染料和聚电解质间的相互作用——在染料-磺化聚苯乙烯络合物中的能量转移和染料荧光强度的增强

本工作对磺化聚苯乙烯-吖啶橙体系的光物理行为进行了研究。发现吖啶橙的荧光强度强烈地依赖于所用染料和聚电解质的当量比(P/D)。在P/D=100时观察到有最大的荧光强度。经过校正,此值和Fox等研究苯乙烯和乙烯基共聚物的能量转移中所得结果基本一致。这表明在高分子电解质-染料络合物中能发生有效的能量转移。 本工作还研究了亚甲蓝对吖啶橙荧光的猝灭效应。观察到当体系中加入聚电解质时猝灭效应得以增强。     

ENERGY TRANSFER AND ENERGY LOSSES IN BILAYER MEMBRANE VESICLES (LIPOSOMES)

Abstract. The efficiency of singlet-singlet energy transfer was studied in bilayer lipid membrane vesicles (liposomes) for the following donor-acceptor systems: (1) p -terphenyl (TP) and diphenyloctatetraene (DPO); (2) DPO and chlorophyll a (Chl a ); and (3) β-carotene and Chl a. The energy transfer efficiency φ_DA was measured by sensitized fluorescence of the acceptor. Fractional quenching of the donor φ_Q was found from the donor fluorescence in absence and presence of the acceptor. For TP-DPO and for DPO-Chl a , the transfer efficiency increased with increasing acceptor concentration but was essentially independent of the donor concentration. No energy transfer from β-carotene to Chl a could be detected. In liposomes, φ_DA differed only slightly from φ_Q at all donor and acceptor concentrations, thus demonstrating the absence of any appreciable energy losses. For solutions of the same donor-acceptor pairs in cyclohexane φ_Q was considerably larger than φ_DA. The difference represents energy lost, principally by internal conversion, due to collisional quenching. The principal function of the lipid membrane appears to be the suppression of such losses. In addition, the rate of energy transfer in lipid membranes is about double that in solutions (at the same intermolecular distance) due to more favorable orientation.     

ENERGY TRANSFER IN TRIMERIC C-PHYCOCYANIN STUDIED BY PICOSECOND FLUORESCENCE KINETICS

Abstract— The excited state kinetics of trimeric C-phycocyanin from Mastigocladus laminosus has been measured as a function of the emission and excitation wavelength by the single-photon timing technique with picosecond resolution and simultaneous data analysis. A fast decay component of 22 ps (C-phycocyanin with linker peptides) and 36 ps (C-phycocyanin lacking linker peptides) is attributed to efficient energy transfer from sensitizing to fluorescing chromophores. At long detection wavelengths the fast decay components are found to turn into a rise term. This finding further corroborates the concept of intramolecular energy transfer. Previous reports on the conformational heterogeneity of the chromophores and/or proteins in C-phycocyanin are confirmed. Our data also provide indications for the importance of the uncoloured linker peptides for this heterogeneity.     

ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN THE PRIMARY DONOR BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL AND CAROTENOIDS IN Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Abstract— The temperature dependencies of the primary donor triplet state spectra are presented for the phorosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides wild type. GIC and R26. The data suggest that energy transfer from the primary donor triplet state to the reaction center carotenoid is dependent on the type of carotenoid present, reversible in the case of strain GIC, and best understood by a model depicting the kinetic processes that can occur between two potential energy surfaces; one representing the state ³BChl₂*Car and the other representing BChl₂³Car*. Furthermore, it is shown that the onset of spin lattice relaxation in the primary donor triplet is most likely coupled to the same energy vibrational mode as that which promotes triplet state energy transfer from the primary donor to the reaction center carotenoid     

萘和丹酰基修饰的扇形树枝状分子聚集体的能量转移行为

分别对1-3代聚(酰胺-胺)(PAMAM)结构的dendron分子的外端基和focal point进行了修饰,得到了外端基为萘(给体)色团、焦点(focal point)为丹酰(受体)色团的树枝状化合物Dan-ABπ-Nap(n=2,4,8).利用荧光光谱测定了不同浓度下所得一系列树枝状分子在水中的荧光强度,并计算了它...     

三链DNA d(A)10·2d(T)10-溴乙锭的能量转移

在水溶液中,由两条互补的单链DNA 构成的双螺旋沿着大沟有额外的氢键受体和给体,这些给体和受体暴露于周围环境,从而可以和专一性的结合分子(如蛋白)发生相互作用,形成特异性的复合物,也可以与另外的单链DNA 分子结合形成三链DNA.近年来,由于越来越多的证据表明:三链DNA 能在细胞体内形成,并具有多种生物学功能而引起了人们的广泛关注,成为生物化学、分子生物学和基因工程领域的一个前沿课题.通过三链DNA的形成,寡聚核酸可以参与基因转录过程,但是在生理条件下,三链DNA 的稳定性似乎是     

EXCITATION-ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN TYROSINE AND TRYPTOPHAN IN PROTEINS EVALUATED BY THE SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF FLUORESCENCE AND ABSORBANCE

Abstract— The efficiencies of the excitation–energy transfer from tyrosine to tryptophan residues in eight globular proteins in the native and denatured states are obtained by studying the wavelength dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield. The measurements are made over a wide wavelength range using a computer-controlled spectrophotometer which can measure the fluorescence and absorbance simultaneously in one sample solution (Wada et al. , 1980). The values of the energy transfer efficiencies ranged from 0.17 ± 0.12 to 0.69 ± 0.06 in the native state and from -0.04 ± 0.09 to 0.12 ± 0.06 in the denatured state. These values are considerably lower than the values reported by Kronman and Holmes (1971); in particular, an almost complete absence of energy transfer for the denatured state is shown.     

聚合物系统中的传能和光化学

评论了聚合物系统中非辐射能量传递类型,影响能量传递的因素,以及能量传递同聚合物光化学的关系,附22篇文献。     

PICOSECOND FLUORESCENCE AND ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PRIMARY PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROCESSES

Abstract. Under conditions that drive the reaction centers (RC's) into the "closed" state, the lifetime ( T ) of the fluorescence emitted by antenna molecules increases from 80 to 200 ps in PS I, from 300 to 600 ps in PS II, and from 200 to 500 ps in bacterial chromatophores. In Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain 1760-1, the decay curve for fluorescence from the RC's has a component with T ₂= 15 ps due to the bacteriochlorophyll of the RC, and a second component with T ₂= 250 ps due to bacteriopheophytin.
Data on electron transfer at low temperatures and under different redox conditions are analyzed. along with the ps fluorescence kinetics. The hypothesis is discussed that electron transfer in RC's is coupled to conformation changes in the interacting molecules.     

STUDIES ON ENERGY DISSIPATION IN PHYCOBILISOMES USING THE KENNARD-STEPANOV RELATION BETWEEN ABSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE EMISSION SPECTRA

Absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were measured at room temperature ( ca. 22°C) for solutions of phycocyanin-1, phycocyanin-2 and allophycocyanin from Phormidium luridum , and also for phycobilisome preparations from various blue-green algae ( Anabaena variabilis, Nostoc muscorum strain A, Nostoc sp. strain Mac, Phormidium luridum ). Kennard-Stepanov (KS) temperatures ( T ) were computed using the Kennard-Stepanov relationship F () = b A () ^-5 exp(-h/ kT ), where F () stands for fluorescence (energy per wavelength interval) as a function of wavelength (), A () is absorbance as a function of wavelength, b a proportionality factor, and h, c and k are Planck's constant, the velocity of light and Boltzmann's constant, respectively.
In most cases experimenta/ data followed the expected relationship, but at low ionic strength allophycocyanin gave a clearly biphasic KS plot, i.e. In ⁵ F ()/ A () vs 1/. This could be due to the presence of both monomers and trimers in the sample at low ionic strength.
For purified allophycocyanin and phycocyanins (PC-1 and PC-2) as well as phycobilisomes from Phormidium luridum , the KS temperatures were only slightly (insignificantly) elevated above the sample temperature. Thus, after absorption of a photon, vibrational and configurational equilibration is essentially completed before emission of the fluorescence photon takes place.
For phycobilisomes from Anabaena variabilis and the two Nostoc species the KS temperatures were moderately elevated. Since there was no correlation between radiation temperature and excitation wavelength, the elevation is not due to excess (undissipated) vibrational energy, but rather to incomplete configurational equilibration.     

两嵌段共聚物PB-PDMS中PDMS的结晶行为与共聚物形态结构的关系

聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的结晶熔融温度(T_m)约为-43℃,远高于其玻璃化转变温度(T_g)(-124℃),为扩大其低温使用范围,需要破坏其链结构规整性以抑制结晶发生。但是我们发现在前人工作中,含PDMS段的嵌段共聚物,即使不破坏PDMS段的链结构规整性,其动态力学谱上有时也观测不到PDMS的结晶峰。遗憾的是这些作者末曾对这一不寻常现象给予足够的重视。无疑,搞清共聚物中PDMS不寻常结晶行为同共聚物形态结构的关系,对提高含有PDMS段的嵌段型热塑性弹性体的低温使用范围将有指导意义。本文报导PB-PDMS中的结晶行为与共聚物形态结构的关系。     

硝基苯衍生物结构与其淬灭聚(2,5-二戊氧基对亚苯基亚乙炔基)荧光效率的关系

聚对亚苯基亚乙炔基(polyphenyleneethynylenes,PPEs)、聚噻吩(PTs)等作为具有共轭结构的电荷给体,在与含硝基、氰基等电荷受体发生电荷转移络合作用时,其荧光强度会随电荷受体结构的不同而产生不同程度的淬灭,而且响应灵敏度明显高于一般荧光小分子化合物[1~4].这是因为荧光小     

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) COATED SURFACES AND BETWEEN SUCH SURFACES AND PROTEINS

Surfaces coated with poly(ethylene oxide) containing nonionic polymers are of interest in medical applications due to, among other things, the low adsorption of proteins on such surfaces. In this paper we have studied the interfacial properties of surfaces coated with PEO by measuring the forces acting between two such surfaces in water and across a protein solution as well as between one such surface and a surface carrying adsorbed proteins. One type of surface coating was a graft copolymer of poly(ethylene imine) and poly(ethylene oxide) where the cationic poly(ethylene imine) group anchored the polymer to negatively charged mica surfaces. Three different ways to prepare this coating was used and compared. It was found that this coating was not stable in the presence of lysozyme, a small positively charged protein, when the PEO graft density was low. The other type of coating was obtained by adsorbing ethyl(hydroxyethyl)-cellulose onto hydrophobised mica surfaces. The driving force for adsorption is in this case the hydrophobic interaction between nonpolar segments of the polymer and the surface. The EHEC coating was stable in the presence of lysozyme and the interactions between adsorbed layers of lysozyme and EHEC coated surfaces are purely repulsive due to long-range steric forces.     

PICOSECOND FLUORESCENCE KINETICS and ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ANTENNA CHLOROPHYLLS OF GREEN ALGAE*

Single-photon timing measurements on flowing samples of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at low excitation intensities at room temperature indicate two main kinetic components of the fluorescence at open reaction centers (F₀) of photosystem II with lifetimes of approx. 130 and 500 ps and relative yields of about 30 and 70%. Closing the reaction centers progressively by preincubation of the algae with increasing concentrations of 3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (DCMU) and hydroxylamine gave rise to a slow component with a lifetime increasing from 1.4 to 2.2 ns (F_max) The yield of the slow component increased to 65-68% of the total fluorescence yield in parallel to a decrease in the yield of the fast component to a value close to zero at the f_max-level. The 130 ps lifetime of the fast component remained unchanged. The middle component showed an increase of its lifetime from 500 to 1100 ps and of its yield by a factor of 1.5. Spacing of the ps laser pulses by 12 μs allowed us to resolve a new long-lived fluorescence component of very small amplitude which is ascribed to a small amount of chlorophyll not connected to functional antennae. The opposite dependence of the yield of the fast and the slow component on the state of the reaction centers at almost constant lifetimes is consistent with a mechanism of energy conversion in largely separately functioning photosystem II units. Yields and lifetimes of these two components are in agreement with the high quantum yield of photosynthesis. The lower lifetime limit of 1.4 ns of the slow component is assigned to the average transfer time of an excited state from a closed to a neighboring open reaction center and the increase in the lifetime to 2.2 ns is evidence for a limited energy transfer between photosystems II. Relative effects of changing the excitation wavelength from 630 to 652 nm on the relative fluorescence yields of the kinetic components were studied at the fluorescence wavelengths 682, 703 and 730 nm. Our data indicate that (i) the middle component has its fluorescence maximum at shorter wavelength than the fast component and (ii) that the antennae chlorophylls giving rise to the middle component are preferentially excited by 652 nm light. It is concluded that the middle component originates from the light-harvesting chlorophyll alb protein complexes and the major portion of the fast component from the chlorophyll a antennae of open photosystem II reaction centers.     

以共价键相连的卟啉-酞菁化合物分子内能量传递及光诱导电子转移

合成了叶啉与酞菁以共价键连接起来的双发色团分子。测定了它们的吸收光谱,荧光光谱,荧光寿命等。计算了分子内能量传递过程的效率(φ_EnT)及速率常数(κ_EnT)。结果表明:在稀溶液中,卟啉与酞菁等克分子混合时,观察不到分子间能量传递过程现象的发生;而双发色团分子的分子内能量传递过程则明显发生了,其效率(φ_EnT=13～70%)与速率常数(κ_EnT=1.2×10⁷～2.0×10⁸s^-1)取决于分子的结构类型。电子转移与能量传递过程与介质性质有关。在极性溶剂中有利于电子转移过程的进行,而不利于能量传递过程;在非极性溶剂中,则有利于能量传递过程的进行,而不利于电子转移。 选择性激发酞菁发色团,观测到了只有电子转移发生的过程,其电子转移效率达到38%。     

增塑化学微交联聚氯乙烯中化学交联和物理交联的协同作用

由氯乙烯／ 邻苯二甲酸二烯丙基酯（ＶＣ／ＤＡＰ） 悬浮共聚合成了化学微交联聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ） 树脂,并进行增塑加工．共聚得到的化学交联ＰＶＣ 具有溶胶／ 凝胶分配特性,交联密度较低;化学交联ＰＶＣ 的溶胶和凝胶均存在分子链缠结作用,尤其当凝胶含量较高时,物理缠结对凝胶交联密度有较大贡献．化学交联对增塑ＰＶＣ 结晶性的影响较小,因此在增塑化学微交联ＰＶＣ 中同时存在化学交联网络和以分子链物理缠结点和微晶为交联点的物理交联网络,两者协同影响增塑ＰＶＣ 材料的性能．     

黏度法研究聚丙烯酰胺与聚乙二醇在水中的相互作用

采用黏度法研究了聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)与聚乙二醇(PEG)在水中的相互作用,发现当聚合物浓度较高时,PAM与PEG存在疏水作用、氢键以及相互缠结.两者间的相互作用随着聚合物浓度、PEG分子量以及PAM分子量的升高而增大;随着温度的升高,其相互作用先减小后增大;盐、乙醇以及丙烯酰胺的加入使相互作用减弱.