High-performance liquid chromatography of biogenic amines in the corpus cardiacum of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana

The simultaneous determination of biogenic amines in the corpus cardiacum of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with a Neurochem neurochemical analyser. Vanillic acid, dopamine, octopamine and tyramine were detected. Tyrosine and tryptophan were also detected at high levels. Octopamine levels in the corpus cardiacum were increased on injection of an acetone solution. The biological function of the biogenic amines detected is discussed.     

Determination of (-)-bunolol and its metabolite, dihydro-(-)-bunolol, in human aqueous humour by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry.

(-)-Bunolol (LB) was applied to the human eye in a commercially available eye drop formulation. LB and its metabolite, dihydro-(-)-bunolol (DHLB) were identified and quantified in human aqueous humour. The compounds were analysed as their trimethylsilyl-pentafluorobenzamide derivatives using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. In the case of DHLB the corresponding 2H3-labelled isotopomers were used as internal standards and LB was quantified against its methoxime derivative. Calibration curves for LB and DHLB against internal standards were linear with correlation coefficients 0.994 and 0.996, respectively. Replicate analyses of a pooled sample of aqueous humour containing LB and DHLB gave standard errors of the mean of +/- 9.8 and +/- 2.4% for the concentrations of LB and DHLB, respectively. The practical limit of detection of the method was ca. 30 pg for LB and ca. 100 pg for DHLB. The derivatization procedure was also satisfactory for the analysis of a number of other beta-blockers which are used in ophthalmological practice.     

Measurement of equilin and estrone in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A procedure is described for the analysis of the estrogens equilin and estrone in human plasma following oral administration of conjugated estrogen preparations. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the sulfate conjugates, plasma proteins are precipitated with methanol and the estrogens extracted into ethyl acetate. Derivatization with the reagent flophemesylamine converts equilin and estrone into volatile pentafluorophenyldimethylsilyl ethers ideally suited to capillary gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Using a 15 meter dimethyl silicone bonded phase fused silica capillary column separation of the estrone and equilin derivatives is achieved within 9 minutes. Selected ion monitoring of the intense negative molecular ions enables levels of 1 ng.ml^?1 to be measured with coefficients of variation of 9.3 % and 14.2 % for estrone and equilin respectively. Plasma levels of the compounds are reported in two male volunteers up to 24 hours after dosing with 5 milligrams of Premarin?. (? Ayerst Laboratories Inc., New York, USA.).     

Simple and sensitive method for determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particles by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

An extremely simple and sensitive method was developed for determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs; mono-nitro-PAHs and dinitropyrenes) in diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) by gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (GC/NCI/MS/MS). We used two types of column in GC/NCI/MS/MS analysis. A polar column was used for determination of mono-nitro-PAHs, and a non-polar column was used for determination of dinitropyrenes and mono-nitro-PAHs except nitrofluoranthenes. The proposed method requires no clean-up procedure. The limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 pg for all compounds tested. The applicability of the method to DEP samples was validated using diesel particulate standard reference materials (SRMs). Although DEPs contain complex matrices, all compounds could be detected easily in SRM2975 (diesel particulate matter) and SRM1975 (diesel particulate extract) without a clean-up procedure. The RSDs were less than 5% for all compounds examined. The quantitative results for SRMs exhibited good agreement with the available data in the literature. These results indicate that the proposed GC/NCI/MS/MS method is useful for determination of nitro-PAHs in DEP samples.     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法测定聚氯乙烯塑料中的短链氯化石蜡

建立了用于聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料中短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)含量测定的气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法。采用超声萃取法对PVC塑料中的SCCPs进行萃取,萃取时间为1.5 h;然后用浓硫酸法对萃取溶液进行净化处理;最后用气相色谱-质谱法在负化学电离模式、离子源温度为160 ℃、甲烷反应气流速为1.5 mL/min等条件下对样品中的SCCPs进行定性定量分析。该方法不受样品中中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)的干扰,可对样品中的SCCPs进行准确的定量分析。分析的12批次样品均检出SCCPs,含量在0.3×10²~3.5×10⁴mg/kg范围内。依据欧盟对SCCP的限值(1%)要求,4批次样品不符合法规要求,不符合率为33.3%。可见,PVC塑料具有较高的SCCPs污染风险。     

Analysis of estrogens in river water and effluents using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives

A procedure was developed for the analysis of estrogens in environmental water and effluents. Samples were extracted by passing through polymer-impregnated solid-phase extraction discs or C18 cartridges, followed by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorobenzoyl derivatives. The derivatives were stable and gave diagnostic negative molecular ions as the base peak for each of the major estrogens studied. The absolute recovery of estrogens spiked into clean groundwater using the disc procedure was 84-116% at the 10 ng l(-1) level (calculation not based on use of internal standards). Using doubly deuterated estradiol as internal standard added prior to extraction, the % relative standard deviation of estrogen extraction and analysis in spiked groundwater at the 10 ng(-1) level was 2.6-9.8%. Detection limits were 0.2 ng l(-1) or below for the major estrogens, based on a 2.5 litre sample. The most abundant estrogen was estrone, with concentrations over the range 6.4-29 ng l(-1) in effluents, and 0.2 to 17 ng l(-1) in water from the River Thames.     

Detection of phenolalkylamines by capillary column gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Twelve phenolalkylamines normally used in different pharmaceutical products were determined in urine from volunteers given a therapeutical dose of the drug. The urine extracts were first derivatized with perfluoro propionic or butyric anhydride, then detected by capillary gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The method is highly sensitive and specific in the analysis of biological samples.     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法检测胡萝卜中残留的环氟菌胺

建立了胡萝卜中环氟菌胺残留量的气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱(GC-NCI/MS)检测方法。用乙酸乙酯对胡萝卜中的环氟菌胺进行提取,并经固相萃取(SPE)净化后,由GC-NCI/MS在选择离子监测模式(SIM)下测定。该方法的准确度和精密度较高,在0.005,0.01,0.02,0.04 mg/kg 4个加标水平下,环氟菌胺的平均回收率均处于74.9%～96.4%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于9.7%。在10～1000ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,检出限为0.001 mg/kg,定量限为0.005 mg/kg。该方法选择性好,抗干扰能力强,可作为胡萝卜中环氟菌胺残留检测的确证方法。     

Solid-phase extraction versus solid-phase microextraction for the determination of chlorinated paraffins in water using gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) were evaluated for the analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in water samples using gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). For SPE optimisation, four commercially available SPE cartridges were tested and several SPE parameters, such as the elution solvent, elution volume and breakthrough volume were studied. The best results were obtained with Varian Bond Elut-C18. In order to achieve a high selectivity in the determination of SCCPs, GC-NCI-MS was used. Quality parameters of the optimised SPE and SPME procedures were determined, and the best results were obtained for the SPE/GC-NCI-MS method with LODs of 5 and 20 ng l(-1) for tap and river water, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of SCCPs in river water samples at concentrations below the microg l(-1) level.     

Identification and quantitation of N-acetyl metabolites of biogenic amines in the thoracic nervous system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

The N-acetylated metabolites of p-tyramine, p-octopamine and dopamine were identified unambiguously and quantitatively determined in a single ventral thoracic nerve cord of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NICIMS). Deuterium-labelled analogues of each compound were added to a single ventral thoracic nerve cord in acetonitrile: the tissue was homogenised and the suspension centrifuged. The solvent was removed from the supernatant and the resultant residue was derivatised with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Under negative-ion chemical ionisation conditions, the trifluoroacetyl derivatives produced ions which were sufficiently abundant to be suitable for selected-ion monitoring. This method is highly specific and gave a limit of detection below the picogram levels. N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine was determined using a previously published GC-NICIMS technique [S.P. Markey, R.W. Colburn and J.N. Johannessen, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 7 (1981) 301]. The concentrations of N-acetyltyramine, N-acetyloctopamine, N-acetyldopamine and N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine in locust thoracic nerve cords were, respectively, 1.86 +/- 0.71, 1.13 +/- 0.34, 6.77 +/- 8.48 and 0.07 +/- 0.02 ng per tissue.     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱法测定含硫蔬菜中残留的14种农药

建立了含硫蔬菜(大葱、大蒜、蒜薹及韭菜等)中14种农药残留的气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱(GC-NCI/MS)检测方法。样品先采用微波加热处理除去大部分的含硫干扰物,然后用乙腈均质提取,提取液用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)固相萃取小柱净化后用GC-NCI/MS在选择离子监测模式下测定。在50 μg/kg加标水平下回收率为49.2%～113.1%,相对标准偏差为1.42%～8.70%,检出限(以3倍信噪比计)为0.5～10.0 μg/kg。方法的选择性好,抗干扰能力强,能消除复杂基质带来的干扰,适合于含硫蔬菜中农药残留的确证分析。     

Femtogram detection of perfluorocarbon tracers using capillary gas chromatography-electron-capture negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry

An ultrasensitive and selective method has been developed for the detection of a range of perfluorocarbon tracers suitable for long-range atmospheric studies. Following direct injection onto a capillary column the perfluorocarbons are separated and detected using mass spectrometry with electron-capture negative ion chemical ionisation (ECNICI-MS) with methane as reagent gas and selected-ion monitoring. All nine perfluorocarbons tested underwent non-dissociative resonance electron capture to form the molecular anion which was the base peak in all cases. Using this technique, detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio of 2:1) of 3 and 2 fg were obtained for perfluoromethylcyclohexane and perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane respectively. The corresponding detection limits using a conventional electron-capture detector were 8 and 9 fg respectively. In addition to increased sensitivity, the ECNICI-MS technique allows temperature programming for the simultaneous analysis of a range of perfluorocarbons and has superior selectivity being less prone to coeluting interferences. Furthermore the method is potentially one to two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the current gas chromatography-MS methods using 13C2H4 tracers.     

气相色谱-负化学电离源质谱法测定鱼油中16种多氯联苯

建立了气相色谱-负化学电离源质谱(GC-NCI-MS)同时测定鱼油中16种多氯联苯(PCBs)的方法。鱼油样品经正己烷提取和浓硫酸净化,在选择离子监测模式下进行GC-NCI-MS检测。所检测的PCBs在0.01~10 μg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系(r>0.99),定量限(S/N=10)在3~67 pg/g之间。基质加标回收率为62.3%~121.8%,相对标准偏差(n=3)≤12%。相比传统的多种填料固相萃取前处理法,本方法样品处理简单快速,有机溶剂使用量少,具有较好的抗基质干扰能力和较高的灵敏度,适用于鱼油中痕量共平面多氯联苯及常见指示性多氯联苯等的同时检测。     

气相色谱-负化学电离质谱法测定沉积物和鱼肉中毒杀芬的8个同类物及其总含量

建立了气相色谱-负化学电离源质谱测定沉积物和鱼肉中毒杀芬的8个同类物及其总量的分析方法。样品由二氯甲烷在加速溶剂萃取仪上提取,经铜粉(或凝胶渗透色谱)及硅胶和氧化铝复合柱净化,使用DB-XLB柱分离,在选择离子检测模式下同时检测毒杀芬的8个同类物及其总量。多氯联苯(PCB)的氧反应水平由内标PCB204监测,并保持在低于1%。使用平均相对响应因子定量:采用单个离子的峰面积对8个毒杀芬同类物进行定量,采用可检测到的毒杀芬同类物峰面积的和对毒杀芬总量进行定量。单个同类物的校正标准溶液质量浓度范围是0.5 (P62为5)~500 μ g/L,毒杀芬总量的校正标准溶液质量浓度范围是50~500 μ g/L。以最低校正标准溶液的浓度为最低定量浓度。同类物的日间平均回收率是(90.8±17.4)%(n=10),日间测定的相对标准偏差为5.4%~12.8%(n=10),显示了本方法有较高的准确性和精确性。应用该方法分析了沉积物和鱼肉中毒杀芬的含量。     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱联用法测定植物性产品中多组分农药残留量

通过气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱技术建立了同时检测18种农药残留的分析方法. 样品经正己烷和丙酮混合溶剂及正己烷提取后, 用活性炭-中性氧化铝混合小柱净化, 再由气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱分时段选择离子监测技术进行测定. 一次进样就能得到18种农药残留结果;各农药在0.005、 0.01和0.02 mg/kg 3个添加水平的平均回收率在70.2%～115.3%之间, RSD<12%, 检出限为0.01～6 μg/kg, 方法可应用于8种植物性产品中的农残检测.     

Analysis of aldehydes in excipients used in liquid/semi-solid formulations by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Monitoring of low-molecular-weight aldehyde levels in excipients used in liquid/semi-solid based capsule (LFC) dosage forms plays a critical role in the development of these pharmaceutical products. A simple, sensitive and specific method based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) utilizing an Rtx-5MS capillary column was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of C1-C8 aliphatic aldehydes in LFC excipients at sub-microg/g levels. The proposed procedure is based on the derivatization of aldehydes in 10:1 (v/v) acetonitrile:water with O-2,3,4,5,6-(pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA), followed by direct GC analysis of aldehyde-PFBHA-oxime derivatives with negative chemical ionization (NCI) MS detection. The method developed was successfully applied to the analysis of short chain aldehydes in 30 typical LFC excipients. An example case study on the formation and growth of aldehydes in these excipients under accelerated storage conditions is also reported.     

气相色谱-负化学电离源-飞行时间质谱测定烟草中有机氯农药残留

采用QuEChERS前处理方法,建立了气相色谱-负化学电离源-飞行时间质谱(GC-NCI-TOF-MS)检测烟草中10种有机氯农药残留的分析方法。样品采用乙酸乙酯-正己烷(1 : 1, v/v)溶液提取,提取液经N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、无水硫酸镁分散固相萃取净化,用GC-NCI-TOF-MS检测分析。根据有机氯化合物特征离子的精确质量数、同位素离子峰簇、碎片离子丰度比和保留时间对目标物定性鉴定,外标法定量。10种有机氯农药的线性关系良好,相关系数 (r²)均大于0.997;相对标准偏差小于6.5%;检出限为0.04~0.80 μ g/kg;加标回收率为77.2%~93.0%。该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于烟草中有机氯农药残留的定性分析和定量检测。     

Analysis of biogenic amines using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

A new method based on corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS) was developed for the analysis of biogenic amines including spermidine, spermine, putrescine, and cadaverine. The ion mobility spectra of the compounds were obtained with and without n-Nonylamine used as the reagent gas. The high proton affinity of n-Nonylamine prevented ion formation from compounds with a proton affinity lower than that of n-Nonylamine and, therefore, enhanced its selectivity. It was also realized that the ion mobility spectrum of n-Nonylamine varied with its concentration. A sample injection port of a gas chromatograph was modified and used as the sample introduction system into the CD-IMS. The detection limits, dynamic ranges, and analytical parameters of the compounds with and without using the reagent gas were obtained. The detection limits and dynamic ranges of the compounds were about 2 ng and 2 orders of magnitude, respectively. The wide dynamic range of CD-IMS originates from the high current of the corona discharge. The results revealed the high capability of the CD-IMS for the analysis of biogenic amines.