声表面波气体传感器研究进展*

基于声表面波技术的气体传感器包括采用敏感膜和结合气相色谱两种方式。比较而言,采用敏感膜的声表面波气体传感器体积小、功耗低,适应小型化毒气报警器的发展要求,但可检测的气体种类少、灵敏度低、存在交叉干扰问题;声表面波与气相色谱联用的气体分析仪灵敏度高、可检测气体种类多、很好地解决交叉干扰问题,特别适合于复杂大气背景条件下的气体成分分析。本文从传感器响应机理分析与物理功能结构两方面出发介绍了两类声表面波气体传感器的研究进展情况。     

超声空化及其声流结构实验研究*

超声空化及其声流效应在医学、化工和能源等领域得到广泛应用。本文采用高速摄像和粒子图像测速系统分别研究了超声场下的空化形态和声流场结构的时空演化规律。实验研究了50W,100W,200W和250W等四种不同输入功率对18kHz的超声变幅杆附近空化及其声流场的影响。研究结果表明：（1）在变幅杆下端面处观察到由大量空化气泡均匀分布组成的倒置锥形空泡结构,并且锥形空泡结构为稳态流动结构。（2）在超声变幅杆附近产生了两种不同的声流形式,第一种是变幅杆底端的射流型声流,第二种是变幅杆两侧的回旋流。此外,通过研究空泡与声流场中最大速度点之间的空间对应关系,发现声流是因为空泡流动带动而产生的。（3）空间位置和输入功率能显著影响射流型声流的流场结构,但是对回旋流的影响十分微弱。     

基于数字式MEMS传感器的声阵列成像系统设计*

常规驻极体传声器阵列成像系统存在数据采集系统复杂、体积大的问题,因而阵列传感器数量一般不超过60个,成像质量较差。为此,本文以数字式MEMS声传感器基础设计了260个传感器的声阵列,数据采集系统由FPGA控制,并嵌入到前端阵列中,后端是在另一个FPGA控制下的1个DSP芯片和2个PC104模块组成的集成系统,其中高速DSP芯片完成阵列信号处理以实现声成像功能。该系统能够实现对普通车间环境下机械设备噪声、气体泄漏噪声的现场成像测试,形成动态声像图。测试表明,该系统抗干扰能力强、声像分辨率高、成像速度快,实用效果良好。     

复杂结构声辐射模态的计算

结构辐射阻矩阵的特征向量就是其声辐射模态,复杂结构的辐射阻矩阵获取困难阻碍了声辐射模态理论的进一步应用。为此提出一种基于等效源方法的复杂结构辐射阻矩阵计算方法,由此形成了一套完整的计算复杂结构声辐射模态方法。最后通过仿真算例对影响结构辐射阻矩阵计算精度的因素进行了分析,给出了复杂结构辐射阻矩阵构造的一般原则。理论推导和数值仿真算例表明所提出的复杂结构声辐射模态计算方法是有效的。该方法简化了复杂结构声辐射模态的计算,计算效率较高。     

一种声发射信号方位角自适应监测算法*

四阶累积量可用于声发射信号处理,结合盲波束形成算法可对声发射信号的方位角进行估计。由于四阶累积量的计算量较大,采用迭代计算的思想,提出一种基于四阶累积量的自适应声发射信号方位角监测算法。与改进前的算法相比,自适应算法的计算复杂度和所需存贮空间均显著降低,可用于声发射信号的方位估计和监测。计算机仿真及实测数据分析均验证了算法的有效性。     

山地城市轻轨沿线典型地段声环境研究*

重庆作为典型山地城市,独特的城市空间形态产生了轻轨系统与其沿线建筑特有的空间关系,使得轻轨噪声的影响变得更为复杂。本文以重庆市轻轨建设现状与空间形态特征的分析研究为基础,选取了轻轨2、3号线沿线的三处典型地段进行声环境测试,测试结果表明,轻轨通过时噪声会增加10-25 dB(A),而山地城市多轻轨线路多弯道,列车通过400m以下小半径弯道时噪声平均比直行状态高2-3 dB(A),同时轻轨在进出隧道时,其噪声的持续影响时间平均增加10-12s。     

用于开口声辐射控制的虚拟声屏障实现 方法及机理研究*

建筑物通常留有开口以便人员物料的进出及室内的自然通风采光,但这些开口也是噪声传播的途径。传统被动噪声控制方法需要将开口封闭,且对低频噪声的控制效果不好,故引入有源噪声控制技术降低室内声源通过开口的声辐射。基于惠更斯原理,均布开口的次级源和误差传声器构成的平面型虚拟声屏障可以实现对开口声辐射的有效控制,数值仿真和实验已证明其有效性。将次级源安装在开口边界更有利于保留开口的功能且方便实际安装,但这样的单层边界虚拟声屏障降噪效果存在上限,仅能在低频段实现全局控制。和单层边界次级源相比,双层边界次级源可显著提高降噪量和有效降噪频率上限。该文回顾了开口声辐射有源控制的相关工作,并讨论了未来可能的研究方向。     

声矢量阵阵元位置及幅相误差有源校正算法*

针对声矢量阵幅相误差及阵元位置误差校正问题,基于特征分解法,提出一种简单实用的有源校正算法。该方法需要合作信源的至少3个方位信息,根据声矢量阵的通道特征,利用特征分解法构造矩阵方程组,通过矩阵运算得到声矢量阵阵元位置和幅相误差参数,从而实现对声矢量阵的校正。大量计算机仿真表明该校正算法具有良好的声矢量阵阵列误差参数估计性能。     

固/固型二维正方晶格声子晶体缺陷态研究*

固/固型声子晶体在抑制噪音和隔离振动等工程领域有着潜在的应用。利用有限元方法对存在缺陷的二维正方晶格金/环氧树脂声子晶体进行了研究,数值计算结果表明弹性波在点缺陷处局域,带隙中出现多条缺陷模,点缺陷数目的增加对声子晶体局域特性产生显著影响;弹性波沿着线缺陷传播形成波导,改变线缺陷结构可以改变弹性波传播方向和实现信号的分离。对声子晶体缺陷特性的研究可为声学滤波器和波导等器件的设计提供参考。     

早龄期荷载及低温作用下的混凝土声发射特征试验研究*

井壁混凝土由于施工与环境特殊性导致其裂缝扩展情况异常,本文通过对不同早龄期荷载、低温条件下混凝土轴压破坏过程的声发射检测,分析井壁施工环境对混凝土内部裂缝产生、发展的影响。研究表明,早龄期荷载、低温单独作用时,与标养混凝土主要差异在轴压过程中的声发射初始阶段,对混凝土内部的原有收缩裂缝有所影响。当两者耦合作用时,早龄期荷载影响比低温作用显著,并且在早龄期荷载较大时会出现声发射信号"倒置"现象。     

弱耦合封闭声腔的声辐射模态理论与计算

有源结构声控制是耦合封闭声腔的声辐射控制的有效方法。在此前的研究中有学者提出了\     

利用声辐射模态重构任意目标的散射声场

水下目标散射声场的重构可以作为水下目标散射特性的研究基础。本文主要利用声辐射模态对水下目标进行散射声场重构研究。首先,在借助声传递矩阵给出的任意结构声辐射模态的流体域求解方法基础上,通过理论证明了目标的散射声压与声辐射模态具有函数关系。其次,借助声场分布模态的概念,同时考虑到声场分布模态病态及声压测量易受噪声污染,提出基于声辐射模态的正则化散射声场重构算法。仿真结果表明,波数越低,重构所需声辐射模态阶数越少,在较高波数时仅需总模态数的大约20%即可对声场进行重构。与基于边界元的声场重构算法相比,计算量减小了至少80%,且克服了赫姆霍兹积分方程最小二乘法仅对球壳结构的重构效果较好而不适用于长条形结构重构的缺陷。     

Experimental research on vibrating objects and its radiation field by using nearfield acoustic holography

I.IntroductionThetheoreticalanalysisofthcimagingmethodandcharacteristicsoftheNcarfieldAcousticalHo1ography(NAH)wassystcmatica11yexpoundedinthepapersabroadandourownrescarchcs["21,fromwhichweknowthatNAHcanbcimplcmentcdinanyseparablecoordinatcSystem.HowevertheexpcrimentalrescarchinthispaperwillbcprimariIyrestrictedtoplanarholography.Forp1aneholography,becausctheho1ogramdataisrecordcdinthehologramplaneveryc1osetothetestedsourceorvibratingsurface(i.e.d<相似文献   

面向目标的定向声辐射技术及其应用研究

面向目标的定向声辐射是指利用声源特性和阵列信号处理技术,将声波传送至目标方向或区域的声场控制方法。本文介绍了定向声辐射技术的原理和进展,重点阐述了普通扬声器阵列和参量阵扬声器这两种声源形式的理论、算法和应用研究。其中,针对扬声器阵列,主要分析了基于声能量对比度控制的声聚焦技术;针对参量阵扬声器,综述了利用非线性效应产生高指向性可听声的计算方法、信号预处理和应用等进展。面向目标的定向声辐射技术的研究对实现智能声场控制有着重要意义。     

Influence of nozzle spacing and diameter on acoustic radiation from supersonic jets in closely spaced arrays

Acoustic emissions were characterized for fourteen, 8 × 8 arrays of axisymmetric supersonic jets experimentally. The nozzle diameters ranged from 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) to 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) and the hole-to-hole spacing (S) over hole diameter (d), or the S/d ratios ranged from 1.44 to 3. The arrays were tested at several net pressure ratios ranging from 2 to 24. It was found that up to a critical net pressure ratio, the arrays radiated ultrasonic frequencies. Beyond this critical net pressure ratio the characteristic frequency decreased to lie within the audible range. Frequency response plots of the sound pressure indicate a broadband frequency peak generated by the turbulent mixing noise of the jet. At lower net pressure ratio (NPR) values, this broadband peak is similar to a single jet within the jet array. However, as the NPR continues to increase this frequency peak shifts to lower values which are similar to a single jet with an equivalent exit area of the entire array. Dimensional analysis revealed that at a critical net pressure ratio a dramatic reduction in the characteristic Strouhal number occurred. A small increase in the characteristic acoustic pressure was also observed at net pressure ratios below the critical net pressure ratio and a larger increase was observed at higher net pressure ratios. The critical net pressure ratio appeared to be a linear function of S/d for the nozzle arrays. A linear curve fit was applied to the measured critical net pressure ratio and this was compared to a theoretical model prediction. The experimental results revealed that the critical net pressure ratio is well predicted by the models.     

Computation of acoustic radiation from vibrating structures in motion

The noises from a vibrating structure in motion are often encountered in engineering practice, for example, tire noise and pass-by noise of moving vehicles. Consequently, research on the radiation characteristics of moving acoustic source is of significance. In this paper, a new computational method based on the wave superposition approach is developed for the acoustic field from a vibrating structure in motion. It inherits the advantages of the wave superposition approach in the acoustic computation, and in which a method of moving simple sources is used to eliminate the influence of the Doppler effect. By the proposed method, the acoustic radiation from the moving vibrating structure can be calculated easily with the same implementation process as the conventional wave superposition approach performed in the stationary acoustic field. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the proposed method are verified by the numerical results.     

Analytical and numerical calculations of optimum design frequency for focused ultrasound therapy and acoustic radiation force

Focused ultrasound therapy relies on acoustic power absorption by tissue. The stronger the absorption the higher the temperature increase is. However, strong acoustic absorption also means faster attenuation and limited penetration depth. Hence, there is a trade-off between heat generation efficacy and penetration depth. In this paper, we formulated the acoustic power absorption as a function of frequency and attenuation coefficient, and defined two figures of merit to measure the power absorption: spatial peak of the acoustic power absorption density, and the acoustic power absorbed within the focal area. Then, we derived “rule of thumb” expressions for the optimum frequencies that maximized these figures of merit given the target depth and homogeneous tissue type. We also formulated a method to calculate the optimum frequency for inhomogeneous tissue given the tissue composition for situations where the tissue structure can be assumed to be made of parallel layers of homogeneous tissue. We checked the validity of the rules using linear acoustic field simulations. For a one-dimensional array of 4 cm acoustic aperture, and for a two-dimensional array of 4 × 4 cm² acoustic aperture, we found that the power absorbed within the focal area is maximized at 0.86 MHz, and 0.79 MHz, respectively, when the target depth is 4 cm in muscle tissue. The rules on the other hand predicted the optimum frequencies for acoustic power absorption as 0.9 MHz and 0.86 MHz, respectively for the 1D and 2D array case, which are within 6% and 9% of the field simulation results. Because radiation force generated by an acoustic wave in a lossy propagation medium is approximately proportional to the acoustic power absorption, these rules can be used to maximize acoustic radiation force generated in tissue as well.     

Reduction of acoustic radiation by perforated board and honeycomb layer systems

A perforated system, proposed previously for reducing the radiated sound from a plate at arbitrary frequencies, is applied to three-dimensional problem. Plates are assumed to be supported in a duct of a finite cross-section and excited by a harmonic point force. The sound radiation is investigated from the viewpoint of acoustic power and it is discussed whether the attenuation effect shown previously in the one-dimensional system can be obtained with the three-dimensional system. The effect of support conditions on attenuation characteristics is discussed by using clamped and simply supported circular models. Allowing for the effect, a simply supported rectangular model is studied in detail and its problems are revealed. In order to overcome the problems, a new system including subdivided air cavities in the form of a honeycomb layer instead of a undivided backing cavity is proposed. Each of the honeycomb cells can create local one-dimensional sound fields. Calculated theoretical results are compared to data obtained in a 1/5th scale reverberation chamber. The results for the reduction effect, which are in good agreement, show that the honeycomb layer system can achieve the same reduction of the radiated sound power at arbitrary frequencies as the one-dimensional perforated system.     

利用k-Wave计算超声在腹壁组织的声辐射力

随着科学技术的发展,声辐射力在生物医学领域得到了更为广泛的应用,尤其是在弹性成像领域.为了使弹性成像技术更加精准,对声辐射力的预测至关重要.该文基于腹壁组织图像,利用k-Wave对超声波在腹壁组织区域传播时的声场进行数值模拟,获得了其声场分布,进而求得了组织中声辐射力分布情况,同时对面阵换能器的阵元宽度、间距、阵元个数...     

The use of acoustic radiation forces to position particles within fluid droplets

Handling of micrometer sizes particles, such as biological cells or coated beads, plays a relevant role in the field of life science. A number of devices have been presented in the last years, in which acoustic forces generated by coupling the vibration of a solid structure excited by a piezoelectric transducer to the particle suspension are used to collect particles in lines or position them in clumps on a grid. Following the trend of lab-on-a-chip devices, efforts have been made to shrink the size of such systems, aiming at less reagent consumption and shorter reaction times. The majority of these systems consist of closed fluid filled volumes, typically channels. Here the use of an open fluid volume, a droplet, is examined. By exciting resonances into the droplet positioned on a surface, particles can be gathered into a line, two parallel lines or, as the frequency of excitation is increased, into more complex patterns. Such a concentration process will have useful applications in improved detection sensitivity of low concentration particulate solutions.