纳米晶Sb掺杂Sn02（ATO）粉体的合成与表征

以Sn粉和Sb2O3为原料．采用共沉淀法制备了纳米ATO粉．TG—DSC及FTIR结果表明，450℃以前前驱体已失去全部水分．并完全转化为氧化物．XRD测量结果表明．所得ATO粉具有四方金红石结构．500℃焙烧后粉体的粒径为12nm．随着焙烧温度的升高．粉体的粒径增加．TEM测定结果表明，粉体的分散性很好．团聚很少．粉体的烧结性能良好．950℃时烧结5h即达到理论密度的97．3％．用霍尔系数法测定粉体的导电行为．表明该粉体具有良好的导电性能．     

醋酸盐共沉淀法制备锑掺杂二氧化锡(ATO)粉体

在较低的温度下将锡粉和三氧化二锑溶于冰醋酸并通过共沉淀,成功制备了锑掺杂二氧化锡(ATO)纳米粉体.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、N_2等温吸/脱附及粉末电阻率测试仪等对其结构、形貎和导电性进行表征,并研究了锑掺杂浓度对ATO导电性能的影响.结果表明:随着锑掺杂量的增加,ATO粉体电阻率有一最低值,即在锑掺杂浓度为8%时,ATO粉体电阻率可达0.4Ω·cm;ATO粉体的一次粒径约为5nm,其比表面高达85.9m~2/g.     

Sb掺杂SnO_2(ATO)纳米晶的水热合成和导电性能

以Sn和SbI_3为主要原料，在120-170 ℃温和水热条件下合成了具有导电能力 的Sb掺杂SnO_2(ATO)透明导电纳米粉体，运用FT-IR， XRD， BET， TEM等手段对 粉体的形成过程进行了分析表征。实验结果表明，所合成的纳米ATO粉体均为四方 锡石结构，无其他杂相存在，晶粒大小在4-7nm之间，粉体呈单分散状态。比表面 积在137-184m~2·g~(-1)之间，随水热温度的升高，晶粒长大，比表面积下降，粉 体导电性能提高。该方法对于其他透明导电氧化物纳米粉体的合成具有借鉴意义。     

掺铕ATO纳米粉体的制备及表征

采用化学共沉淀法制备了掺杂稀土铕的ATO纳米粉体。运用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试方法对ATO粉体进行表征,研究了制备工艺对粉体粒径和导电性能的影响,发现铕的摩尔掺杂比在0.5%～1%之间,600～700℃热处理温度下得到粉体的性能最佳,粉体的电阻率为243Ω.cm,颗粒尺寸为33.6 nm。掺杂前粉体的电阻率和颗粒尺寸分别为181Ω.cm和41.4 nm,掺杂后分别为243Ω.cm和33.6 nm。结果显示掺杂铕会使粉体的电阻率增加,但也能降低粒径,减少团聚。     

Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9的尿素燃烧法合成与性能

采用以尿素为燃料的燃烧合成法制备Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9(SDC)氧离子导体材料, 对燃烧合成粉体的物相和显微形态进行了表征, 并研究了燃烧法合成SDC的烧结性能以及烧结体的导电性能. 研究结果表明, 采用尿素燃烧法合成SDC具有简便高效和合成粉体烧结活性高的优点. 经过燃烧过程后即可得到立方萤石结构的纯相SDC粉体, 合成粉体的分散性良好, 为50~150 nm的球形颗粒, 具有高的烧结活性, 在1250 ℃的烧结温度下, 陶瓷样品的相对密度可达到95.1%. 在600和800 ℃的测试温度下, 烧结温度为1250 ℃的陶瓷样品的电导率分别达到5.4×10-2和1.0×10-1 Ω-1·cm-1.     

高温氮掺杂制备二氧化钛导电粉

以廉价的偏钛酸为原料,在高温下进行N掺杂,制备了具有良好导电性能的TiO2粉,950℃焙烧3h后,体积电阻率低达6.5×10-3Ω.cm。高浓度N的受主掺杂在TiO2禁带中形成连续的能级,在紫外可见范围内都有很强的光吸收性能,电阻率随N含量的增加而下降。采用XRD、XPS、元素分析、紫外-可见漫反射、扫描电镜分析了粉体的晶相组成、元素价态、N含量、表面形态和粒径大小。     

低温燃烧合成Ce0.8Y0.2O1.9固溶体及烧结性能的研究

以硝酸盐做氧化剂,柠檬酸为燃料,采用低温燃烧法制备纳米级超细Ce0.8Y0.2O1.9 (YDC)固溶体.利用TG-DSC,XRD,SEM,FT-IR和BET等手段对凝胶前驱体的热分解行为、相转化过程和YDC粉体的性能进行表征.TG-DSC结果表明,柠檬酸-硝酸盐干凝胶的点火温度约为263.3℃;经XRD测试,粉体经600℃焙烧即形成了单相立方萤石型结构的固溶体,晶粒度为16 ～23nm.柠檬酸与硝酸盐摩尔比(CA/N)对粉体的微观形貌、比表面积和烧结活性有显著影响.当CA/N为1.5∶1时,粉体粒子间仅有微弱的软团聚,将素坯在1400℃烧结2h,得到相对密度为95.6％,平均粒径约为0.7 μm的陶瓷烧结体.     

橄榄石LiFePO4复合正极材料的合成及其电化学性能研究

采用固相反应法在惰性气氛中合成了橄榄石型LiFePO₄/C复合正极材料,考察了焙烧温度对目标材料性能的影响.采用XRD、SEM、TG-DSC、激光粒度分布以及电化学测试等手段对该材料进行了结构表征和性能测试.结果表明,完美的结晶、较小的粒径以及与导电剂的良好接触是产物具有优良电化学性能的保证.于750℃下制得产物的结构完整,表面形貌较好,粒经分布均匀,具有良好的电化学性能.在室温及0.05 C充放电倍率下,该材料的首次放电容量为142.5 mA.h/g,循环50次后,未见明显衰减.     

新型电解质材料CaZr0.1Ti0.9O3的制备与电性能研究

采用溶胶-燃烧法合成了可用于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的新型固体电解质材料CaZr_0.1Ti_0.9O₃。通过XRD、交流复阻抗等电化学方法对样品的结构、电导性能进行了表征,并考察了材料的烧结性能。结果表明,溶胶-燃烧法可以成功制备出具有良好烧结性能的CaZr_0.1Ti_0.9O₃电解质粉末,1400℃下得到的烧结体的相对密度可达到95%。电性能测试表明CaZr_0.1Ti_0.9O₃烧结体在中温范围内具有较高的氧离子电导率（σ^_800℃＝2.24×10^-3 S/cm）、低的电导活化能（0.89 eV）;样品的导电性能受烧结温度的影响,合理的控制烧结温度对于获得导电性能优良的CaZr_0.1Ti_0.9O₃电解质材料具有重要作用。     

La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3的制备及其NO2气敏性能

利用高温固相反应法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3钙钛矿复合氧化物粉体。采用XRD,TEM对粉体物相组成及颗粒形貌进行表征,并以制备的两种粉体作为敏感材料分别制成管状传感器,测试了其NO2气敏性能。结果表明：采用高温固相反应法和溶胶-凝胶法在不同焙烧温度下,均可制得单相La0.75Sr0.25Cr0.5Mn0.5O3粉体,采用溶胶-凝胶法在800℃焙烧2 h得到的粉体粒径约为20 nm;传感器输出电动势信号对NO2浓度之间呈良好的线性关系;溶胶-凝胶法制得粉体的气敏性能优于高温固相反应法制得粉体的气敏性能。     

Electrochemical performance of a nano SnO2-modified LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material

The nano SnO₂-modified LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ was successfully prepared by a carrier transfer method. The pristine and modified samples were characterized with various techniques such as XRD, SEM, XPS and EDS. The results showed that the SnO₂ particles did not enter the crystal structure of LiNi1/3Co1/ 3Mn1/3O₂, many nano SnO₂ particles were uniformly covered on the surface of LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ and the modified thin layer could inhibit the dissolution of transition metal oxides. The electrochemical tests indicated that the existence of nano SnO₂ could improve the discharge capacity and rate capability owing to the decreased interfacial polarization. The cycling stability was remarkably improved at room temperature and 55 ℃. The XRD patterns of the fresh NCM electrode and after 50 cycles proved that the structural change of NCM was not so effective on the capacity fade.     

Anodic oxidation of formic acid on PdAuIr /C-Sb_2O_5·SnO_2 electrocatalysts prepared by borohydride reduction

PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts with Pd∶Au∶Ir molar ratios of 90∶5∶5,70∶20∶10 and 50∶45∶5 were prepared by borohydride reduction method.These electrocatalysts were characterized by EDX,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and the catalytic activity toward formic acid electro-oxidation in acid medium investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV),chroamperometry(CA)and tests on direct formic acid fuel cell(DFAFC)at 100℃.X-ray diffractograms of PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts showed the presence of Pd fcc phase,Pd-Au fcc alloys,carbon and ATO phases,while Ir phases were not observed.TEM micrographs and histograms indicated that the nanoparticles were not well dispersed on the support and some agglomerates.The cyclic voltammetry and chroamperometry studies showed that PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(50∶45∶5)had superior performance toward formic acid electro-oxidation at 25℃compared to PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(70∶20∶10),PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(90∶5∶5)and Pd/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts.The experiments in a single DFAFC also showed that all PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts exhibited higher performance for formic acid oxidation in comparison with Pd/C-Sb2O5·SnO2electrocatalysts,however PdAuIr/C-Sb2O5·SnO2(90∶5∶5)had superior performance.These results indicated that the addition of Au and Ir to Pd favor the electro-oxidation of formic acid,which could be attributed to the bifunctional mechanism(the presence of ATO,Au and Ir oxides species)associated to the electronic effect(Pd-Au fcc alloys).     

纳米氧化锡在锌-硝基苯电池反应中的电催化

以氯化锡为原料,四丙基溴化铵为表面活性剂水热法制备纳米二氧化锡（SnO₂）催化剂,并以钛网为基材,制备催化电极. 应用SEM,XRD等手段对催化剂进行表征. 考察了反应物浓度、反应温度和反应时间对催化剂形貌的影响. 研究了纳米SnO₂催化剂对锌还原硝基苯原电池反应的电催化性能. 结果表明,当 NaOH浓度为0. 5 mol•L^-1、水热反应温度160 ℃、水热反应时间15 h时,得到的SnO₂催化剂是由纳米片构成的刺球状颗粒,粒径最小,约17 nm. 与平板铂电极相比,制备的催化电极对硝基苯电还原具有更高的催化活性,硝基苯转化率为74%,最大放电功率为21.9 mW•cm^-2,远大于平板铂电极. 硝基苯的主要还原产物为苯胺、对乙氧基苯胺和对氯苯胺.     

Electrospinning Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of SnO2：xEu3＋ Nanofibers

NnO2：xEu3＋（x=O, 1%, 3%, 5%, molar fraction） fibers were synthesized by electrospinning technology. The size of the as-prepared fibers is relatively uniform and the average diameter is about 200 nm with a large draw ratio. The as-prepared Eu3＋ doped SnO2 nanofibers have a rutile structure and consist of crystallitc grains with an average size of about 10 nm. A slight red shift of the A1gand Bag vibration modes and an additional peak at 288 nm were observed in the Raman spectra of the nanofibers. The energies of bandgaps of the SnO2 nanofiber with Eu doping of 1% and 3% are 2.64 eV, and the energy of bandgap is 2.94 eV with Eu doping of 5%（molar fraction）. There is only orange emission（5D0→7F1 magnetic dipole transition） for Eu doped SnO2 nanofibers, and no red emission could be observed. The orange emission upon indirect excitation splits into three peaks and the peak intensity at the excitation wavelength of 275 nm is higher than that at the excitation wavelength of 488 nm.     

六棱柱状多晶γ-Al2O3的制备、表征及其形成机制研究

以AlCl₃·6H₂O为前驱物,在氨水介质中用水热法制备了具有新颖形貌特征的六棱柱状多晶γ-Al₂O₃颗粒。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及N₂物理吸脱附等方法对所制备的γ-Al₂O₃颗粒进行了表征,并对其形貌形成机制进行了分析。结果表明,铝前驱物在氨水介质中通过水热处理后,经焙烧可以形成形貌规整的六棱柱状γ-Al₂O₃颗粒,其边长与长度分别约为0.3 μm和2.5 μm。TEM图片显示,六棱柱颗粒是由尺寸在10 nm左右的粒子聚集而成,因而具有多晶γ相特征。所制备的γ-Al₂O₃材料具有发达的孔隙结构,比表面积为274 cm²/g,孔容为0.51 cm³/g,孔径集中分布在5.5 nm周围。研究发现,γ-Al₂O₃六棱柱形貌的形成机制与AlOOH二次粒子在NH₄⁺正电荷作用下发生的最稳态排列形式具有密切的关联。     

喷雾热解制备稀土超细粉末(Ⅰ)——氧化钇粒子形态与形成机理

对Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O的差热和热重分析表明,Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O经脱水和热分解在580C以上完全分解为Y₂O₃.在此基础上,以Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O为前驱体,采用喷雾热解过程制备出粒度为0.50～1.50μm的立方相球形Y₂O₃粉末.通过对产物粒子粒度的理论计算与实验结果的比较,推测Y₂O₃粒子形成机理符合液滴-粒子转变机理(One-Droplet-One-Particlemechanism).本喷雾热解过程同样适用于其它稀土超细粉末的制备,粒子粒度可以通过调节液滴尺寸和溶液浓度等操作条件进行控制.     

Rational Fabrication of Size Tunable SnO2 Hollow Microspheres

A designed solution route was developed to fabricate size tunable SnO₂ hollow microspheres based on the sol-gel theory. The hydrolysis of SnSO₄ released protons to form SnO₂ particulates and induced the decrease of pH value. To minimize the high surface energy, the SnO₂ particulates tended to assemble into large particles, the size of which was affected by the electrolyte concentration or pH value. Elevating SnSO₄ content aroused the decrease of the pH value that directed to the shrinkage of the aggregated particle size of SnO₂. Size tunable SnO₂ hollow microspheres were then rationally fabricated under solvothermal conditions via Ostwald ripening by simply adjusting the SnSO₄ concentration. The in situ pH decrease directed to the shrinkage of the particle size from 270 nm to 112 nm. The formation mechanism was confirmed and rationally elucidated by the time dependant morphology evolution. Charge-discharge tests revealed that the reduced particle size aroused an improved lithium ion battery performance.     

PdO,Au, CdO修饰SnO2纳米纤维的制备及其气敏特性

采用静电纺丝的方法制备了SnO₂纳米纤维,并分别用PdO、Au、CdO对该纳米纤维材料进行表面修饰.用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDX)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)比表面积测试对材料进行表征.修饰前后, SnO₂纳米纤维都是由约15 nm的纳米颗粒构成的直径约为200 nm的多级结构材料.采用静态测试系统对纯SnO₂及不同物质修饰的SnO₂的气敏特性进行测试,结果表明,未修饰的SnO₂纳米纤维气敏元件对甲醛具有较好的响应.修饰后的SnO₂材料的气敏特性都有明显的改善. CdO修饰的SnO₂气敏元件对甲醛的响应值最高,且响应恢复时间短,选择性好. Au修饰的SnO₂气敏元件对甲醛响应的最佳工作温度从300 ℃降到了200 ℃.经PdO修饰后, SnO₂纳米纤维对甲苯的响应值变得最高.初步分析了经过修饰的SnO₂气敏材料的敏感机理.     

Bi2Sn2O7 nanoparticles attached to SnO2 nanowires and used as catalysts

We introduce a simple method of synthesizing SnO₂ nanowire-Bi₂Sn₂O₇ nanoparticle composites based on the principle that SnO₂ nanowires can be grown by using Bi as catalysts. A mixture of Bi and Sn powders was thermally evaporated, and the effects of growth temperature on the morphology and structure of the products were investigated. We obtained Bi₂Sn₂O₇-tipped SnO₂ nanowires at 700 °C through a vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) process, whereas particle-free SnO₂ nanowires were produced at higher temperatures. We have investigated the oxygen sensing properties of the as-synthesized product.     

pH值对溶剂热合成FeS2粉体的影响

采用FeSO₄与NH₂CSNH₂为反应前驱物, 通过溶剂热反应合成了高纯度的FeS₂ (pyrite)粉体. 实验表明,在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）作保护剂的乙醇水溶液中, 200 ℃下反应36 h, 适当调节溶液的pH值, 即可在酸性环境(pH=5)和碱性环境(pH=10)下制得单一相的黄铁矿型FeS₂粉体. 讨论了溶液pH值对溶剂热合成FeS₂粉体物相组成、晶粒度及光学性质的影响.