用DSC研究1,2-丙二醇及其水溶液的协同松弛行为

为了验证基于位形熵的非线性Adam-Gibbs协同松弛模型(AGV)能否用于描述小分子氢键液体的协同松弛行为, 利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量了连续升降温条件下1,2-丙二醇及其四种水溶液在115～230 K之间的比热容, 利用曲线拟合技术获得AGV模型参数. 结果表明, AGV模型可以重现体系的实验比热容数据. 1,2-丙二醇表现出与其水溶液明显不同的松弛行为, 但水含量的变化对松弛行为的影响并不明显. 利用AGV方法和Johari方法分别对协同重排活化能(Δμ')和协同重排域(CRR)尺寸(z*)作了分析. 只有选择比聚合物大得多的某一协同重排位形数, 以AGV方法得到的z*才不至于没有物理意义. Johari方法的分析结果表明, T_g温度下1,2-丙二醇的CRR内有约3个分子, 但对应的协同重排位形数(W*)却较聚合物高出很多. Donth的基于热力学温度波动理论的分析表明, 1,2-丙二醇及其水溶液的CRR尺寸随组分的变化趋势可与Δμ'和非指数参数的分析结果相吻合, 但得到的1,2-丙二醇的CRR内有约350个分子, 从而和Johari的分析结果产生巨大差别.     

丙三醇水溶液玻璃结构松弛现象学研究

为了考察水含量对丙三醇水溶液玻璃体结构松弛行为的影响，利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量了五种高浓度丙三醇水溶液的玻璃化转变温度和玻璃化转变区域的比热容，利用TNM模型进行了结构松弛的现象学分析. 松弛时间的分析结果表明，水溶液玻璃中水含量越高，则松弛过程越快. TNM模型的计算结果表明，随着水含量的增加，玻璃体系的结构松弛活化能和非指数参数都有逐渐降低的趋势，而非线性参数和指前因子逐渐增加.     

1,2-丙二醇水溶液玻璃化转变与结构松弛

为了考察水含量对1, 2-丙二醇水溶液玻璃化转变和结构松弛参数的影响, 用差示扫描量热法(DSC), 测量了5种高浓度1, 2-丙二醇水溶液(60%、70%、80%、90%、100%, w)玻璃化转变区域的表观比热容. 用5种降温速率(1、2、5、10、20 K·min-1)和10 K·min-1的升温速率获得玻璃化转变的相关参数. 玻璃化转变温度分析结果表明, 虽然水含量增加能从总体上降低体系的玻璃化转变温度, 但与纯羟基类多元醇相比, 水对1, 2-丙二醇的增塑作用并不显著. 结构松弛活化能计算结果表明, 体系水含量的增加能明显降低结构松弛活化能. 脆度分析结果表明, 随着体系水含量增加, 动力学脆度逐渐降低, 但热力学脆度是先升高后降低, 在80%左右达到最大值. 结构松弛协同重排域计算结果表明, 当浓度由60%增加至100%时, 玻璃化转变特征长度由2.79 nm增加至3.57 nm.     

特殊缔合体系TFE水溶液分子动力学模拟

三氟乙醇(TFE)水溶液是一类特殊的缔合体系. 采用分子动力学模拟方法结合核磁共振化学位移研究了TFE水溶液体系全浓度范围的氢键网络, 并对动力学模拟结果和核磁共振化学位移进行了比较. 从径向分布函数(RDF)发现, TFE水溶液中存在着强氢键, 而体系中的C—H…O弱相互作用较为明显, 也不能忽略. 氢键网络分析发现TFE 水溶液体系的氢键大致分为以下三个区域: 在水富集区域, 水分子倾向于自身缔合形成稳定的簇结构, 随着TFE 浓度的增加, 水的有序结构受到破坏, 水分子和TFE分子发生交叉缔合作用形成氢键; 在TFE富集区域, 水分子较少, TFE分子自身通过氢键形成多缔体结构. 此外, 分子动力学统计的平均氢键数的变化和文献报导的核磁共振化学位移变化趋势相同, 实验和理论的结果吻合较好.     

热释电研究聚碳酸酯掺杂染料体系的玻璃化转变

采用热刺激电流 /松弛谱图分析法 (TSC/RMA)研究了聚碳酸酯掺杂染料体系 (TDAA/PC)的玻璃化转变 ,发现染料含量增加 ,体系的玻璃化转变温度 (Tg)随之降低 ,玻璃化转变的温度范围变宽 .在TDAA掺杂质量比达到 4wt%时 ,其玻璃化转变 (协同松弛 )延伸至 95℃ ,温度范围增加到 3 5℃ .在较大的温度范围内存在协同松弛 ,说明在低于Tg 数十度的温度时 ,染料发色体的极化松弛仍然主要受聚合物玻璃化转变的控制 .     

苯并噁嗪/环氧树脂/4,4′-二氨基二苯砜三元共混体系玻璃化转变温度的研究

采用动态热机械分析(DMA)研究了苯并噁嗪/环氧树脂/4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)三元共混体系玻璃化转变温度(Tg)与固化剂DDS含量的关系.随着DDS含量的增加,三元体系的交联密度呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,介于聚苯并噁嗪和苯并噁嗪/环氧树脂体系之间;但是三元体系的Tg却逐渐降低,当DDS的含量超过20 mol%时,低于聚苯并噁嗪的Tg.差示扫描量热法(DSC)的结果表明,DDS对苯并噁嗪和环氧树脂都有很强的固化效果.通过测定体系的凝胶化时间,借助Arrhenius方程,判断三元体系的初始反应过程,推测了固化体系可能的网络化学结构.对各体系DMA曲线中损耗模量,储能模量和力学损耗因子的变化情况分析,结果表明体系最终Tg受氢键相互作用、交联密度和网络规整性以及链段的刚性等因素综合影响,其中氢键的类型和相互作用的强弱对Tg的影响最大.     

密度泛函理论在分子磁学中的应用——混合价三核锰配合物磁性的理论研究

在对混合价化合物分类的基础上, 将双核耦合模型推广到三核磁耦合体系, 重点研究定域与离域两类混合价化合物的磁学性质. 以混合价三核锰为例, 应用密度泛函理论方法计算了定域与离域 [Mn3O(O2CH)6L3]z+(L=pyridine; z=0)化合物的电子结构, 得到与实验可比较的磁耦合常数J. 结果表明, 密度泛函理论(DFT)结合对称性破损(BS)方法可用于此三核混合价体系; 对于完全离域的混合价Mn3Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅲ体系, 必须考虑电子的离域作用对磁耦合的影响, 其Hamiltonian量应该包含双交换参数B. 为便于比较, 同时计算了等价三核锰化合物[Mn3O(O2CH)6L3]z+(L=pyridine; z=1)的磁学性质.     

HTPB固体推进剂增塑剂选取分子模拟研究

固体推进剂中增塑剂要求同粘合剂体系相容性良好,并提高体系的低温性能.本文采用分子动力学(MD)方法,首先计算了端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)粘合剂及增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)、己二酸二辛酯(DOA)、壬酸异癸酯(TOA)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)的溶度参数,以此从相容性角度选取推进剂增塑剂;计算数值基本吻合实验值,表明常用的增塑剂从相容性都能满足要求.其次模拟获取了HTPB及HTPB/增塑剂混合体系的比体积-温度关系得到了体系的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),揭示增塑剂对HTPB体系低温性能的影响.结果显示:(1)HTPB的Tg模拟值为202K,基本吻合实验值196K.(2)HTPB/DOS混合体系中,当增塑剂DOS的质量含量从12%、22%、29%到36%(摩尔含量分别为50%、66%、75%和90%)增加时,体系的Tg线性降低;TOA和DOP增塑的粘合剂体系(摩尔含量为75%)Tg也降低,而增塑剂DOA和DBP对体系的Tg影响不大.因此,基于相容性及提高粘合剂低温性能考虑,DOS、DOA和DOP作为HTPB的增塑剂优于TOA和DBP.     

丙氨酸在葡萄糖和蔗糖水溶液中的体积性质

利用精密数字密度计分别测定了丙氨酸在不同组成的葡萄糖和蔗糖水溶液中的密度,计算了丙氨酸的表观摩尔体积、极限偏摩尔体积和理论水化数,根据结构水合作用模型讨论了迁移偏摩尔体积的变化规律,并与乙二醇-水和丙三醇-水等多羟基体系作了比较.结果表明,丙氨酸分子在多羟基化合物-水体系中体积效应的大小与多羟基化合物所含OH基数目有关.     

聚醚酮酮/4,4′-双(β-萘氧基)二苯砜多嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

通过酰氯端基聚醚酮酮(PEKK)低聚物和4，4′-双(β-萘氧基)二苯砜(BNODPS)的溶液缩聚反应，制备了不同BNODPS含量的PEKK/BNODPS多嵌段共聚物系列样品。用IR、DSC、TGA、WAXD等方法对共聚物进行了表征和性能测试。结果表明，随着共聚物中BNODPS含量的增加其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)逐渐升高，而其熔融温度(Tm)则逐渐降低。与对苯基PEKK相比，共聚物具有较高的Tg和较低的Tm。共聚物具有优异的热性能和耐溶剂抗化学腐蚀性能。     

Composition dependence of the Adam-Gibbs cooperative relaxation parameters in glycerol aqueous solutions

Cooperative relaxation of glycerol and its four aqueous solutions (60%, 70%, 80% and 90% by mass) has been investigated in terms of the nonlinear Adam-Gibbs (AG) enthalpy relaxation theory using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The AG parameters were obtained using curve-fitting method. The results indicated that the relaxation time of glycerol/water mixtures is water-sensitive. With the changing of water content, regular trend was found in both the equilibrium and the glassy state. The fitting results were used to estimate the microscopic parameters of the cooperative rearranging region (CRR), in particular the size of the CRR (z*) and the configurational state available to it (W*). The results showed that the W* recommended for polymers led to physically meaningless z* for glycerol and its aqueous solutions. Johari's method, which still based on the AG theory, yielded three to four molecules in the CRR. But the W* is anomalistically higher than those of polymers. With the changing of the water content, the size of CRR estimated using Donth formula seemed to be reasonable according to the analysis of the apparent activation energy (Δh*), the distribution parameter the of relaxation times (β). But it is difficult to reconcile the Adam-Gibbs’ z* with the results obtained using Donth's formula.     

DSC Study on Cooperative Relaxation in 1,2-propanediol

Cooling rate dependence of the cooperative relaxation in 1,2-propanediol was investigated in terms of the nonlinear Adam-Gibbs (AG) enthalpy relaxation theory using differential scanning calorimetry. The AG parameters were obtained using a curve-fitting method. The results indicated that the model parameters show strong dependence on the cooling rates. Those obtained at higher cooling rates are in good agreement with the published data. The fitting results were used to estimate the microscopic parameters of the cooperative rearranging region (CRR), in particular the size of the CRR (z*) and the configurational state available to it (W*). It was found that the W* recommended for polymers led to physically meaningless z* for 1,2-propanediol. Johari's method, which was based on the AG theory, yielded around 3 molecules in the CRR, but the W* was anomalistically higher than those of polymers. It is di±cult to reconcile the Adam-Gibbs' z* with the results obtained using Donth's formula. An argument is presented that a new physical meaning should be given to conventional Adam-Gibbs' z* for molecular H-bond liquids.     

Cooperative rearranging region size determination by temperature modulated DSC in semi-crystalline poly(l-lactide acid)

Thermal analyzes have been performed on poly(l-lactide acid) (PLLA) annealed at 353 K for different durations in order to obtain a crystallinity degree varying between 0% and 42%. From temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry investigations, we have calculated the average volume of a cooperative rearranging region (CRR) at the glass transition temperature , according to the method developed by Donth. The results show that the presence of crystalline phase in PLLA amorphous matrix implies modifications on structural relaxation phenomena, in particular on the average number of monomer units relaxing in the same time at the glass transition temperature.     

Nanoscale cooperativity on a series of statistical methacrylates copolymers with electron donor–acceptor pendant groups

Standard and StepScan DSC studies have been performed on a series of statistical methacrylate copolymers with electron-donor and electron-acceptor pendant groups that form intramolecular electron transfers. From standard DSC analysis we concluded that glass transition temperature slowly increased with increasing electron-acceptor monomeric moiety ratio up to 0.5 in the main chain. Using StepScan DSC method we calculated the size and volume of cooperative rearranging region as well mean temperature fluctuation at glass transition temperature. It was estimated also the average number of monomer units in the cooperative rearranging region. All parameters were calculated according to the method proposed by Donth based on Heat Capacity Spectroscopy. The results show that the presence of intermonomeric electron transfers decreased the chain mobility, as well as the cooperativity of relaxation processes of these structures in the glass transition range. This is reflected by minimal values of these parameters around 0.4 ratio of copolymer composition. Such behavior is similar to that of crosslinked or confined systems (e.g., nanocomposites, thin films) that have reduced chain mobility.     

Segmental relaxation and partial crystallization of chain‐extended Poly(l‐lactic acid) reinforced with carboxylated carbon nanotube

Temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) were employed to study the glass transition, size of the cooperative rearranging regions (CRRs), crystallization kinetics, and dielectric relaxation response of nanocomposites constituted by chain‐extended poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (f‐CNTs). The CRR size and the number of relaxing structural units decreased in the presence of crystals during isothermal crystallization. All samples displayed both a primary (α) and secondary (β) relaxation in BDS spectra. The relaxation dynamics of PLLA chains was barely affected by the presence of the f‐CNT. Constrained polymer chains and thickness of interphase (t _i) were measured using dielectric spectra in tan δ representation. t _i values were found to be 46 and 24 nm for sample containing 0.2 and 0.5% weight fraction of f‐CNT, respectively. All samples underwent partial crystallization (with roughly 30% of final crystalline fraction) some 15 or 20° above their glass‐transition temperature (T _g). Crystallization leads to a fragile‐to‐strong transition in the temperature dependence of the cooperative α relaxation and to the increased visibility of a Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) interfacial relaxation, which appears to be present in all samples. The heterogeneity of the polymeric samples was quantified in terms of a new parameter, the heterogeneity index (H). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019 , 57, 222–233     

丙三醇浓溶液玻璃化转变与结构松弛参数DSC分析

In order to examine the effects of water contents and heating/cooling rates on the glass transition and the structure relaxation parameters of glycerol/water mixtures, five aqueous solutions (60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%) were investigated using the differential scanning calorimetry. Four scanning rates (10, 15, 20, 25 K/min) were used to obtain the glass transition parameters. The fitting results of plasticization constants indicated that Gordon-Taylor relationship could not be used effectively without considering scanning rates and that point on calorimetric step was chosen as the glass transition temperature. The specific heat changes during glass transition processes were relative not only to water content but also to heating rates. With the increasing of water contents in glycerol aqueous solutions, the structure relaxation activation energies and dynamic fragilities were decreased. Since the thermodynamic fragilities were increased with the increasing of water content, so the dynamic fragility and thermodynamic fragility were changed inversely if the water contents were changed in glycerol/water mixtures.     

Characterisation of structural relaxation phenomena in polymeric materials from thermal analysis investigations

Measurements have been performed on poly(ethylene terephthalate)glycol/montmorillonite nanocomposites with different filler contents using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). According to the strong-fragile concept proposed by Angell, we have determined the values of the fragility index m. In a second time, we have calculated the average size of a cooperative rearranging region (CRR) z(T _g) at the glass transition according to the definition proposed by Solunov. However, z(T _g is a dimensionless quantity and then only allows a comparative study between different samples. To calculate the average number of monomer units by CRR noted N _α, we have used the method developed by Donth. The results show that the presence of montmorillonite in PET_g matrice implies modifications on structural relaxation phenomena. Furthermore, we have shown that z(T _g and N _α values have the same evolution in function of filler content.     

Cooperative rearranging regions in polymeric materials: Relationship with the fragility of glass-forming liquids

From measurements performed on different polymeric glass-forming liquids using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we determined the values of the fragility index m according to the concept proposed by Angell. We calculated the average size of a cooperative rearranging region (CRR) at the glass transition i.e. z(T_g), according to the definition proposed by Solunov. This quantity is linked to the Kauzmann temperature which was determined from dielectric spectroscopy or viscosimetry measurements performed on different samples including three-dimensional polymeric networks and linear polymer families with variable lateral chain lengths. By using our experimental data and others collected in the literature in order to scan a large domain of fragility values, we show that the fragility index m, characterising the glass-forming liquid, can be correlated to z(T_g) which characterises the glass formed.