硝基烯类化合物在有机合成中的应用

本文总结了硝基烯类化合物在有机合成中的应用。硝基烯是用途广泛的合成子,易受到亲核试剂如碳负离子、亚磷酸酯等的进攻形成加成产物。它和碳负离子的加成产物可以视为羰基的极性转换(umpolung)试剂,是合成取代羰基化合物的有效方法,它也是良好的亲双烯体,易于发生Diels-Alder反应。     

铜氢催化不饱和烃与醛、酮的亲核加成反应

金属有机试剂(如：有机锂试剂、格氏试剂、有机铜试剂及有机铝试剂)对醛、酮的加成反应是有机化学中的重要反应,也是最经典的构建C―C键的方法之一。然而上述金属有机试剂存在官能团兼容性较差、对水和空气敏感及不易存储等缺陷,不可避免地限制了其广泛应用。近年来,利用稳定、易得的不饱和烃为原料替代金属有机试剂参与各种化学转化受到了人们高度关注。本文主要介绍在铜氢催化条件下,通过把不饱和烃现场转化为催化量有机铜中间体替代传统化学计量金属有机试剂的策略,实现其对醛、酮的加成反应,从而避免了传统方法的缺点。对于上述反应的介绍,能够丰富和拓展基础教学过程中亲核加成知识点的内容,开阔学生的视野与思维,有利于学生了解学科前沿领域的发展现状,激发学生的兴趣。     

苯乙烯噻吩之光敏化亲核性加成反应(英文)

苯乙烯噻吩经1,4二氰苯之光敏化作用所产生之阳离子自由基与氨进行高产率且具位置选择性之加成反应,可得单一产物1-胺基-1-(对-取代基苯基)-2-噻吩-2-基乙烷.     

REM树脂的制备及亲核加成应用研究

用Mitsunobu反应及丙烯酰氯酰化反应制备了用于固相有机合成的载体REM树脂，将REM树脂与苄胺加成，考查了所合成REM树脂的反应性能，并通过元素分析测定氮含量，推出REM树脂的烯丙基固载量。利用所合成的REM树脂进行了与胺、酚的加成反应动力学研究。结果表明，REM树脂与脂肪族伯胺和促胺的加成反应能够进行，与苯胺不发生反应；REM树脂与酚不能发生亲核加成反应。     

亲核叔膦促进的联烯酸酯环加成反应研究进展

20世纪90年代中期,陆熙炎教授报道了亲核叔膦促进的联烯酸酯与缺电子烯烃和亚胺环加成反应.二十年来,作为高效构建功能化碳环及杂环化合物方法,叔膦促进的联烯酸酯环加成反应的发展和应用受到化学家的广泛关注.多样性的亲核叔膦和不同结构联烯酸酯的引入,可呈现多种类型的环加成反应.特别是手性叔膦的应用,高选择性地实现了对该类反应的不对称催化,为一些天然产物和药物模块的全合成开辟了新途径.此外,醛酮化合物也被运用到此类反应中,构建了多种有用的含氧杂环.本篇综述包括六部分:第一部分是引言,概括介绍陆氏反应;第二至五部分分别阐述了亲核叔膦促进联烯酸酯与缺电子烯烃、亚胺、醛酮以及特定亲核试剂的各种环加成反应;最后一部分是总结与展望.     

硫化氢对3-芳基丙烯酰基二茂铁亲核加成反应的研究

α，β-不饱和酮与硫化氢的Michael加成反应已有大量研究报道，此反应中只生成1，4加成产物；但当α，β-不饱和酮中羰基连有强供电基团时，对Michael加成反应的影响尚未见报导。本文研究了硫化氢对3-芳基丙烯酰基二茂铁的亲核加成，得到了十种未见报道的3-     

联烯的自由基反应

联烯是含有1,2-丙二烯官能团的重要化合物,具有很高的反应活性.概述了联烯及其衍生物的自由基反应,包括分子间自由基链加成和分子间-分子内自由基串联加成反应,及其在天然产物中的应用.联烯进行分子间自由基链加成反应时,自由基对联烯的加成既可发生在中间碳原子上,也可发生在末端碳原子上,主要取于所形成中间体的稳定性,空间效应、电负性和溶剂等因素也有影响.一般以碳为中心的自由基(如CH3·,CCl3·等)易进攻末端碳原子,而以杂原子为中心的自由基(如Br·,RS·,ArSO2·等)易进攻联烯的中心碳原子.联烯及其衍生物也易与烯烃、联烯、烯炔和乙烯酮进行[2 2]环加成反应,还可以与卡宾环丙烷化,这些反应都是通过自由基机理进行的.     

为什么叁键比双键易进行亲核加成?

通过比较不同杂化状态的不饱和碳的“供电”能力、亲核加成反应活性中间体的稳定性，从理论上解释叁键比双键易进行亲核加成反应。并通过实例加以说明。     

4,4—二氯六氟—1—丁烯及其重排产物与亲核试剂加成反应活性的比较研究

含氟烯烃的化学是有机氟化学的基础之一。近年来对长碳链特别是双键不位于未端的全氟烯烃的反应活性及加成方向的研究引人注目。全氟氯烯烃由于氯原子的特性(如电负性为3.0,与 CF_3接近, I_n 效应比氟原子小,但 Cl~-是更好的离去基团等)而具有一些     

由全氟烷基联烯砜和硝酮偶极加成反应生成的一类特殊环加成产物

研究了全氟烷基联烯砜和硝酮的偶极加成反应。与不含氟的联烯砜不同，由于氟烷基的强吸电子性，使得全氟烷基联烯砜和硝酮在室温下即可发生反应，以很高的收率得到一类新颖的内盐环状产物。产物结构通过谱学数据和X-射线单晶衍射分析确定。     

Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition of Alkanethiols to 2-Vinyloxyethylmethacrylate

Under acid- or base-catalyzed conditions, thiols add regio- and chemos-electively either to vinyloxy or methacrylate group of vinyloxyalkyl-methacrylates to give polyfunctional methacrylates or polyfunctional vinyl ethers, respectively.     

Direct Nucleophilic Addition to N‐Alkoxyamides

While the synthesis of amide bonds is now one of the most reliable organic reactions, functionalization of amide carbonyl groups has been a long‐standing issue due to their high stability. As an ongoing program aimed at practical transformation of amides, we developed a direct nucleophilic addition to N‐alkoxyamides to access multisubstituted amines. The reaction enabled installation of two different functional groups to amide carbonyl groups in one pot. The N‐alkoxy group played important roles in this reaction. First, it removed the requirement for an extra preactivation step prior to nucleophilic addition to activate inert amide carbonyl groups. Second, the N‐alkoxy group formed a five‐membered chelated complex after the first nucleophilic addition, resulting in suppression of an extra addition of the first nucleophile. While diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL‐H) and organolithium reagents were suitable as the first nucleophile, allylation, cyanation, and vinylation were possible in the second addition including inter‐ and intramolecular reactions. The yields were generally high, even in the synthesis of sterically hindered α‐trisubstituted amines. The reaction exhibited wide substrate scope, including acyclic amides, five‐ and six‐membered lactams, and macrolactams.     

Covalent Functionalization of Graphene by Nucleophilic Addition Reaction: Synthesis and Optical‐Limiting Properties

Covalent functionalization of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was performed by using conjugated polymers with different monomers through nucleophilic addition of nitrogen anions to rGO. Three conjugated polymers containing tetraphenylethylene, carbazole, and phenyl groups were used, and as a result of π–π interactions and the “polymer‐wrapping” effect, the dispersion stability of rGO was improved. Even if the reaction site in the polymers was the same, there were great differences in the reactivities of the polymers, the dispersion stabilities of the resultant composites, and also the optical limiting (OL) performances of the resultant composites. The differences may be attributed to the π‐conjugated structure and steric hindrance of the moiety in the polymer skeleton, which has scarcely been reported. Besides, the resultant rGO‐P1 and rGO‐P3 materials both showed excellent OL responses, even at 4 μJ. This behavior should enable their potential application in photonic and optoelectronic devices to protect human eyes or optical sensors from damage by intense laser irradiation.     

Chemoselective Reductive Nucleophilic Addition to Tertiary Amides,Secondary Amides,and N‐Methoxyamides

As the complexity of targeted molecules increases in modern organic synthesis, chemoselectivity is recognized as an important factor in the development of new methodologies. Chemoselective nucleophilic addition to amide carbonyl centers is a challenge because classical methods require harsh reaction conditions to overcome the poor electrophilicity of the amide carbonyl group. We have successfully developed a reductive nucleophilic addition of mild nucleophiles to tertiary amides, secondary amides, and N‐methoxyamides that uses the Schwartz reagent [Cp₂ZrHCl]. The reaction took place in a highly chemoselective fashion in the presence of a variety of sensitive functional groups, such as methyl esters, which conventionally require protection prior to nucleophilic addition. The reaction will be applicable to the concise synthesis of complex natural alkaloids from readily available amide groups.     

Total Synthesis of (±)‐Gephyrotoxin by Amide‐Selective Reductive Nucleophilic Addition

A chemoselective approach for the total synthesis of (±)‐gephyrotoxin has been developed. The key to success was the utilization of N‐methoxyamides, which enabled the direct coupling of the amide with an aldehyde and selective reductive nucleophilic addition to the amide in the presence of a variety of sensitive and electrophilic functional groups, such as a methyl ester. This chemoselective approach minimized the use of protecting‐group manipulations and redox reactions, which resulted in the most concise and efficient total synthesis of (±)‐gephyrotoxin described to date.     

Diethyl Fluoronitromethylphosphonate: Synthesis and Application in Nucleophilic Fluoroalkyl Additions

Diethyl fluoronitromethylphosphonate ( 3 ), a previously unknown compound, was synthesized by electrophilic fluorination of diethyl nitromethylphosphonate with Selectfluor. Base‐induced decomposition of 3 was studied by NMR spectroscopy, which identified diethyl fluorophosphate and fluoronitromethane as the main decomposition products. C?H acidities [pK_a values in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] of 3 , 1‐fluoro‐1‐phenylsulfonylmethanephosphonate ( 1 ; McCarthy’s reagent), tetraethyl fluoromethylenebisphosphonate ( 2 ), and some nonfluorinated phosphonates were computed, and a good correlation between calculated and experimental pK_a values was found. The calculated C?H acidities increased in the sequence 2 < 1 < 3 . Diethyl fluoronitromethylphosphonate ( 3 ) was applied in the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction with aldehydes and trifluoromethyl ketones to provide new 1‐fluoro‐1‐nitroalkenes with good to high stereoselectivities. Alkylation of 3 was successful only with iodomethane, however, conjugate additions of 3 to Michael acceptors such as α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, sulfones, and nitro compounds allowed access to variously modified diethyl 1‐fluoro‐1‐nitrophosphonates.     

Efficient Synthesis of Urea Derivatives via a Sequential One-Pot Nucleophilic Addition/Ugi Five-Component Reaction Under Solvent-Free Conditions

Urea polyfunctional derivatives were successfully synthesized via a one-pot, five-component nucleophilic addition/Ugi reaction sequence. Simplicity, solvent-free conditions, and good yields of products are advantages of this method.     

A Dual Colorimetric/Fluorescence System for Determining pH Based on the Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of an o‐Hydroxymerocyanine Dye

Owing to their ability to monitor pH in a precise and rapid manner, optical probes have widely been developed for biological and nonbiological applications. The strategies thus far employed to determine pH rely on two types of processes including reversible protonation of amine nitrogen atoms and deprotonation of phenols. We have developed a novel dual, colorimetric/fluorescence system for determining the pH of a solution. This system utilizes an o‐hydroxymerocyanine dye that undergoes a nucleophilic addition reaction that subsequently causes reversible structural changes interconverting a merocyanine to a spirocyanine and a spirocyanine to a spiropyran. It was demonstrated that the dye can be employed to measure the pH of solutions in the 2.5–5.75 and 9.6–11.8 ranges with color changes from yellow to dark blue and then to lavender. Moreover, the fluorescence response associated with the spirocyanine–spiropyran transformation of the dye occurring in alkaline solutions provides a precise method.     

Facial Selectivity in the Nucleophilic Additions of endo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.0~(2,6)]deca-2(6),8-dien-3-one

The endo-tricyclo [5.2.1.02,6] decadienone system 1 has been used as a versatile synthon for the synthesis of a great variety of natural products1. The availability of both antipodes of 1 in enantiopure form2, and the ability to undergo [4+2] cycloreversion makes it useful for the enantioselective synthesis of naturally occurring cyclopentanoids with defined stereochemistry and chirality3. Starting from the 1,4 reduced Hertz ester 2, synthesis of the reactive and strained tricyclodecadienone 4…