SDBS／正辛烷／正丁醇／盐水体系中相微乳液微观结构的研究

利用冷冻蚀刻电镜、ＦＴ－ＩＲ、ＥＳＲ和ＮＭＲ方法研究了ＳＤＢＳ／ｎ－Ｃ４Ｈ９ＯＨ／ｎ－Ｃ８Ｈ１８盐水体系中相微乳液微观结构。四种方法均表现随着体系含盐度的增加，中相微乳液微观结构经历了从Ｏ／Ｗ型到Ｂ．Ｃ型，再到Ｗ／Ｏ型的转变。     

含介晶结构单元的反应性增韧剂改性环氧树脂研究──Ⅱ.材料断裂面形态结构的研究

该文合成了一种既含聚醚柔性链又含介晶结构单元的环氧树脂改性剂LCEU（PEG），用其改性环氧树脂／双氰双胺（E－51／dicy）固化体系，对改性体系的动态力学行为和冲击性能作了研究，用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对试样断裂面的形态结构进行了观察，并探讨了体系的形态结构与动态力学行为、冲击性能之间的关系。结果表明改性体系断裂时产生大量应力条纹，断裂面呈微观两相网络结构，为韧性断裂。     

^2H NMR和DSC法研究十二烷基磺酸钠—正戊醇—水三元体系的…

测定了十二烷基磺酸钠／正戊醇／水体系的相平衡，在相图中的液晶区选取样品点，采用＾２Ｈ ＮＭＲ和差示扫描量热方法，并结合其液晶纹理，研究了该体系液晶相的结构。结果表明，在一定温度下，整个液晶区均为层状液晶，其相结构不随水含量和醇含量的变化而变化。在组成固定的情况下，该体系液晶的相结构随温度的升高而发生变化。     

CPDB／正丁醇／正辛烷／水体系溶致液晶的^2HNMR和DSC法研究

测定了溴化十六烷基吡啶／正丁醇／正辛烷／水体系的相平衡，在液晶区域选取样品点，用＾２ＨＮＭＲ和差示扫描量热法，并与液晶纹理相对照研究了该区域的相结构变化，结果表明，在一定温度下，随着含水量的增加，体系从单一的Ｗ／Ｏ型微乳液→微乳液和层状液晶共存→层状液晶与六角状液晶共存→层状、六角状与六角状向立方状过渡晶型的三相共存→立方状→Ｏ／Ｗ型微乳液过度，在组成固定情况下，研究了该体系液晶相结构随温度升高所     

碳笼烯(C_(60)/C_(70))载体钕系催化异戊二烯聚合

较系统地研究了Ｎｄ（ｎａｐｈ）３ Ｃ６０Ｘ Ａｌ（ｉ Ｂｕ）３碳笼烯钕系催化异戊二烯配位聚合的反应规律，并测定了聚合物分子量、分子量分布和微观结构．碳笼烯钕系为一均相体系．Ａｌ／Ｎｄ及Ｃｌ／Ｎｄ摩尔比对催化体系的活性、聚合物分子量都有较大的影响，活性中心的形成有很好的时间和温度的稳定性．ＰＩｐ的特性粘数［η］在２左右，分子量分布ＭＷ／Ｍｎ在３左右，均小于传统钕催化体系．ＰＩｐ的顺式含量大于９７％．     

iPS—b—iPP共聚物对iPS／iPP共混物的性能和形态影响的研究

报道了苯乙烯－丙烯等规嵌段共聚物增溶作用及ｉＰＳ－ｂ－ｉＰＰ／ｉＰＳ／ｉＰＰ三组分共混体系微观形态和力学性能的研究结果。ｉＰＳ－ｂ－ｉＰＰ的加入明显地改善了ｉＰＳ／ｉＰＰ二组分共混物的力学性能；共聚物含量超过１５％时，三组分共混物的抗冲击强度超过ＨＩＰＳ的抗冲击强度，并具有较高的耐热性。ＳＥＭ结果表明，ｉＰＳ－ｂ－ｉＰＰ在ｉＰＳ／ｉＰＰ共混中起到了相分散和相间“偶联”作用，并降低了共混体系的微相尺     

碳氢／碳氟表面活性剂复配体系溶致液晶的研究

以全氟辛酸钠－十六烷基三甲基溴化铵／正丁醇／水体系为研究对象，通过其相图的测定确立了液晶区．其液晶区域面积大于十六烷基三甲基溴化铵／正丁醇／水体系的液晶区．摄制了该体系液晶区系列样品的纹理照片，用小角Ｘ光衍射法测定了液晶各种组分变化时的层间距，并结合２ＨＮＭＲ谱图和纹理照片的对照和分析，从分子水平上研究了液晶的微观结构．     

含介晶结构单元的反应性增韧剂改性环氧树脂研究：Ⅱ.材料断 …

该文合成了一种既含聚醚柔性链又含介晶结构单元的环氧树脂改性剂ＬＣＥＵＰＥＧ,用其改性环氧树脂／双氰双胺（Ｅ－５１／ｄｉｃｙ）固化体系,对改性体系的动态力学行为和冲击性能作了研究,用扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）对试样断同的形态结构进行了观察,并探讨了体系的形态结构与动态力学行为,冲击性能之间的关系。结果表明改性体系断裂时产生大量应力条纹,断裂面呈微观两相网络结构,为韧性断裂。     

乙基纤维素液晶的螺旋性质及影响因素的研究

以乙基纤维素／丙烯酸体系为例，对乙基纤维素液晶的胆甾相性质及其影响因素进行了研究，测定了体系胆甾相结构的螺距。结果表明，乙基纤维素／丙烯酸液晶体的螺旋方向为左旋，随溶液液浓度的增大，胆甾相结构的螺距减小。胆甾相结合的螺距还明显地受到温度，压力、溶剂组成，高分子掺杂等因素的影响。     

PS／LDPE共混体系相结构的TEM研究

ＰＳ／ＬＤＰＥ共混体系相结构的ＴＥＭ研究徐世爱，江明，沈静姝（复旦大学高分子科学系和聚合物分子工程实验室，上海，２００４３３）（中国科学院化学研究所高分子物理开放实验室）关键词相结构，透射电镜，共混体系聚苯乙烯（ＰＳ）和低密度聚乙烯（ＬＤＰＥ）共混体...     

Electrical conductivities of carbon nanotube-filled polycarbonate/polyester blends

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-filled polycarbonate (PC)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and polycarbonate (PC)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blends containing 1 wt% CNTs over a wide range of blend compositions were prepared by melt mixing in a torque rheometer to investigate the structure-electrical conductivity relationship. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the blend morphology and the distribution of CNTs. The latter was compared with the thermodynamic predictions through the calculation of wetting coefficients. It was found that CNTs are selectively localized in the polyester phase and conductive blends can be obtained over the whole composition range (20 wt%, 50 wt% and 80 wt% PBT) for CNT-filled PC/PBT blends, while conductive CNT-filled PC/PET blends can only be obtained when PET is the continuous phase (50 wt%, 80 wt% PET). The dramatic difference in the electrical conductivity between the two types of CNT-filled PC/polyester blends at a low polyester content (20 wt%) was explained by the size difference of the dispersed phases on the basis of the transmission electron microscope micrographs.     

Miscible blends containing a crystallizable component: poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethyleneimine)

Blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAI) with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) were prepared by casting from a common solvent. All blends show a single, composition dependent glass transition temperature (T_g), indicating that the blends are miscible in the amorphous state and in the melt. The overall crystallization rate of PVAI in the blend decreases with increasing PEI content. The crystallinity index of PVAI in the blend does not decrease greatly with PEI content up to a composition of 70/30 PVAI/PEI, since the T_g of the crystallizable component PVAI is larger than that of the non-crystallizable component PEI. The T_g of the system PVAI/PEI decreases with increasing PEI content. The interaction parameter B of the two polymers in the melt was found to be −24 J/cm³.     

Fourier - transform infrared - spectrometric investigation of blends of terephthalic polyesters with polycarbonate

Blends of polycarbonate (PC) and poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) or poly(butyleneterephthalate) (PBT) heated above the melting temperature of the crystalline component show transesterification reactions. The crystallizability of the resulting system (mixture of copolyesters with homopolymers) decreases with time. Blends of PET and PC loose their crystallizability after 10 - 20 min at 543 K. After that treatment samples with low content of PC have lost the characteristic IR absorptions of PC. Transesterification is faster in blends of PBT and PC: after 3–15 min at 543 K the crystallizability has vanished. After transesterification has reached equilibrium a homogeneous statistical copolymer has developed from the homopolymers.     

Compatibility studies of blends of polycarbonate and poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Blends of bisphenol-A polyarbonate (PC) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Blends were prepared by screw extrusion and solution casting with weight fractions of PC in the blends varying from 0.90 to 0.10. From the measured glass transition temperature (T_g) and apparent weight fractions of PC and PET dissolved in each phase, it appears that PET dissolves more in the PC-rich phase than does the PC in the PET-rich phase. The composition-dependent values of the Flory–Huggins polymer–polymer–interaction parameter were determined and found to be from 0.054 to 0.037 for extruded blends at 275°C and from 0.058 to 0.040 for solution casting at 25°C. The interaction parameter decreases with increasing PET concentration. This result is consistent with the values of the T_gs, the microscopy study, and the measured extrudate swell ratios which show that compatibility increases more in the PET-rich compositions than in the PC-rich compositions. The PC–PET blends are not microscopically miscible for all the blend compositions.     

Miscibility of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) blends by transesterification

The effects of transesterification on the miscibility of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) were studied. Blends were obtained by solution precipitation at room temperature to avoid transesterification during blend preparation. The physical blends and transesterified products were analyzed by wide-angle x-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was found that the physical blends are immiscible and when the extent of transesterification reaches 50% of the completely randomized state, independent of blend composition, the blends are not crystallizable and show a single glass transition temperature between those of starting polymers. The interchange reactions were significantly influenced by annealing temperature and time but negligibly by blend composition. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Miscibility of bisphenol-A polycarbonate with poly(methyl methacrylate)

The miscibility of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been reexamined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical indications for phase separation on heating, i.e., lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. Various methods have been used to prepare the blends including methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution casting, melt mixing, and precipitation of PC and PMMA simultaneously from THF solution by using the nonsolvents methanol and heptane. It is shown that the resulting phase behavior for PC/PMMA blends is strongly affected by the blend preparation method. However, these blends are miscible over the whole blend composition range (unambiguous single composition-dependent T_g's and LCST behavior) when prepared by precipitation from solution using heptane as the nonsolvent. To the contrary, solution-cast and melt-mixed PC/PMMA blends were all phase separated, which may be attributed to the “solvent” effect and LCST behavior, respectively, not discovered in previous reports. Methanol precipitation does not lead to fully mixed blends, which demonstrates the importance of the choice of nonsolvent when using the precipitation method.     

X-ray scattering and thermal analysis study of the effects of molecular weight on phase structure in blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) with polycarbonate

Blends of Poly(butylene terephthalate), PBT, with Polycarbonate, PC, were studied for a range of molecular weights and blend compositions. Blends were available in PBT/PC compositions 80/20 and 40/60, and with M_w designated by H (high) or L (low). Samples were prepared by melt crystallization, or by cold crystallization following a rapid quench from the melt. Addition of PC reduces the crystallization kinetics of PBT so that the resulting crystals are more perfect than those which form in the homopolymer. Degree of crystallinity of the blends followed the rank ordering: L/L > L/H > H/L = H/H. The glass transition behavior was investigated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). All blends exhibited two glass transitions at intermediate temperatures between the T_gs of the homopolymers, indicating existence of a PBT-rich phase and a PC-rich phase. Blends L/L were most, and H/H the least, miscible. Small-angle X-ray scattering was performed at room temperature on cold crystallized blends, or at elevated temperature during melt crystallization. The long period was consistently larger, and the linear stack crystallinity was consistently smaller, in blends L/L or H/L. These results indicate that in blends containing low M_w PC, there is more PC located within the PBT-rich phase. The long period was consistently smaller in cold crystallized samples, while the linear stack crystallinity was nearly the same, regardless of melt or cold crystallization treatment. Reduction of the average long period in cold crystallized samples could result from crystallization of PBT within the PC-rich phase. This is consistent with thermal analysis results, which indicate that cold crystallized samples have greater overall crystallinity than melt crystallized samples. A hypothetical liquid phase diagram is presented to explain the differences between melt and cold crystallized blends. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Water sorption and transport in blends of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and polysulfone

Water sorption and transport properties for a series of miscible blends of hydrophobic bisphenol A polysulfone and hydrophilic poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) are reported. Study was restricted to blends that remained homogeneous after exposure to liquid water. The solubility of water in the blend films increased with increasing hydrophilic polymer content. Equilibrium sorption isotherms show dual-mode behavior at low activities and swelling behavior at high activities. The sorption kinetics are generally Fickian for blends containing 20% poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) or less, but exhibit two-stage behavior in blends containing 40% poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Diffusion coefficients extrapolated to zero concentration decrease with increasing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) content, owing to a decrease in the fractional free volume. However, the diffusion coefficient becomes a greater function of activity as the composition of hydrophilic polymer in the blend is increased, due to plasticization of the material by large levels of sorbed water. Permeability coefficients generally decrease with increasing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) content for blends containing 20% poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) or less because the decrease in the diffusion coefficient is greater than the increase in the solubility coefficient. Blends containing 40% poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) have permeability coefficients greater than those of polysulfone due to high water solubility. The permeability coefficients depend on water concentration in approximately the same way for all blends. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys, 35: 655–674, 1997     

Miscibility of polycaprolactone/chlorinated polyethylene blends

Blends of polycaprolactone (PCL) with chlorinated polyethylenes (PECls) having chlorine contents of 25, 30, 36, 42, and 48% by weight were prepared and studied by differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle light scattering (SALS). It was found that blends made with PECls containing 30% or more chlorine are completely miscible with PCL (a single glass transition temperature T_g is found) while the PCL/PECl(25) blends are immiscible. PCL crystallizes in the miscible blends at any composition and it has an enthalpy of fusion which decreases only slightly with PECl content. Blends in the PECl composition interval of 0–80% are spherulitic, as shown by SALS, but a rodlike morphology is found at the 85% composition and dispersed crystals are observed at higher compositions. It is suggested that the k parameter of the Gordon-Taylor equation can be taken as a measure of the strength of the specific interaction between PCL and PECl. Low values of k (0.26 and 0.35) are found for PCL/PECl blends but a higher value of k (0.51) has been reported for PCL/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends, indicating a stronger interaction in the latter mixtures. In agreement with these findings poly(α-methyl-α-n-propyl-β-propiolactone) and poly(valerolactone) are not miscible with PECl, whereas they were previously shown to be miscible with PVC.     

Blends of natural and synthetic polymers: A new route to novel biomaterials

Blends of natural and synthetic polymers were studied for potential applications in the biomedical field. Collagen and hyaluronic acid were mixed in aqueous solution with poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid). The properties of the blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Some methods were also investigated to enhance the miscibility of the polymers in these blends.