Synthesis of 1,4-epimine compounds. Iodosobenzene diacetate,an efficient reagent for neutral nitrogen radical generation

Photolysis of several nitroamines, cianamines, and phosphoroamidates in the presence of iodosobenzene diacetate (IBDA) and iodine leads to neutral aminyl radicals which undergo intramolecular hydrogen abstraction to produce epimine compounds with yields that are favorably compared with those obtained with the system lead tetraacetate and iodine.     

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrogen atom abstraction in gas-phase aliphatic amine radical cations

The intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction by the nitrogen atom in isolated aliphatic amine radical cations is examined experimentally and with composite high-level ab initio methods of the G3 family. The magnitude of the enthalpy barriers toward H-atom transfer varies with the shape and size of the cyclic transition state and with the degree of substitution at the nitrogen and carbon atoms involved. The lower barriers are found for 1,5- and 1,6-abstraction, for chairlike transition states, for abstraction reactions in ionized primary amines, and for abstraction of H from tertiary carbon atoms. In most cases, the internal energy required for 1,4-, 1,5-, and 1,6-hydrogen atom abstraction to occur is less than that required for gas-phase fragmentation by simple cleavage of C-C bonds, which explains why H-atom transfer can be reversible and result in extensive H/D exchange prior to the fragmentation of many low-energy deuterium labeled ionized amines. The H-atom transfer to nitrogen is exothermic for primary amine radical cations and endothermic for tertiary amines. It gives rise to a variety of distonic radical cations, and these may undergo further isomerization. The heat of formation of the gauche conformers of the gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-distonic isomers is up to 25 kJ mol(-1) lower than that of the corresponding trans forms, which is taken to reflect C-H-N hydrogen bonding between the protonated amino group and the alkyl radical site.     

2-Diazoacetoacetic acid, an efficient and convenient reagent for the synthesis of alpha-diazo-beta-ketoesters

The formation of various alpha-diazo acetoacetic esters can be obtained in a single transformation with good to excellent yields using readily available 2-diazoacetoacetic acid.     

The capacity of an α-nitroalkyl radical for hydrogen abstraction

Photochemical decomposition of 2-iodo-2-nitroadamantane in several hydrogen donating solvents, gives rise to formation of α-nitroalkyl radicals. Such ambident radicals can abstract hydrogen from the solvent via oxygen, resulting in a nitronic acid which decomposes exlusively into adamantanone. Alternately the abstraction can take place via carbon to give 2-nitroadamantane. The product distribution is strongly influenced by electron-withdrawing substituents in the hydrogen donor. The oxidation products derived from the solvent have been detected. All the experiments point towards a minor stabilisation of a carbon radical by a nitro group. INDO-calculations on the nitromethyl radical are in good agreement with this lack of stabilization.     

Radical reactions in esters with alkoxy functionality chemistry an unusual alcohol moiety hydrogen abstraction

Various geometrically pure (E)-alkenes have been synthesized by radical substitution of alcohol moieties generated via hydrogen abstraction within ethyl esters. These reactions occurred with high regioselectivity and gave a new access to 1-methyl-3-aryl-allyl esters.     

Intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction with an eight-membered cyclic transition state in open-chain aliphatic aminium radicals

Hydrogen abstraction by the nitrogen in long-chain aliphatic gas-phase aminium radicals (amine molecular ions) takes place via six-, seven-, and eight-membered cyclic transition states. The subsequent fragmentation is particularly facile after eight-membered ring hydrogen transfer.     

Thiophenol-mediated hydrogen atom abstraction: an efficient tin-free procedure for the preparation of cyclopentane derivatives

[reaction: see text] An efficient procedure for running a cascade reaction involving 1,5-abstraction of a hydrogen atom followed by a radical cyclization is reported. Alkenyl radicals are generated from easily available terminal alkynes and thiophenol. This procedure eliminates the need of using the toxic tributyltin hydride and gives a greater amount of radical translocation products.     

Rate constants for some hydrogen abstraction reactions of the carbonate radical

Rate constants have been measured in aqueous solutions for the reactions of the carbonate radical, CO₃^˙?, with several saturated alcohols and one cyclic ether as a function of temperature. Arrhenius pre-exponential factors ranged from 2×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ ?? mol^?1 s^?1 and activation energies ranged from 16 to 29 kJ mol^?1. The results suggest that the reactions are not pure hydrogen abstraction, but involve an additional interaction of the radical with the ? OH or ? O? linkage. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Tributyl- or tribenzylbismuth-copper diacetate system as an alkylating reagent for alcohols

Tributyl- and tribenzylbismuth react with aliphatic alcohols in the presence of copper diacetate to give dialkyl ethers, with yields of 0.10–0.25 moles per mole of the organobismuth compound.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2109–2111, December, 1993.     

Intramolecular hydrogen abstraction reaction promoted by alkoxy radicals in carbohydrates. Synthesis of chiral 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring systems

The reaction of specifically protected anhydroalditols with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene or iodosylbenzene and iodine is a mild and selective procedure for the synthesis of chiral 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane and 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane ring systems under neutral conditions. This reaction can be considered to be an intramolecular glycosidation that goes through an intramolecular hydrogen abstraction promoted by an alkoxy radical followed by oxidation of the transient C-radical intermediate to an oxycarbenium ion. This methodology is useful not only for the preparation of chiral synthons but also for the selective oxidation of specific carbons of the carbohydrate skeleton, constituting a good procedure for the synthesis of protected uloses.     

Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction reactions of the sulfate radical,SO4−. Alcohols

Rate constants have been determined for the reactions of SO₄^? with a series of alcohols, including hydrated formaldehyde. The SO₄^? radical was produced by the laser-flash photolysis of persulfate, S₂O₈^2?. Rate constants for the reactions of SO₄^? with alcohols range from 1.0 × 10⁷ for methanol to 3.4 × 10⁸ M^?1 s^?1 for 1-octanol. Rate constants for the reactions of SO₄^? with deuterated methanol and ethanol are lower by about a factor of 2.5. For methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol, the temperature dependence of the rate constant was determined over the range 10–45°C.     

A convenient reagent for generation and stabilization of cationic methallylpalladium complexes containing nitrogen ligands

A convenient synthesis of the easily handled, air stable methallyloxyphosphonium salt [CH₂C(Me)CH₂⁻O-P(NMe₂)₃]⁺[(3,5-(CF₃)₂-C₆H₃)₄B]⁻5 is described. The utility of this reagent in the generation and stabilization of cationic η³-methallyl palladium complexes through oxidative addition reactions is illustrated by the preparation of the stable salts of [(η³-C₄H₇)Pd(NN)]⁺[(3,5-(CF₃)₂-C₆H₃)₄B]⁻ from Pd₂(dba)₃. The molecular structure of one of them has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Absolute rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from hydrocarbons by the trichloromethylperoxyl radical

Absolute rate constants have been measured for the reactions of trichloromethylperoxyl radicals with cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and hexamethylbenzene. The CCl₃O₂ radicals were produced by pulse radiolysis of air-saturated CCl₄ solutions containing various amounts of the hydrocarbons. The rate constants were determined by competition with the one-electron oxidation of metalloporphyrins, using the rate of formation of the metalloporphyrin radical cation absorption to monitor the reaction by kinetic spectrophotometry. The rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and hexamethylbenzene were found to be 1 × 10³, 1.0 × 10⁵, and 7.5 × 10⁴ M^?1 s^?1, respectively.     

Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction reactions of the sulfate radical,SO4−. Alkanes and ethers

Rate constants have been determined for the reactions of SO₄^? with a series of alkanes and ethers. The SO₄^? radical was produced by the laser-flash photolysis of persulfate, S₂O₈^2?. For methane, only an upper limit of 1 × 10⁶ M^?1 s^?1 could be determined. For ethane, propane, and 2-methylpropane, rate constants of 0.44, 4.0, and 10.5 × 10⁷ M^?1 s^?1 were found. For ethyl and n-propyl ether, rate constants of 1.3 × 10⁸ and 2.2 × 10⁸ M^?1 s^?1 were found and for 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran, rate constants of 7.2 × 10⁷ and 2.8 × 10⁸ were obtained. The reaction of SO₄^? with allyl alcohol was also studied and found to have a rate constant of 1.4 × 10⁹ M^?1 s^?1.     

Kinetic analysis of free radical generation by peroxy,hydroxy, and alkoxy derivatives of 10-dihydroartemisinin

Russian Chemical Bulletin - Kinetic schemes for the intermolecular oxidation of four analogs of 10-dihydroartemisinin with peroxide substituents were developed. Each step of the kinetic scheme was...     

Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from alkoxides by a perfluoroalkyl radical. An oxyanion accelerated process

A combination of laser flash photolysis and competitive kinetic methods has been used to measure the absolute bimolecular rate constants for hydrogen atom abstraction in water from a series of fluorinated alkoxides and aldehyde hydrates by the perfluoroalkyl radical, *CF2CF2OCF2CF2SO3- Na+. The bimolecular rate constants observed for the beta-fluorinated alkoxides were in the 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) range, such rates representing enhancements (relative to the respective alcohols) of between 100 and almost 1000-fold, depending on the reactivity of the alkoxide. Likewise, the monobasic sodium salts of chloral and fluoral hydrate exhibit similar rate enhancements, relative to their respective hydrates.     

HNNO_2自身氢迁移及异构化机理的理论研究

采用CBS-QB3方法对二硝酰胺酸(HDN)裂解过程中的HNNO2自由基自身氢迁移及N—N键断裂异构化反应机理进行了研究.结果表明,HNNO2自由基自身氢迁移反应经历了N(4)—O(2)间的氢迁移、O(2)—O(3)间的氢迁移及内转化3个不同类型的基元反应,最终生成N2O分子与OH自由基.其中N(4)—O(2)间的氢迁移为HNNO2自由基自身氢迁移反应中的速率决定步.HNNO2自由基通过N(1)—N(4)键断裂以及O(2)—N(4)键形成异构化成产物NO+HNO,该过程的能垒为176.17kJ·mol-1,比氢迁移通道决速步能垒高出了47.59kJ·mol-1,表明氢迁移通道为HNNO2裂解过程中的优势通道.     

Indium(III) chloride-sodium borohydride system: a convenient radical reagent for an alternative to tributyltin hydride system

The indium hydride generated from NaBH4 and InCl3, is a promising candidate of alternative to Bu3SnH. In particular, the catalytic performance of InCl3 in the dehalogenation of alkyl and aryl halides, intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular coupling reaction are noteworthy.     

Methyl mercapturate synthesis: an efficient, convenient and simple method

A safe and simple method for methyl S-arylmercapturate synthesis is described. Thirteen such compounds, to be used afterwards in metabolism studies, have been obtained with yields ranging from 71 to 99.6%. These compounds were obtained using a sulfa-Michael addition and synthesized by adding the corresponding thiophenols to a mixture composed of methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate (MAA), potassium carbonate and a phase transfer catalyst, Aliquat 336. MAA, the initial synthon, was itself isolated in quasi quantitative yield following a fully described synthesis.     

Rate constants for hydrogen abstraction reactions by the hydroperoxyl radical from methanol, ethenol, acetaldehyde, toluene, and phenol

An important step in the initial oxidation of hydrocarbons at low to intermediate temperatures is the abstraction of H by hydroperoxyl radical (HO(2)). In this study, we calculate energy profiles for the sequence: reactant + HO(2) → [complex of reactants] → transition state → [complex of products] → product + H(2)O(2) for methanol, ethenol (i.e., C(2)H(3)OH), acetaldehyde, toluene, and phenol. Rate constants are provided in the simple Arrhenius form. Reasonable agreement was obtained with the limited literature data available for acetaldehyde and toluene. Addition of HO(2) to the various distinct sites in phenol is investigated. Direct abstraction of the hydroxyl H was found to dominate over HO(2) addition to the ring. The results presented herein should be useful in modeling the lower temperature oxidation of the five compounds considered, especially at low temperature where the HO(2) is expected to exist at reactive levels.