织学检查确诊。结果显示,CSP患者经阴道多普勒彩色超声特征征象包括子宫前壁下段肌层可见孕囊、孕囊与膀胱之间的子宫肌层变薄、孕囊周边高速低阻信号。CSP患者48 h血清β-HCG增加幅度低于非CSP患者(t=7.425,P=0.000)。48 h血清β-HCG增加幅度的ROC曲线下面积为0.919,最优界值为64.22%,此时诊断的敏感度为80.00%,特异性为88.90%。与手术和(或)病理检查相比,单一诊断和联合诊断的一致性均较好,且对CSP的诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两种检查手段可以互为参考,降低误诊率与漏诊率。     

Folate Content and Yolk Color of Hen Eggs from Different Farming Systems

This study aimed to compare folate contents in hen eggs from four different farming systems, namely organic, free range, barn, and cage one. Folate retention during egg boiling was studied as well. The contents of individual folate vitamers were determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC), following trienzyme treatment. Folate content in eggs differed significantly (p < 0.05) due to the rearing system, with the highest mean content determined in the eggs from organic farming (113.8 µg/100 g). According to this study, one egg (60 g) may provide 40–86 µg of folates, which corresponds to 10–22% of the recommended daily intake for adults, 400 µg according to the Nutrition Standards for the Polish Population. The predominant folate form found in egg was 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which showed considerably greater stability under boiling compared to 10-formylfolic acid present in a lower amount. In most eggs tested, the losses in total folate content did not exceed 15%. The color of yolk of the most folate-abundant organic eggs, had the highest value of lightness (L*) and the lowest value of redness (a*). This, however, does not correspond to consumer preferences of intense golden yolk color.     

高频超声联合彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺良/恶性结节的诊断价值

本文探讨了高频超声联合彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺结节良/恶性的诊断价值.选择疑似甲状腺结节患者82例作为研究对象,本研究比较了高频超声和彩色多普勒超声与术后病理结果的差异;绘制了ROC曲线,分析了高频超声联合彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺结节良/恶性的诊断效能.结果发现,病理学检查与高频超声联合彩色多普勒超声检查相比较,差异不具有...     

高场强磁共振和彩色多普勒超声对梨状肌综合征的诊断价值比较

本研究主要探讨高场强MRI和彩色多普勒超声参数对梨状肌综合征的诊断价值。选取2017年6月~2019年6月本院收治且已临床确诊的31例梨状肌综合征患者作为观察组,选取同期于本院体检的健康人群31例作为对照组,高场强MRI检测坐骨神经信号强度及肌肉信号强度,彩色多普勒超声检测梨状肌厚度和坐骨神经厚度。结果显示,观察组患侧梨状肌厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),患侧序列T2WI的神经信号强度/肌肉信号强度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),梨状肌厚度、神经信号强度/肌肉信号强度诊断梨状肌综合征的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.836、0.869,二者联合诊断梨状肌综合征的AUC为0.945。高场强MRI和彩色多普勒超声均有一定的诊断价值,且彩色多普勒超声对梨状肌综合征患者检出率更高,两者联合可进一步提高梨状综合征的诊断价值。     

植物性食品中有机氯农药残留量检测的前处理方法研究

以丙酮-石油醚为萃取溶剂,采用超声波提取法、涡旋振荡提取法和索氏提取法测定了不同中药材、茶叶和菜干等植物性食品中的六六六、滴滴涕8种异构体有机氯农药残留量,对样品颗粒大小、浸泡时间、回流时间等因素进行了研究.3种前处理技术均有较好的回收率,样品颗粒大小、浸泡时间等对提取效率的影响不明显,检测结果无明显差异.相比较涡旋振荡提取法是一种成本低、耗时短、操作简便的前处理技术.     

氢气燃烧火焰颜色影响因素的研究及演示方案再设计

基于对氢气燃烧火焰颜色的不同解释,从焰色反应、火焰温度、气体流速等3方面影响因素设计方案进行实验研究,得出影响氢气火焰颜色的主要因素是气流速度、火焰温度及药品的焰色反应。巧用球形干燥管既控制气流速度、又控制火焰温度的特点,设计出可以观察到氢气燃烧火焰呈明显蓝色的演示装置。用可现取的仪器药品、可执行的实验方案、可重现的实验现象、可检验的实验结果,验证了教材中关于氢气燃烧火焰颜色的论述,突破了实际操作中氢气燃烧颜色不易观察的局限。