Propagation of surface acoustic waves in a piezoelectric medium with a periodic groove structure

A system of equations is formulated to describe the propagation of surface acoustic waves in a piezoelectric substrate whose surface has a periodic structure formed by transverse grooves. Dependences of the reflection coefficient and the wave velocity on the geometry of the periodic structure (the width and the depth of the grooves) are obtained in a wide range of variation of these parameters for five different orientations in various piezoelectric crystals (quartz, lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, and langasite).     

双折射双频激光器输出光偏振特性的实验研究

报道了双折射双频激光器输出光偏振特性的实验研究，实验发现双折射双频激光器两端输出的线偏振光的偏振方向并不一致，而相互有一定的旋转角度，实验也再次证明了激光器输出的是正交线偏振光，而不是晶体本征模的椭圆化了的偏振光。     

Effect of polymer adsorption on the water structure at the quartz/water interface studied by optical sum frequency generation

The effect of polymers weakly adsorbed on a quartz surface on the structure of the interfacial water molecules was investigated by optical sum frequency (SF) spectroscopy. As polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), and two types of tri-block copolymer of Pluronic L64 and 17R-4 were used. SF intensity spectra of OH stretching mode of water molecules at the interface between a quartz substrate and aqueous solutions of the polymers were measured. The total SF intensity of the interfacial water of the L64 aqueous solution was smaller than those of other solutions. This result indicates that the L64 aqueous solution has smaller number of oriented interfacial water molecules. It is suggested that the rapid motion of hydrophilic parts of the adsorbed L64 disturbs the average orientation of the interfacial water molecules. On the other hand, the SF intensity from the interfacial water molecules of aqueous solutions with high ion strength did not depend on the species of the polymers in the solutions. The latter result suggests that the hydration of ions determines the structure of the interfacial water molecules.     

Identification of adsorbed species at metal surfaces by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a surface analysis method for measuring vibrational spectra of adsorbed species on metal surfaces. This paper summarizes recent work on the study of bonding of simple adsorbates on metal surfaces, and the identification of new chemical intermediates in reactions between two or more species in the adsorbed monolayer. The spectra of atomic oxygen, di-oxygen, water and ammonia adsorbed on platinum, copper and silver are discussed with emphasis on identification of the adsorbed species and their orientations relative to the surface plane. Surface reactions between atomic oxygen and water, methanol and formic acid yield the new surface intermediates hydroxyl (OH), methoxy (CH₃O) and formate (HCOO), respectively, on copper and silver surfaces. Each species was identified by comparison of surface spectra with known infrared spectra and through the use of deuterium isotopic shifts. The ability to identify and distinguish between chemical species at surfaces with high sensitivity will allow direct correlation of low pressure UHV surface experiments with high pressure surface reactions on catalysts and liquid-solid interfaces.     

Water adlayers on aluminum oxide thin films

The effect of saturated water vapor on the performance of quartz cavities covered by magnetronsputtered oxide films is considered. A technique for precisely estimating the influence of small vapor concentrations on the frequency of the quartz cavities is described. Adsorption on the Al₂O₃ surface is characterized with a new model that allows one to list water layers on the surface and correlate the number of adlayers with experimental conditions. The estimated adsorption parameters agree well with available experimental data and results obtained by other authors.     

Specific features of proton NMR relaxation of hydrocarbons and water in the pore space of silicates

The relaxation of the proton magnetization of water and hydrocarbons in a model medium of glass beads and quartz sand is studied by the NMR method. The spectrum of relaxation times of fluids is one-component in the model environment and three-component in quartz sand. The surface relaxivities measured in the model medium are used to determine the pore size distribution in quartz sand. Estimates of the specific surface area of sand based on the relaxation data are consistent with the values measured by the sorption method. The EPR method is used to determine the chemical nature of the active paramagnetic centers responsible for the surface relaxation of the proton magnetization. Differences in the relaxation behavior of aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids are interpreted within the framework of a simple model of surface relaxation.     

Ionic liquids at the air/water interface

We present molecular dynamics experiments of Langmuir monolayers of iodide and chloride salts of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium adsorbed at water/air interfaces, covering a concentration range that spans from a dilute regime up to the experimental surface saturation for both systems. For the chloride case we observed a propensity to form monolayers with nearly equal surface concentration of both cations and anions; whereas for the iodide system, the more marked propensity to surface solvation of the anionic species leads to the appearance of quasi-double-layered structures. At the surface, the imidazolium rings remain in contact with the aqueous substrate, with a wide variety of orientations with respect to the surface normal direction. The global tilt of the hydrophobic tail of the cations was found to be θ_tl ~ 40°and 50°, for the chloride and iodide salts, respectively. Polarization fluctuations of the interface are analyzed in terms of those describing charge distributions of the adsorbed species and the electrical response of the solvent as well. The characteristics of the local densities for the ionic species at the interface provide arguments for the microscopic interpretation of the differences observed in scattering experiments on the dependence of the surface tension with the surfactant concentration.     

Oxide/water interfaces: how the surface chemistry modifies interfacial water properties

The organization of water at the interface with silica and alumina oxides is analysed using density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulation (DFT-MD). The interfacial hydrogen bonding is investigated in detail and related to the chemistry of the oxide surfaces by computing the surface charge density and acidity. We find that water molecules hydrogen-bonded to the surface have different orientations depending on the strength of the hydrogen bonds and use this observation to explain the features in the surface vibrational spectra measured by sum frequency generation spectroscopy. In particular, 'ice-like' and 'liquid-like' features in these spectra are interpreted as the result of hydrogen bonds of different strengths between surface silanols/aluminols and water.     

Structural analysis of the fracture surface of a heterogeneous body (quartz sandstone)

The structure of surface layers of quartz sandstone with a thickness of ~1 μm before and after destruction by a compressive stress is studied by methods of infrared, photoluminescent, and Raman spectroscopy. Before destruction, this layer contained quartz grains cemented with montmorrillonite and kaolinite. The grains are covered with a thin water layer and have crystallographic defects: Si–O^–, self-trapped excitons, AlOH and LiOH compounds, [AlO₄]^– centers, etc. The destructed surface contains separate quartz grains with sizes of ~2 μm and a reduced defect concentration. It is assumed that the defects reduce the strength of quartz grains, which are destroyed in the first turn.     

水驱油藏中原油极性物质对吸附和润湿性影响的分子模拟

为了研究水驱油藏中原油极性物质的吸附机理及其对油藏表面润湿性的影响,构建以石英为代表的砂岩岩石骨架模型,己烷为代表的非极性物质模型和以甲苯、胶质和沥青质为代表的极性物质模型,运用分子模拟方法研究4种原油组分和水分子在砂岩油藏表面竞争吸附过程和润湿状态。结果表明：水与4种原油组分在石英矿物表面竞争吸附时,原油中的非极性物质会比极性物质更加容易脱附。极性物质会随着时间的变化逐渐吸附在矿物表面,非极性的物质会随着时间变化逐渐远离矿物表面。吸附过程中静电力起吸附作用,范德华力起排斥作用。最后结合润湿性实验结果,从机理上解释了不同原油组成对润湿性的影响,即原油组分中极性物质含量越高,胶质沥青质含量越大,岩石表面油湿性越大,且水驱过程中润湿性向亲水方向变化越难。结论对提升水驱油藏采收率影响因素的认识有重要意义。     

载铅(Ⅱ)高硅质大气矿物细颗粒对大肠杆菌的毒性作用研究

以大气颗粒物中的高硅质矿物细颗粒--石英粉尘和重金属离子附载污染物Pb(Ⅱ)为实验材料,人工制备载铅石英粉尘。以1.6 g·L-1的载铅(Ⅱ)石英粉尘及不同浓度的PbCl₂染毒大肠杆菌细胞,观察染毒2 h后对机体的联合氧化损伤效应,并探讨其对大肠杆菌表面基团及蛋白酰胺I带二级结构的影响。结果表明,与Pb(Ⅱ)、载铅石英粉尘作用后,大肠杆菌细胞活力降低,胞内活性氧(ROS)及丙二醛(MDA)产生增多、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量下降,引起细菌氧化应激水平的提高;皮尔逊(Pearson)相关性分析显示载铅石英粉尘的细菌毒性与粉尘中Pb(Ⅱ)可交换态含量成正相关,载带高浓度Pb(Ⅱ)的石英粉尘组胞内ROS/MDA水平与其单纯石英粉尘组和Pb(Ⅱ)组比较显著增加(p<0.05);重金属Pb(Ⅱ)、载铅石英粉尘对大肠杆菌菌体表面基团的影响主要集中于磷酸二酯基团和表面多糖分子,采用二阶导、去卷积和谱线拟合技术对酰胺Ⅰ带特征峰(1 600～1 700 cm-1)进行分峰拟合后发现,与Pb(Ⅱ)、载铅石英粉尘(Q-Pb-0,Q-Pb-3)作用后,β-sheets/α-helices的比值由对照组的1.41分别降低到1.33,1.27和1.22,表明细菌表面蛋白质结构发生了变化,从而可能影响了细菌的生理活动。研究表明自由基所产生的氧化损伤可能是载Pb(Ⅱ)石英粉尘的一种重要毒性作用机制,载带Pb(Ⅱ)的复合石英粉尘在致大肠杆菌机体氧化损伤效应方面二者存在一定的协同作用。     

Dependence of photoconductivity on the crystallite orientations and porosity of polycrystalline ZnO films

Hexagonal ZnO films deposited on quartz glass, sapphire and glass substrates by sol–gel coating are found to be randomly oriented; maximum randomness is found in the film on quartz glass substrate. All the films are ultra-violet (UV) sensitive at around 360 nm sensitivity being maximum for the film with maximum randomness in the crystallite orientations. The film on quartz showed the lowest dark current and maximum photoresponse, which is related to the lowering of the barrier heights, introduced by the adsorbed oxygen at the grain boundaries. Faster decay in photocurrent is observed for the film deposited on glass, which is attributed due to the smaller crystallite sizes with porous microstructure of the film. PACS 73.61.Ga; 68.55.Jk; 73.50.Pz     

双折射调谐器设计的等色图原理

提出双折射调谐器设计的等色图方法，给出原理。分析表明当晶片光轴处在以折射光线为轴线、顶角为４５°的圆锥面上时，双折射调谐器具有最快的波长调谐速率；当光轴位于过折射光线并与入射面成４５°或１３５°的平面内时，调谐器抑制非所需波长的能力最强。由此给出光轴相对晶片表面的两个优化取向，对石英晶片它们分别为１８．７１２°和５９．９２２°。文中还给出了三块晶片组合的调谐器的设计例子，对其调谐特性进行了简要的讨论。     

Temperature and temporal changes in the YBaCuO sputtering rate at the initial stage of Ar ion irradiation

Temporal changes in composition of the sputtered atom flux and sputtering rate of YBaCuO were studied by optical spectroscopy and quartz microbalance. It was shown that alteration of surface composition due to selective sputtering and sample heating must occur with nonmonotonic change in the YBaCuO sputtering rate. The line intensities in the optical spectrum of sputtered species are consistent with the changes in surface composition during sputtering and heating.     

Orientation Studies of Probe Molecules in Lamellar Liquid Crystalline Lipid Systems by Linear Dichroism

The LD-method of inclined incidence was found useful in the study of the orientations of probe chromophores (carotene, anthracene) solubilized in lamellar mesophases of the systems sodium octanoate/decanol/water and sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulphosuccinate/water, respectively. The results suggest the existence of two competing molecular orientation mechanisms aligning the longest axis of the probe molecule either parallel with the lamellar surface or perpendicular to it.     

Coadsorption of water and CO molecules on Ru(0 0 1) at high CO coverages: comparisons with a Ru(0 0 1) electrode surface

The coadsorption of carbon monoxide (CO) and water molecules on a Ru(0 0 1) surface has been studied by infrared spectroscopy, LEED and STM. At high CO coverage phases, a 2×2-(2CO+D₂O) structure was observed on both UHV and electrode surfaces. Electrode potential dependent structures from CO and water adlayers on an electrode surface were reproduced on a UHV surface by controlling molecular orientations of the first layer and second over-layer water molecules. At lower CO coverages, a CO band center showed coverage dependent shift down to 1444 cm⁻¹ due to an electron transfer from a lone pair of a water molecule to CO 2π^*.     

Precipitation of gold nanoparticles on the quartz surface modified by titanium (IV) butoxide

Gold nanoparticles have been precipitated on the surface of quartz slides covered with titanium (IV) butoxide. UV irradiation of modified quartz slides immersed into water solutions of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate of different concentrations (2.5 × 10⁻⁴–1.0 × 10⁻² M) has been used for this purpose. Properties of produced samples have been investigated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, TGA, and AFM. According to the obtained data, produced gold particles are distributed on modified quartz surface very uniformly and the average size of gold particles is about 30–50 nm.     

Adsorption of surface functionalized silica nanoparticles onto mineral surfaces and decane/water interface

The adsorption of silica nanoparticles onto representative mineral surfaces and at the decane/water interface was studied. The effects of particle size (the mean diameters from 5 to 75?nm), concentration and surface type on the adsorption were studied in detail. Silica nanoparticles with four different surfaces [unmodified, surface modified with anionic (sulfonate), cationic (quaternary ammonium (quat)) or nonionic (polyethylene glycol (PEG)) surfactant] were used. The zeta potential of these silica nanoparticles ranges from ?79.8 to 15.3?mV. The shape of silica particles examined by a Hitachi-S5500 scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is quite spherical. The adsorption of all the nanoparticles (unmodified or surface modified) on quartz and calcite surfaces was found to be insignificant. We used interfacial tension (IFT) measurements to investigate the adsorption of silica nanoparticles at the decane/water interface. Unmodified nanoparticles or surface modified ones with sulfonate or quat do not significantly affect the IFT of the decane/water interface. It also does not appear that the particle size or concentration influences the IFT. However, the presence of PEG as a surface modifying material significantly reduces the IFT. The PEG surface modifier alone in an aqueous solution, without the nanoparticles, yields the same IFT reduction for an equivalent PEG concentration as that used for modifying the surface of nanoparticles. Contact angle measurements of a decane droplet on quartz or calcite plate immersed in water (or aqueous nanoparticle dispersion) showed a slight change in the contact angle in the presence of the studied nanoparticles. The results of contact angle measurements are in good agreement with experiments of adsorption of nanoparticles on mineral surfaces or decane/water interface. This study brings new insights into the understanding and modeling of the adsorption of surface-modified silica nanoparticles onto mineral surfaces and water/decane interface.     

HF激光脉冲与水柱表面相互作用产生电信号(英文)

研究了脉冲HF激光与水柱表面相互作用下电信号的产生过程。电信号显示了与激光能量线性相关的峰值间有时间间隔的两峰结构,且第二个尖峰在水柱底部的蒸汽腔塌缩后出现。实验还显示电信号的幅值和激光脉冲照射过程中是否存在膨胀和挤压的薄水层密切相关。如果在电池上边缘和石英平板(石英板紧邻电池,并与水柱上表面相接)之间存在一薄水层,电信号强度会增加10倍。     

Photodissociation of a HCl molecule adsorbed on ice at T = 210 K

This theoretical work concerns the study of the photodissociation of a HCl molecule adsorbed on an ice surface at T = 210 K. Temperature induced disorder is taken into account by a statistics over several configurations extracted from a classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. For each configuration, 3D quantum dynamics of the hydrogen photofragment is investigated using the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method. The absorption spectrum at 210 K is obtained by an average over the spectra calculated for each configuration. The surface disorder results in a smoothing of the interferences structures that appear for some given orientations of HCl depending on the surrounding water molecules orientations.