Study of natural diamonds by dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The results of a study of two types of natural-diamond crystals by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced high-resolution solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are reported. The home-built DNP magic-angle spinning (MAS) ¹³C NMR spectrometer operates at 54 GHz for electrons and 20.2 MHz for carbons. The power of the microwave source was about 30 W and the highest DNP enhancement factor came near to 10³. It was shown that in the MAS spectra the ¹³C NMR linewidths of the I_b-type diamond were broader than those of I_aB3-type diamond. From the hyperfine structure of the DNP enhancement as a function of frequency, four kinds of nitrogen-centred and one kind of carbon-centred free radicals could be identified in the I_b-type diamond. The hyperfine structures of the DNP enhancement curve that originated from the anisotropic hyperfine interaction between electron and nuclei could be partially averaged out by MAS. The ¹³C polarization time of DNP was rather long, i.e. 1500 s, and the spin—lattice relaxation time (without microwave irradiation) was about 300 s, which was somewhat shorter than anticipated. Discussions on these experimental results have been made in this report.     

磁共振成像诊断术

利用人体组织中某种原子核的核磁共振现象所得射频信号，经电子计算机处理，重建人体某一层面的图像，并据此作出诊断。     

核磁共振成像系列实验教学探讨

超小型核磁共振成像仪已经应用在近代物理实验教学中,该仪器可以研究各种样品的脉冲核磁共振.本文从教学内容和教学方法上对核磁共振成像实验进行了探讨·     

磁共振波谱与成像技术

文章简要介绍了核磁共振的基本原理,详细阐述了液体核磁共振在蛋白质结构、功能和动力学等方面的研究进展,论述了增强固体核磁共振分辨率的方法及其应用,讲述了磁共振成像的原理并综述了不同磁共振成像方法的应用研究进展,并对核磁共振的发展作了展望。     

磁共振波谱及成像技术在纳米尺度物质生物效应研究中的应用

纳米尺度物质的生物效应研究是近年来在纳米科技发展过程中派生出来的一个崭新的、发展很快的且多学科高度交叉的领域,需要把纳米科学、物理学、化学以及生物医学等多学科的研究手段结合起来,进行综合研究.核磁共振波谱与成像,作为一种原位、无损、动态、实时、多信息的检测手段,在此领域的研究中将发挥不可或缺的重要作用.文章分3个方面简要介绍核磁共振波谱与成像技术在纳米尺度物质生物效应研究中的应用：(1)纳米尺度物质在生物组织及个体内的检测与分析;(2)纳米尺度物质与生物大分子相互作用的核磁共振波谱研究;(3)纳米尺度物质生物效应的核磁共振代谢组学研究.     

磁共振波谱及成像技术在纳米尺度物质生物效应研究中的应用

纳米尺度物质的生物效应研究是近年来在纳米科技发展过程中派生出来的一个崭新的、发展很快的且多学科高度交叉的领域，需要把纳米科学、物理学、化学以及生物医学等多学科的研究手段结合起来，进行综合研究．核磁共振波谱与成像，作为一种原位、无损、动态、实时、多信息的检测手段，在此领域的研究中将发挥不可或缺的重要作用．文章分3个方面简要介绍核磁共振波谱与成像技术在纳米尺度物质生物效应研究中的应用：（1）纳米尺度物质在生物组织及个体内的检测与分析；（2）纳米尺度物质与生物大分子相互作用的核磁共振波谱研究；（3）纳米尺度物质生物效应的核磁共振代谢组学研究．     

X射线光电子能谱与13C核磁共振在生物质碳表征中的应用

近年来,生物质碳(biochar)作为新型吸附剂被广泛研究。但由于制备biochar的生物质原料和热解温度的不同,使biochar的结构和组成存在差异,从而影响其对污染物的吸附。目前关于biochar的结构和组成的研究还不够全面。因此,结合了能谱与光谱分析的手段,对biochar的结构和组成进行了深入的分析。选取木质类(柳树枝条)和草类(水稻秸秆)作为原料,分别在不同热解温度(300,450和600℃)下制得biochars,并对biochars样品进行元素分析、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和固态13 C核磁共振(13 C NMR)研究,以阐明不同热解温度和生物质来源的biochars的结构和组成。结果显示:biochar的H/C,O/C和(O+N)/C的比值随着热解温度的升高而降低;草类biochar比木质类biochar具有更高的灰分含量和表面极性;木质类biochar的矿物主要分布在样品颗粒内部,其表面被有机质覆盖,而草类biochar部分矿物暴露在样品颗粒表面;13 C NMR显示低温制得的biochar主要由芳香碳、脂肪碳、羧基和羰基碳组成,高温制得的biochar主要由芳香碳组成,且低温制得biochars中,木质类biochars比草类biochars含有更高的木质素的残留碳结构,这是由于木质类biochars原材料中含有更高的木质素。     

Basic concepts for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

The basic concepts necessary to understand the physical basis of NMR imaging are presented in this didactic article. It is intended as a starting point for the radiologist or medical physicist who is addressing the topic of NMR for the first time. The basis of the NMR phenomena is described with introduction of the concepts of magnetic moment, magnetic fields, magnetic resonance, net magnetic moment of a sample, NMR excitation and NMR emission. The equipment necessary to observe these NMR properties of matter is summarized as well as the procedures for basic pulsed NMR experiments. The physical concepts for spatial localization of NMR emissions are introduced with physical analogies to stringed musical instruments. Several alternative imaging modalities are compared with greatest emphasis on the inversion recovery technique which yields images weighted by tissue T₁ values. The six subsystems of an NMR imaging device (primary magnet, computer, radio equipment, magnetic gradient, data storage and display subsystems) are described in an overview fashion. The paper is followed by a series of study questions to test the reader's comprehension of basic NMR imaging concepts.     

Surface-based functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis of partial brain echo planar imaging data at 1.5 T

Surface-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis is more sensitive and accurate than volume-based analysis for detecting neural activation. However, these advantages are less important in practical fMRI experiments with commonly used 1.5-T magnetic resonance devices because of the resolution gap between the echo planar imaging data and the cortical surface models. We expected high-resolution segmented partial brain echo planar imaging (EPI) data to overcome this problem, and the activation patterns of the high-resolution data could be different from the low-resolution data. For the practical applications of surface-based fMRI analysis using segmented EPI techniques, the effects of some important factors (e.g., activation patterns, registration and local distortions) should be intensively evaluated because the results of surface-based fMRI analyses could be influenced by them. In this study, we demonstrated the difference between activations detected from low-resolution EPI data, which were covering whole brain, and high-resolution segmented EPI data covering partial brain by volume- and surface-based analysis methods. First, we compared the activation maps of low- and high-resolution EPI datasets detected by volume- and surface-based analyses, with the spatial patterns of activation clusters, and analyzed the distributions of activations in occipital lobes. We also analyzed the high-resolution EPI data covering motor areas and fusiform gyri of human brain, and presented the differences of activations detected by volume- and surface-based methods.     

磁共振成像发展与超高场磁共振成像技术

20世纪70年代磁共振成像技术的发明为生物医学成像开辟了一个极富生命力的领域。随着技术的进步和生命科学研究的深入,磁共振成像技术正向超高场发展。文章将在介绍磁共振成像技术发展的历史后,结合作者的认识,简要介绍超高磁共振成像技术的发展现状和关键技术方面的进展。     

Cyclotron resonance in asymmetric double quantum wells

Far-infrared magnetotransmission measurements in magnetic fields are carried out on asymmetric coupled double wells. We observe a splitting in the cyclotron resonance (CR) line for a wide range of intermediate magnetic fields and only one line at high magnetic fields. Two peaks observed in the CR spectra correspond to transitions between Landau levels in individual wells. We propose that phase transition between weak and strong coupling regimes may be responsible for the features. The characteristics of the transition are studied via an analysis of CR masses, CR splitting and line widths as a function of the magnetic field.     

Orientational alignment in solids from bidimensional isotropic-anisotropic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: applications to the analysis of aramide fibers

The use of two-dimensional isotropic-anisotropic correlation spectroscopy for the analysis of orientational alignment in solids is presented. The theoretical background and advantages of this natural-abundance ¹³C NMR method of measurement are discussed, and demonstrated with a series of powder and single-crystal variable-angle correlation spectroscopy (VACSY) experiments on model systems. The technique is subsequently employed to analyze the orientational distributions of three polymer fibers: Kevlar^® 29, Kevlar^® 49 and Kevlar^® 149. Using complementary two-dimensional NMR data recorded on synthetic samples of poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide), the precursor of Kevlar^®, it was found that these commercial fibers possess molecules distributed over a very narrow orientational range with respect to the macroscopic director. The widths measured for these director distribution arrangements were (12 ± 1.5) ° for Kevlar^® 29, (15 ± 1.5) ° for Kevlar^® 49, and (8 ± 1.5) ° for Kevlar^® 149. These figures compare well with previous results obtained for non-commercial fiber samples derived from the same polymer.     

Assessment of mitral regurgitation by magnetic resonance imaging

To evaluate the potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detection and quantification of mitral regurgitation, 26 pts. with echocardiographically or angiographically documented mitral regurgitation were examined using a 0.5 Tesla superconducting magnet. In each patient a multislice-multiphase study in a sagittal-coronal double angulated projection (four-chamber view equivalent) was performed to assess left and right ventricular volumes, ejection fraction and regurgitant fraction. Additionally a blood flow sensitive cine-study (fast field echo: FFE) was done to visualize direction and area of regurgitant jet. MRI data were compared with quantitative and qualitative assessment of mitral regurgitation by angiography, 2D echocardiography, Doppler sonography and color flow mapping. Using the FFE mode MRI was able to detect the regurgitant jet as a typical signal loss within the left atrium in all patients. The ratio of regurgitant jet area/left atrium area as determined by MRI showed a correlation with a comparable ratio from color Doppler sonography of R = 0.87 (p < 0.001). There was also good agreement in semiquantitative grading of mitral regurgitation between MRI and angiography (R = 0.77, p < 0.001). The determination of left and right ventricular stroke volume allowed the calculation of the regurgitant fraction, which showed a correlation with invasively determined regurgitation fraction of R = 0.84 (p < 0.001). These data provide additional information that MRI may be useful as a noninvasive technique to detect and quantify mitral regurgitation.     

A design of novel type superconducting magnet for super—high field functional magnetic resonance imaging by using the harmonic analysis method of magnetic vector potentials

The approach of expanding the magnetic scalar potential in a series of Legendre polynomials is suitable for designing a conventional superconducting magnetic resonance imaging magnet of distributed solenoidal configuration. Whereas the approach of expanding the magnetic vector potential in associated Legendre harmonics is suitable for designing a single-solenoid magnet that has multiple tiers, in which each tier may have multiple layers with different winding lengths. A set of three equations to suppress some of the lowest higher-order harmonics is found. As an example, a 4T single-solenoid magnetic resonance imaging magnet with 4×6 layers of superconducting wires is designed. The degree of homogeneity in the 0.5m diameter sphere volume is better than 5.8 ppm. The same degree of homogeneity is retained after optimal integralization of turns in each correction layer. The ratio B_m/B₀ in the single-solenoid magnet is 30% lower than that in the conventional six-solenoid magnet. This tolerates higher rated superconducting current in the coil. The Lorentz force of the coil in the single-solenoid system is also much lower than in the six-solenoid system. This novel type of magnet possesses significant advantage over conventional magnets, especially when used as a super-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging magnet.     

基于高温超导量子干涉仪的超低场核磁共振成像研究

对基于高温超导量子干涉仪的低场核磁共振成像进行了较为系统的探索.首先对低场核磁共振系统进行了改进和完善,使得装置能够用于成像实验.在此基础上进行了一维、二维成像实验并取得了成功.二维成像分别采用了直接背投影成像法和傅里叶变换重建法.采用直接背投影方法成功获得了不同水样品分布的图形并与实物符合较好,同时还尝试对生物样品如青椒和芹菜的切片进行了成像,也得到了符合原物的二维投影像.尝试用傅里叶变换法对水样品进行成像,得到的图形能够显示样品轮廓,但信噪比偏低.对两种二维成像方法进行了比较和讨论.     

脑功能磁共振成像在人类嗅觉研究中的应用

在人类的5种主要感觉中,嗅觉是最广泛、古老、直接和内在的感觉.这些特性使人们对人类嗅觉的研究异常艰难,以致于直到今天人们对嗅觉的功能仍不清楚,而对大脑的功能机制所知更少.与其他基于物理原理的方法一样,磁共振成像技术的广泛应用极大地推动了整个生命科学的发展.脑功能磁共振成像的优势（高分辨率、高对比度、无损性和无放射性等）为人们研究嗅觉高级中枢以及与嗅觉相关行为的脑机制等提供了强有力的技术手段.文章在简单介绍嗅觉知识的基础上,着重讨论了近十年来,脑功能磁共振成像技术在人类嗅觉研究中所取得的成果.     

Designing shielded radio-frequency phased-array coils for magnetic resonance imaging

In this paper, an approach to the design of shielded radio-frequency (RF) phased-array coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is proposed. The target field method is used to find current densities distributed on primary and shield coils. The stream function technique is used to discretize current densities and to obtain the winding patterns of the coils. The corresponding highly ill-conditioned integral equation is solved by the Tikhonov regularization with a penalty function related to the minimum curvature. To balance the simplicity and smoothness with the homogeneity of the magnetic field of the coil’s winding pattern, the selection of a penalty factor is discussed in detail.     

Design of an interventional magnetic resonance imaging coil for cerebral surgery

In clinical magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),the design of the radiofrequency(RF) coil is very important.For certain applications,the appropriate coil can produce an improved image quality.However,it is difficult to achieve a uniform B1 field and a high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) simultaneously.In this article,we design an interventional transmitter-and-receiver RF coil for cerebral surgery.This coil adopts a disassembly structure that can be assembled and disassembled repeatedly on the cerebral surgery gantry to reduce the amount of interference from the MRI during surgery.The simulation results and the imaging experiments demonstrate that this coil can produce a uniform RF field,a high SNR,and a large imaging range to meet the requirements of the cerebral surgery.