Diversity-oriented approach to cyclophanes via Claisen rearrangement and ring-closing metathesis as key steps

Among numerous reactions to prepare cyclophane derivatives, Claisen rearrangement reaction is very useful. We have prepared cyclophanes containing ethylene oxy bridge by double Claisen rearrangement reaction and ring-closing metathesis reaction as key steps.     

Synthetic route to 4-(2-aminoethyl)-5-hydroxyindole derivatives

In synthetic studies leading to the title compounds, application of the Claisen rearrangement of 5-allyloxyindole was investigated. Almost quantitative yields of Claisen rearrangement product were realized, and a strategy for oxidative cleavage of the allyl double bond to an indole-4-acetaldehyde derivative was developed. A new method for conversion of 2,3-dihydroindoles into indoles was utilized: air oxidation in a strongly basic environment. The Claisen rearrangement of allyloxyindoles is presented as a method having considerable potential utility in synthesis of a variety of polysubstituted indoles.     

Claisen rearrangement induced by low-energy collision of ESI-generated, protonated benzyloxy indoles

The Claisen rearrangement is a well-known process occurring in condensed phase. In the gas-phase protonated allyl phenyl ethers, propargyl phenyl ethers, and N-allyl aniline produced by positive ion chemical ionization undergo Claisen rearrangement. This reaction has been observed even in the case of odd-electron molecular ions. Phenyl allenyl ether molecular ions actually undergo Claisen rearrangement, producing intense [M - CO](+*) ions. In this investigation, the behavior of protonated benzyloxy indole and some of its derivatives, obtained in electrospray conditions, is described. Low-energy MS/MS experiments carried out on [M + H](+) species show CO loss and an unexpected water loss: both can be justified only by the occurrence of Claisen rearrangement. Deuterium labeling experiments confirm this mechanism. The influence of different substituents in the indole moiety is discussed.     

Regioselectivity of the Claisen rearrangement in meta-allyloxy aryl ketones: an experimental and computational study, and application in the synthesis of (R)-(-)-pestalotheol D

A study of the regioselectivity of the Claisen rearrangement of meta-allyloxy aryl ketones showed that the electron-withdrawing carbonyl group has a major influence and strongly directs rearrangement to the more hindered ortho position. However, when the ketone is part of a ring structure, its electronic effect can be negated by conversion into its triisopropylsilyl enol ether, which dramatically reverses the regiochemistry of the Claisen rearrangement. DFT calculations suggest that the effect is electronic although there is also a steric effect of the bulky silyl group. This strategy for influencing the regiochemical outcome of the Claisen rearrangement was then employed in a short synthesis of the furo[2,3-g]chromene, (-)-pestalotheol D, that confirms the absolute stereochemistry of the natural product.     

Synthesis and Lewis acid catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of 2-(1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)-substituted allyl vinyl ethers

Allyl vinyl ethers containing an acceptor function in the 2-position are useful substrates for the Lewis acid-catalyzed Claisen rearrangement. The first synthesis of acyclic 2-(1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)-substituted allyl vinyl ethers is reported. The Lewis acid catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of these allyl vinyl ethers afforded the rearrangement products with low to moderate diastereo- and enantioselectivity. The catalyzed rearrangement of chiral allyl vinyl ethers was investigated. The combination of substrate- and catalyst-induced diastereoselectivity led to unexpected and unprecedented results.     

Organocatalytic claisen rearrangement: theory and experiment

A combined computational and experimental study on the Claisen rearrangement of a 2-alkoxycarbonyl-substituted allyl vinyl ether in the presence of thioureas as potential noncovalent organocatalysts has been performed. DFT calculations employing different basis sets were utilized to predict a catalytic cycle for the thiourea-catalyzed Claisen rearrangement. The nature of the transition state in the presence and absence of thioureas was studied in detail. Critical geometrical data of the transition state that are indicators for the relative barrier height of the Claisen rearrangement are discussed. Although we did observe a significant transition state stabilization, due to endergonic conformational changes and endergonic complexation the overall effect on the barrier is small, in accordance with experimental results.     

Novel sequential sigmatropic rearrangements of allylic diols: application to the total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid

Sequential sigmatropic rearrangements (Claisen/Claisen and Claisen/Overman) of enantiopure allylic diols are described. The reactions proceeded in complete diastereoselectivity without protecting group manipulations. The sequential Claisen/Overman rearrangement was successfully applied to the total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid.     

微波对烯丙基芳醚的Claisen重排反应影响研究

5种烯丙基芳醚衍生物在无溶剂、无催化剂的条件下进行Claisen重排反应,采用了微波加热和常规加热方式,比较了同等温度下微波加热和常规加热反应速率的差异.结果表明微波加热可以显著提高烯丙基苯醚Claisen重排反应的速率.反应温度为190℃时,微波加热下反应速率可提高5～10倍.微波加热是一种无催化剂、高产率的Claisen重排反应的方法.     

Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (+)-trans-Dihydronarciclasine

A highly stereoselective and efficient total synthesis of trans-dihydronarciclasine from a readily available chiral starting material was developed. The synthesis defines two of the five stereogenic centers of the natural product by an amino acid ester-enolate Claisen rearrangement. The other three stereogenic centers are created in a highly stereocontrolled fashion via a six-ring vinylogous ester intermediate, which is generated from the γ,δ-unsaturated ester functional group of the Claisen rearrangement product in an efficient three-step sequence. This concise total synthesis exemplifies the use of a highly regioselective Friedel-Crafts-type cyclization to form the B ring via an isocyanate intermediate derived from an N-Boc group, which is superior to the conventional method using an imino triflate intermediate. This same N-Boc group is employed to give high selectivity in the Claisen rearrangement earlier in the sequence.     

Highly regioselective [3,3] rearrangement of aliphatic allyl vinyl ethers catalyzed by a metalloporphyrin complex, Cr(TPP)Cl

The Claisen rearrangement of simple aliphatic allyl vinyl ethers catalyzed by a metalloporphyrin, Cr(TPP)Cl, is described. The porphyrin-based Lewis acid catalyst can effectively accelerate the rearrangement via a concerted [3,3] pathway with a minimal degree of bond ionization of the substrates, providing the corresponding Claisen products in moderate to high yields and almost perfect regioselectivity at low catalyst loading.     

Synthesis of macrocyclic 1,1′-biarenol derivatives by the tandem Claisen rearrangement and their binding properties

Crown ether-type macrocycles consisting of an enantiopure biarenol derivative and an oligoethylene glycol were synthesized by the Lewis acid-mediated tandem Claisen rearrangement. This is the first example of the successful application of the tandem Claisen rearrangement to the synthesis of enantiopure macrocyclic biarenol derivatives. The enantiopure macrocyclic biarenols were found to form 1:1 complexes with amino acid salts and to discriminate their chirality.     

A new approach for the construction of a highly congested bicyclic system in polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs)

A highly congested bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanone core of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols was constructed using a stereoselective Claisen rearrangement and an intramolecular aldol reaction as the key steps. The stereochemistry of C-4 appeared to control the ground state conformation of the cyclohexenone core, which determined the diastereoselectivity in the Claisen rearrangement.     

分子筛上手性催化的模拟计算

本文应用分子模拟途径研究了系列反应物丙烯基羟基乙烯酮二硫代乙缩醛在有、无分子筛催化条件下Ｔｈｉｏ－Ｃｌａｉｓｅｎ重排。我们证实Ｓｒｅｅｋｕｍａｒ等人实验在有、无分子筛催化条件下的Ｔｈｉｏ－Ｃｌａｉｓｅｎ重排结果可分别通过分子筛－分应物之间相互作用的能学和反应物的空间能计算得到合理解释。本文的方法能成功地识别一个给定Ｔｈｉｏ－Ｃｌａｉｓｅｎ重排在有、无分子筛催化条件下的优化产物。     

Claisen rearrangement of allyl phenyl ether and its sulfur and selenium analogues on electron impact

The electron impact (EI) mass spectrum of allyl phenyl ether (1) includes an ion at m/z 106 that is formed mainly by the loss of CO from the molecular ion, as supported by high resolution and MS/MS data. The formation of the [M - CO](+) ion from 1 can be explained in terms of the Claisen rearrangement of 1 after ionization in the ion source of the mass spectrometer. Similarly, allyl phenyl sulfide (2) and allyl phenyl selenide (3) showed characteristic ions corresponding to [M - CH(3)](+), [M - XH](+) (X = S or Se) and [M - C(2)H(4)](+.), and the formation of these ions are explained via Claisen rearrangement of 2 and 3 in the ion source of the mass spectrometer resulting in a mixture of rearrangement products. The formation of molecular ions of 2-allyl thiophenol and 2-allyl selenophenol as intermediates, that cannot be isolated as the neutrals from the solution phase Claisen rearrangement of 2 and 3, respectively, is clearly indicated in the gas phase. The mass spectra of the rearrangement products obtained from the solution phase reaction were also consistent with the proposal of formation of these products in the ion source of the mass spectrometer. The formation of characteristic fragment ions attributed to the Claisen rearrangement products are also evident in the collision induced dissociation spectra of the corresponding molecular ions. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pd(II)-catalyzed aliphatic Claisen rearrangements of acyclic allyl vinyl ethers

Palladium (II)-catalyzed [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of acyclic allyl vinyl ethers delivers 2,3-anti disubstituted pentenal Claisen adducts with high diastereoselectivity. Reaction conditions for circumventing allyl vinyl ether cleavage that had previously plagued catalyzed rearrangement of α-unsubstituted vinyl ether substrates are described. Merging Pd(II) catalysis with the facile access to the Claisen substrates afforded by Ir(I)-catalyzed olefin isomerization provides an expedient procedure for realizing asymmetric anti-selective Claisen rearrangements.     

Synthesis of α-C-glycosides via tandem Tebbe methylenation and Claisen rearrangement

A variety of α-C-glycosides may be accessed in an entirely stereoselective fashion from 3-OH glycal esters, by way of the tandem reaction sequence of Tebbe methylenation and Claisen rearrangement. In contrast with previous studies in the corresponding β-series, careful control of conditions for Claisen rearrangement is required in order to avoid loss of integrity of anomeric stereochemistry; thermal rearrangements are best carried out in xylene in a sealed tube.     

Stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-α-vetispirene, (±)-hinesol, and (±)-β-vetivone based on a Claisen rearrangement

The stereoselective total syntheses of (±)-α-vetispirene, (±)-hinesol, and (±)-β-vetivone were accomplished based on a Claisen rearrangement in an alkenyl bicyclic dihydropyran system. The most striking feature of this approach is that the Claisen rearrangement of bicyclic dihydropyran proceeds stereoselectively to provide a multi-functionalized spiro[4.5]decane, which is an efficient precursor for the synthesis of the vetivane sesquiterpenes.     

Synthesis of vinylcyclopropanes by allylation/ring-closing metathesis/Claisen rearrangement

A facile double allylation/ring-closing metathesis/Claisen rearrangement route for preparing vinylcyclopropanes 6 is developed. The efficient synthesis includes O-allylation of α-allyl-α-sulfonylketones 8 with allylic bromides, ring-closing metathesis of diallyl compounds 9 and sequential Claisen rearrangement of the resulting oxepines.     

Effect of Lewis acid catalysts on Diels-Alder and hetero-Diels-Alder cycloadditions sharing a common transition state

The thermal and Lewis acid catalyzed cycloadditions of beta,gamma-unsaturated alpha-ketophosphonates and nitroalkenes with cyclopentadiene have been explored by using density functional theory (DFT) methods. In both cases, only a single highly asynchronous bis-pericyclic transition state yielding both Diels-Alder and hetero-Diels-Alder cycloadducts could be located. Stepwise pathways were found to be higher in energy. On the potential energy surface, the bis-pericyclic cycloaddition transition state is followed by the Claisen rearrangement transition state. No intermediates were located between these transition states. Claisen rearrangement transition states are also highly asynchronous, but bond lengths are skewed in the opposite direction compared to the bis-pericyclic transition states. The relative positions of the bis-pericyclic and Claisen rearrangement transition states may control periselectivity due to the shape of the potential energy surface and corresponding dynamical influences. Inspection of the thermal potential energy surface (PES) indicates that a majority of downhill paths after the bis-pericyclic transition state lead to the Diels-Alder cycloadducts, whereas a smaller number of downhill paths reach the hetero-Diels-Alder products with no intervening energy barrier. Lewis acid catalysts alter the shape of the surface by shifting the cycloaddition and the Claisen rearrangement transition states in opposite directions. This topographical change qualitatively affects the branching ratio after the bis-pericyclic transition state and ultimately reverses the periselectivity of the cycloaddition giving a preference for hetero-Diels-Alder cycloadducts.     

Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (+)‐trans‐Dihydronarciclasine

A highly stereoselective and efficient total synthesis of trans‐dihydronarciclasine from a readily available chiral starting material was developed. The synthesis defines two of the five stereogenic centers of the natural product by an amino acid ester–enolate Claisen rearrangement. The other three stereogenic centers are created in a highly stereocontrolled fashion via a six‐ring vinylogous ester intermediate, which is generated from the γ,δ‐unsaturated ester functional group of the Claisen rearrangement product in an efficient three‐step sequence. This concise total synthesis exemplifies the use of a highly regioselective Friedel–Crafts‐type cyclization to form the B ring via an isocyanate intermediate derived from an N‐Boc group, which is superior to the conventional method using an imino triflate intermediate. This same N‐Boc group is employed to give high selectivity in the Claisen rearrangement earlier in the sequence.