1-氧-2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(LLM-105)的合成

经四个反应步骤合成了新型钝感高能炸药1-氧-2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(LLM-105),给出了各步产物的基本理化性质,并采用FT-IR、~1HNMR及MS等分析手段表征了各步产物。     

3，3′-偶氮-（6-氨基-1，2，4，5-四嗪）的合成及性能研究

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BT)为起始物,经亲核取代、氧化脱氢、氨解和水解等四步反应,合成了高氮含能化合物3,3′-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT)。对DAAT的热分解性能进行了研究,由DSC、PDSC和TG-DTG技术获得了DAAT的热分解动力学参数和机理函数。结果表明,DAAT的热稳定性好,能量高。在5℃/min升温速率下,DAAT在283℃左右开始分解,放热峰值320℃,分解放热峰的分解焓为1974·33J/g,高于相同条件下硝胺系炸药HMX的分解焓;采用Kissinger法和Ozawa法求得其活化能分别为209·69和208·77kJ/mol;其热分解速率对压强比较敏感,且与环境压强成正比。采用VLWEOS对DAAT的爆轰性能进行了理论计算,结果表明将DAAT与传统含能材料混合,有望制备出高能钝感炸药。     

3,3''''-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)的合成及性能研究

以3,6-对(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BT)为起始物,经亲核取代、氧化脱氢、氨解和水解等四步反应,合成了高氮含能化合物3,3'-偶氮-(6-氨基-1,2,4,5-四嗪)(DAAT).对DAAT的热分解性能进行了研究,由DSC、PDSC和TG-DTG技术获得了DAAT的热分解动力学参数和机理函数.结果表明,DAAT的热稳定性好,能量高.在5℃/min升温速率下,DAAT在283℃左右开始分解,放热峰值320℃,分解放热峰的分解焓为1974.33J/g,高于相同条件下硝胺系炸药HMX的分解焓;采用Kissinger法和Ozawa法求得其活化能分别为209.69和208.77kJ/mol;其热分解速率对压强比较敏感,且与环境压强成正比.采用VLW EOS对DAAT的爆轰性能进行了理论计算,结果表明将DAAT与传统含能材料混合,有望制备出高能钝感炸药.     

ANPZ的合成及ANPZ·DMSO(1:1)晶体结构

富氮杂环化合物被认为是理想的高威力含能材料,因为这些化合物大多具有高的分子密度、低易损性和正的生成焓[1].2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(ANPZ)是一种富氮杂环含能材料,也是合成新型高能钝感含能材料2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的前体.     

ANPZ的合成及ANPZ·DMSO(1∶1)晶体结构

富氮杂环化合物被认为是理想的高威力含能材料,因为这些化合物大多具有高的分子密度、低易损性和正的生成焓[1]。2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(ANPZ)是一种富氮杂环含能材料,也是合成新型高能钝感含能材料2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的前体。美国DuPont公司的Do     

1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯的合成和表征

三氨基三硝基苯(1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene,TATB)非常钝感,已得到广泛应用,但其爆轰能量太低,只相当于奥克托今(1,3．5．7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane,HMX)的65％,影响武器的小型化,因此,有必要研究开发新的能量更高的低(钝)感炸药。1,1-二氨基．2,2-二硝基     

一种有效制备2-氨基-3,5-二硝基-6-氯吡啶及其衍生物的方法

研究了2-氨基-3,5-二硝基-6-氯吡啶(4)及其衍生物的制备新方法.以廉价易得的2,6-二氯吡啶(1)为起始原料,通过硝化、氨化、硝化反应步骤得到中间体2-氨基-3,5-二硝基-6-氯吡啶(4),再与氨、叠氮化钠等亲核试剂反应分别得到2-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-6-取代衍生物5~7.研究表明该方法具有原料便宜易得、后处理操作简单和产品纯度高等优点.     

1,3-二叔丁基-5,5-二硝基嘧啶烷的合成机理研究

1,3-二叔丁基-5,5-二硝基嘧啶烷(3)是混合炸药含能增塑剂1,3,5,5-四硝基-1,3-二氮杂环环己烷的关键硝化前体.通过研究3的合成反应机理,目的是为制备1,3,5,5-四硝基-1,3-二氮杂环环己烷的工艺优化提供理论依据.以2,2-二硝基-1,3-丙二醇(1)、甲醛和叔丁胺为原料,通过Mannich缩合反应得到1,3-二叔丁基-5,5-二硝基嘧啶烷.采用同位素示踪技术以及分离关键中间体对反应机理进行推测.以氘代甲醛、1和叔丁胺缩合得到氘标记的3,1HNMR和MS分析结果表明:在反应过程中1首先解离生成偕二硝基甲烷和甲醛,小分子碎片随机组合生成了3.分离出了关键中间体1-叔丁氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烷.根据所获得的证据,推断了3的合成反应机理.     

含能配合物2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物合钴(Ⅲ)的合成、晶体结构及催化性能

培养了含能配合物2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)合钴(Ⅲ)晶体,用X射线单晶衍射法测定了其分子结构。该配合物的分子式为[Co(ANPyO)3]。用DSC,TG-DTG技术对该配合物的热分解进行了研究,结果表明,该配合物的热分解由1个缓慢吸热峰和2个剧烈的放热峰组成,剩余残渣量为3.7277%。感度测试结果表明,该配合物感度较ANPyO有一定程度的降低,是一种不敏感含能材料。同时研究了配合物对高氯酸铵(AP)热分解的影响,结果表明,[Co(ANPyO)3]可以使AP的高温分解峰温提前65.15℃,使分解速度加快,对AP热分解具有良好的催化效果。     

碘杂环化合物的质谱研究

研究了碘杂环化合物质谱行为和电子碰撞诱导裂解途径.结果表明:3,6-二硝基-二苯并碘六环卤化物(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)和3,6-二硝基-9-酮-二苯并碘六环卤化物(Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ)的EI质谱是样品在仪器内热分解产物的混合质谱;吸附在样品上的溶剂甲酸参与了后者的热分解过程;电子碰撞诱导裂解产生的碎片离子2-卤-2′-碘-4,4′-二硝基-二苯酮(Ⅳ′、V′、Ⅵ′)是化合物Ⅳ、V、Ⅵ的主要热分解产物.     

Thermal decomposition of glycidyl azide polymer studied by synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry

In this work, the thermal decomposition reactions and products of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) at low pressure have been investigated by tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization and molecular-beam sampling mass spectrometry. It has been observed that thermal decomposition of GAP began at a lower temperature (about 70 degrees C), compared to about 170 degrees C in the air. Most observed species in the thermal decomposition process have been clearly identified by measurements of the photoionization mass spectrum and photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectra. Many species have been detected at the initiation of the degradation. Compared with previous studies on thermal decomposition of GAP, some free radicals, such as C2H3O, C3H5O, C6H6N, C3H5ON3, and so forth, have been identified in the present work. The formation mechanisms of some important radicals have been discussed, and the most probable reaction routines have also been proposed, which should be of importance in understanding the energy-releasing mechanism of GAP thermal decomposition.     

Synthesis,thermal degradation,and kinetic parameters studies of some coordination polymers

This article describes synthesis and route of thermal degradation and studies of kinetic parameters of some coordination polymers of first transition series metal ions viz. Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II). The newly synthesized ligand and its coordination polymers have been characterized by various instrumental techniques. The thermal degradation studies have been studied at different heating rates to determine the apparent activation energy, order of reaction, entropy change, free energy change, apparent entropy change, and frequency factor using Sharp–Wentworth and Freeman–Carroll methods. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) has been used to determine the thermal stability of coordination polymers. The decomposition temperatures of the polymers were defined by half decomposition curve technique.     

Spectral studies of complexes of nickel(II) with tetradentate schiff bases having N2O2 donor groups

Complexes of nickel(II) of N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-phenylenediamine (H2dsp), N,N'-disalicylidene-3,4-diaminotoluene (H2dst), 4-nitro-N,N'-disalicylidene-1,2-phenylenediamine (H2ndsp) and N,N'-disalicylidene ethylenediamine (H2salen) have been prepared and characterised by elemental analysis, electronic, IR, magnetic susceptibility measurement, 1H NMR and thermal studies. TG studies show that the Ni(dsp) and Ni(salen) complex decomposed in one step and Ni(dst) and Ni(ndsp) complex in two steps. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were computed from the thermal decomposition data. The activation energy of either one step decomposition or two step decomposition of complexes lies 72-95 kJ mol(-1) range.     

Thermoanalytical investigation of the decomposition course of copper oxysalts

The thermal decomposition of copper nitrate trihydrate (CuNTH); Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O was studied up to 600°C by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in a dynamic atmosphere of air. The thermal events occurring throughout the decomposition course were characterized on the basis of spectral analyses using infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Non-isothermal kinetic parameters were determined. The results showed that the decomposition course involves two main processes, firstly the formation of hydroxy copper nitrate and secondly, the decomposition of this compound to yield CuO. Pathways were suggested that may be involved in the decomposition course.     

二苯胺型重氮盐在乙醇中的光、热分解

芳基重氮盐在乙醇中的光热分解已有很多研究^[1～7],但分解产物及提出的分解机理不完全统一。     

Thermal study of zinc(II) 4-chlorosalicylate complex compounds with bioactive ligands

Three new complex compounds of general formula Zn{4-ClC₆H₃-2-(OH)COO}₂⋅L₂⋅nH₂O (where L=thiourea (tu), nicotinamide (nam), caffeine (caf), n=2,3), were prepared and characterized by chemical analysis, IR spectroscopy and their thermal properties were studied by TG/DTG, DTA methods. It was found that the thermal decomposition of hydrated compounds starts with the release of water molecules. During the thermal decomposition of anhydrous compounds the release of organic ligands take place followed by the decomposition of salicylate anion. Zinc oxide was found as the final product of the thermal decomposition performed up to 650°C. RTG powder diffraction method, IR spectra and chemical analysis were used for the determination of products of the thermal decomposition.     

The influence of CaCO3 filler component on thermal decomposition process of PP/LDPE/DAP ternary blend

Polypropylene‐low density polyethylene (PP‐LDPE) blends involving PP‐LDPE (90/10 wt%.) with (0.06 wt%) dialkyl peroxide (DAP) and different amounts (5, 10, 20 wt%) of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) were prepared by melt‐blending with a single‐screw extruder. The effect of addition of CaCO₃ on thermal decomposition process and kinetic parameters, such as activation energy and pre‐exponential factor of PP‐LDPE blend with DAP matrix, was studied. The kinetics of the thermal degradation of composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates. TG curves showed that the thermal decomposition of composites occurred in one weight‐loss stage. The apparent activation energies of thermal decomposition for composites, as determined by the Tang method (TM), the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method (KAS), the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method (FWO), and the Coats–Redfern (CR) method were 156.6, 156.0, 159.8, and 167.7 kJ.mol^?1 for the thermal decomposition of composite with 5 wt% CaCO₃, 191.5, 190.8, 193.1, and 196.8 kJ.mol^?1 for the thermal decomposition of composite with 10 wt% CaCO₃, and 206.3, 206.1, 207.5, and 203.8 kJ mol^?1 for the thermal decomposition of composite with 20 wt% CaCO₃, respectively. The most likely decomposition process for weight‐loss stages of composites with CaCO₃ content 5 and 10 wt% was an A_n sigmoidal type. However, the most likely decomposition process for composite with CaCO₃ content 20 wt% was an R_n contracted geometry shape type in terms of the CR and master plots results. It was also found that the thermal stability, activation energy, and thermal decomposition process were changed with the increase in the CaCO₃ filler weight in composite structure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二苯胺-4-偶氮磺酸盐及其树脂的制备和光、热分解性质

从二苯胺 4 重氮盐(DS)和3 甲氧基二苯胺 4 重氮盐(MDS)以及重氮树脂(DR)和硝基重氮树脂(NDR)与亚硫酸钠反应,在水溶液中制备了相应的二苯胺 4 偶氮磺酸盐DSS和MDSS(简称偶氮磺酸盐)及相应的重氮树脂的偶氮磺酸盐DRS和NDRS(简称偶氮磺酸盐树脂).对它们在水溶液和固相膜中的光、热反应进行了研究.结果表明偶氮磺酸盐与偶氮磺酸盐树脂有很好的感光性能,而热稳定性比相应的重氮盐和重氮树脂好很多,其中二苯胺上有硝基取代的偶氮磺酸盐树脂具有突出的热稳定性,其水溶液在70℃加热6h,其固相膜在100℃加热11天几乎观察不到分解.对偶氮磺酸盐及偶氮磺酸盐树脂的光、热分解机理作了初步分析.     

Prevulcanized natural rubber latex/clay aerogel nanocomposites

Natural rubber latex (NR)/clay aerogel nanocomposites were produced via freeze-drying technique. The pristine clay (sodium montmorillonite) was introduced in 1-3 parts per hundred rubber (phr) in order to study the effect of clay in the NR matrix. The dispersion of the layered clay and the morphology of the nanocomposites were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Cure characteristics, thermal stability, and the crosslink density of thermal and microwave-cured NR and its composites were investigated. XRD patterns indicated that both intercalated and exfoliated structures were observed at loadings of 1-3 phr clay. SEM studies revealed that the clay aerogel structure was formed at 3 phr clay loading. The increment in Shore A hardness of nanocomposites compared with pure NR signified excellent polymer/filler interaction and the reinforcing effect of the clay to rubber matrix. This was supported by an increase in maximum rheometric torque and crosslink density. The crosslink density of clay-filled NR vulcanizate was found to increase with the pristine clay content in both thermal and microwave curing methods. However, microwave-cured 2 and 3 phr-filled NR vulcanizates exhibited higher crosslink density than those which were thermal-cured under the same curing temperature. In addition, thermal stability studies showed that pristine clay accelerated the decomposition of NR by showing a slight decrease in onset and peak decomposition temperatures along with clay content.     

两种形貌纳米Fe2O3对TKX-50热分解的催化性能研究

Energy components used in solid rocket propellants are beneficial for improving the energy performance, and their thermal decomposition characteristics significantly affect the combustion properties of the propellants. As a kind of energetic material with both high energy and low sensitivity (impact and friction), 5, 5'-bistetrazole-1, 1'-diolate (TKX-50) can effectively improve the energy and safety characteristics of solid propellants. Burning catalyst is another important component of solid propellants, which can significantly improve the burning rate of the propellant and reduce the pressure exponent. Among various burning catalysts, nanoscale transition metal oxides can promote the thermal decomposition of the energetic component, thus enhancing the combustion properties of the solid propellant. However, the catalytic effects of nanoscale transition metal oxides with different morphologies on the thermal decomposition of TKX-50 have rarely been studied. Based on the excellent catalytic activity of Fe₂O₃ for TKX-50 thermal decomposition, nano-Fe₂O₃ particles with spherical and tubular microstructures were used for TKX-50 thermal decomposition. The Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were successfully fabricated via the solvothermal method and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The XRD, FT-IR, and XPS results confirmed the successful fabrication of spherical and tubular Fe₂O₃ samples. The SEM and TEM images showed that the spherical Fe₂O₃ samples are composed of agglomerated Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with an average particle size of 110 nm. In addition, the average diameter and length of hollow tubular Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles are 120 nm and 200 nm, respectively. The catalytic activities of spherical and tubular Fe₂O₃ for TKX-50 decomposition were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. The DSC and TG-DTG curves showed that both tubular and spherical Fe₂O₃ could effectively promote TKX-50 thermal decomposition. The first thermal decomposition peak temperature (T_FDP) of TKX-50 was reduced by 36.5 K and 26.3 K in the presence of tubular and spherical Fe₂O₃, respectively, at 10 K·min⁻¹. The activation energy (E_a) of TKX-50, determined by the iso-conversional method, was significantly reduced in the presence of both tubular and spherical Fe₂O₃. The results indicated that the microstructure of the catalyst has a significant effect on its catalytic performance for TKX-50 thermal decomposition, and that tubular Fe₂O₃ with hollow microstructure possesses better catalytic activity than spherical Fe₂O₃. The excellent catalytic activity of tubular Fe₂O₃ can be attributed to the hollow microstructure, which has more active sites for TKX-50 thermal decomposition.