动态水景声喜好度实验研究

采集不同地域环境中的动态水景声景观数据,采用里克特5级量表,通过实验室实验研究水景声喜好度与声音物理特征、水景形态与环境视觉喜好度和被试等因素的关系。分析发现:单听水景声音时,声喜好度与水景声音A声级显著负相关(r_p=-0.981,p<0.01),与瞬时变率显著正相关(r_p=0.720,p<0.05)。当谱质心与A声级和瞬时变率显著相关时,谱质心与声喜好度也显著负相关(r_p=-0.867,p<0.01);放映水景形态和环境默片,评价其视觉喜好度;将水景声音分别与形态、环境视频同时播放再评价其声喜好度,发现视觉喜好度较高的水景形态和环境能够明显提高大流速流量水景的声喜好度,视觉喜好度较低的水景形态和环境反而降低了小流速流量水景的声喜好度;男女生对水景声喜好度的评价有显著差异,本地学生对黑虎泉声喜好度评价比非本地学生高。因此,水景声喜好度受其声音物理指标、形态和环境视觉因素及被试自身等因素的影响。      

城市历史街区声景观及视听感知实验研究*

城市历史街区声景观是空间环境的重要内容,直接影响人们的感知体验。论文以济南老城泉水街区为例研究城市历史街区的声景观并进行视听感知实验。结果表明,现场声元素喜好度显著高于实验室单听评价。鸟鸣、鹅叫声在现场和实验室评分都较高,大流速流量水景声在现场评分高而实验室评分低,小流速流量水景声在实验室和安静环境中评分较高,在吵闹环境中评分较低;声环境满意度与视觉景观优美度、声源组成喜好度、安静度之间存在显著正相关关系,与环境声压级存在显著负相关关系,但当较高的环境声压级主要由水声贡献时,声环境满意度明显提高;应从提高景观优美度、优化声源组成、降低环境声压级等方面进行声景观设计。论文为声元素喜好度和声环境满意度研究提供参考。     

滨海公共空间声环境感知评价及影响因素*

滨海公共空间是滨海城市人居环境的重要组成部分,其声环境质量是影响公共空间环境体验的关键因素。本研究以青岛沿海岸线四类滨海公共空间（步道类、广场类、公园类、沙滩类）的声环境为对象,通过问卷调查和实地测量探索滨海公共空间声环境的特征、感知评价及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）滨海公共空间当前环境噪声水平基本不超过国家标准限值55dB(A) ,各类空间声环境客观特征显著不同：公园噪声水平最低,自然声源丰富;广场噪声水平最高,各种城市噪声较多;步道噪声水平较低,但受到交通噪声的影响;沙滩噪声水平较高,但以中低频的海浪声为主,比较稳定。（2）各类滨海公共空间的声源感知以自然声为主,但是广场的自然声源感知较少。此外,声环境的愉悦感评价普遍较高,但在事件感、吵闹度和总体满意度评价上具有显著差异：沙滩声环境总体评价最好,其次是公园,广场和步道的声环境则亟待改善。（3）交通噪声和最大声级Lmax对声环境的负面影响最为显著,此外受访者年龄也是影响滨海公共空间声环境感知评价的关键因素。研究结论可以为滨海公共空间声环境的优化设计提供理论依据。     

汉语背景下开放式办公室声环境的评价研究

通过对北京4个开放式办公室的声环境特性测试以及一系列现场问卷调查,研究了对汉语背景下开放式办公室声环境评价的特点及其与客观声学参数之间的关系。分析发现:汉语背景下人们对声环境的关注程度仅次于光线,并对语言私密性有一定的要求;声环境评价与办公室的工作性质有关,但均在“不好不坏”和“糟糕”之间;声环境评价与背景噪声L_Aeq和L₁₀显著相关,采用混响时间作为单一指标来评价声环境的方法存在明显不足;当减少语言传输指数STI时,可以同时提高语言私密度和改善声环境;声环境认知、声响大小的敏感度、情绪和疲劳等主观因素对声环境评价具有显著性影响,而工作注意力集中程度、每天工作时间、年龄、收入、职位等则影响不显著。      

关于噪声评价用语的研究

在中国进行了关于噪声评价用语的社会调查,250名大学生用选择描述法和SD法等两种实验方法,用事先准备好的调查表,对4个声级的6种声源进行了评价.通过对实验数据的统计分析处理得到了以下结果: 1.声源可被分为高声级噪声、低声级噪声、语言声和音乐声等四类. 2.根据对声音的评价结果、所用的形容词也可被分为四类.对于不同类别的声源,要用不同类别的形容词来进行描述. 3.形容词“大的”一般是用于描述声级高的声音,不大用于描述噪声.“喧闹的”和“讨厌的”是贬义词,一般用来描述人对噪声的感受. 4.用选择描述法做评价声音实验比用SD法能获得更多的信息. 5.Cluster分析法、数量化理论Ⅳ类和Biplot分析法是处理声音评价实验数据的有效手段.     

生态水体景观视觉影响下道路交通声评价的实验研究

采用里克特5级量表(1:非常不舒适;5:非常舒适)实验研究了不同声级的道路交通声评价在生态水体景观视觉影响下的规律。分析发现:与单听觉测试条件相比,生态水体景观将道路交通声级与声评价的相关系数由-0.91降低至-0.81~-0.57,其中30 dBA的道路交通声评价值下降0.13~0.68,而70 dBA的道路交通声评价值升高0.10~0.22。在一定声级范围内景观要素对道路交通声评价的影响不同:人工要素比自然要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;自然水体远景比近景影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;人的活动要素比动物活动要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.28/10 dBA,     

生态水体景观视觉影响下道路交通声评价的实验研究

采用里克特5级量表(1:非常不舒适;5:非常舒适)实验研究了不同声级的道路交通声评价在生态水体景观视觉影响下的规律。分析发现:与单听觉测试条件相比,生态水体景观将道路交通声级与声评价的相关系数由-0.91降低至-0.81~-0.57,其中30 dBA的道路交通声评价值下降0.13~0.68,而70 dBA的道路交通声评价值升高0.10~0.22。在一定声级范围内景观要素对道路交通声评价的影响不同:人工要素比自然要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;自然水体远景比近景影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;人的活动要素比动物活动要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.28/10 dBA,      

大学校园户外学习空间的声舒适性研究——以5栋山西高校图书馆的室外空间为例

影响图书馆室外空间声舒适度评价的因素较多,本文采用声漫步、问卷调查和建筑物理参数测量的方法,对山西省三所高校共五所校区的图书馆室外空间的声环境进行了调研。结果表明,声源类型对主观声舒适度评价有较大影响,还会影响到声压级和主观声舒适度的关系。景观评价和主观声舒适度评价之间有正相关关系,人们对安静的声环境有较高的偏好,而对于有舒适背景声的声环境,喜好性的选择则表现的较为多样化。本文还分析了建筑物理环境舒适度整体评价与各项物理量主观评价之间的关系,这些物理量是影响舒适度整体评价的主因子,但还有其它因素会对整体评价产生影响。     

哈尔滨5个宗教建筑广场声景评价中宗教信仰的影响*

为探究宗教信仰是否影响人对宗教建筑广场声景的心理感受,该研究基于声景生态学对声景元素的分类,通过模糊层次综合评价法构建由地球物理声、生物声和人工声3个准则层元素和16个指标层元素组成的宗教建筑广场声景评价体系。以哈尔滨市的5个教堂为例,对有宗教信仰和无宗教信仰的游客和居民进行调查。结果表明：有无宗教信仰的受访者对宗教建筑广场声景总体评价的结果分别为很好和较好;在准则层中,地球物理声的评价结果皆为较好,生物声的评价结果皆在一般及以上,而人工声则与生物声相反;有宗教信仰的受访者对除昆虫鸣叫声外的生物声景的评价等级均比无宗教信仰的受访者高一级,对广场广播声的评价等级比无宗教信仰的受访者低一级,其余指标的评价结果均一致。评价结果符合实际,为今后宗教建筑广场声景评价研究提供了有效方法。     

基于声舒适度的地下餐饮空间声级阈研究

为了确定地下餐饮空间内使用者主观声舒适度可接受时的声压级阈值范围,本文选取典型的封闭式地下餐饮空间作为研究对象,采用实地问卷与实测相结合的方法进行调研。结果表明:地下餐饮空间内整体环境舒适度主观评价偏低,声舒适度评价与整体环境舒适度评价具有强相关性,因此声环境是影响地下餐饮空间内整体环境舒适度的因素。在影响主观声舒适度评价的客观指标中,混响时间可不作为主要影响因素考虑;而背景噪声声压级是影响地下餐饮空间内声舒适度主观评价的重要指标。使用者声舒适度为可接受时,地下餐饮空间内背景噪声声压级阈值为70-75 dB(A)。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.