电弧等离子体温度场中Abel逆变换的数值算法分析

针对电弧等离子体温度场分析中Abel逆变换的计算,提出了3种数值解法:三次样条插值法、Radon逆变换法以及离散数据曲线拟合法.通过对单峰、双峰型函数的验证,分析了3种方法各自的特点,得到这3种方法在精度、程序实现性以及积分奇异点处理等方面的比较,指出了在不同实际温度场分析计算中3种方法各自的优势.     

光电效应演示实验几种方案的比较

针对人教版中学物理教材中光电效应演示实验在具体实践中的不足,提出了3种改进方案,并比较了这3种实验方案的优缺点.     

3种变性淀粉与CaCO3相互作用的红外光谱研究

通过仿生合成的方法,以羧甲基淀粉、醚化淀粉、磷酸酯淀粉作为有机基质,在制备CaCO3晶体的过程中,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱对3种变性淀粉进行了跟踪测试表征。结果表明：3种变性淀粉分子中的C-O谱峰的强度均发生了变化,随着反应时间的增加,C-O峰强度不断减小,且减小的幅度非常大。对3种变性淀粉与CaCO3的作用机理进行了初步探讨。     

随机相控高强度聚焦超声换能器的栅瓣抑制

采用3种随机排列策略形成相控阵元线性排列结构抑制高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)相控阵栅瓣.第1种和第2种策略中阵元基于规则排列随机移动,而第3种策略中阵元则直接进行随机移动,阵元可移动范围依次为:第1种＜第2种＜第3种.采用瑞利积分和非线性Westervelt方程分别计算了3种策略对应随机相控阵产生的线性和非线性声场,并通...     

1,8-萘酰亚胺荧光单体的合成及光谱的量子化学研究

以4-溴-1,8-萘二甲酸酐和N-甲基哌嗪为原料,合成了3种水溶性1,8-萘酰亚胺荧光单体,并以红外光谱、氢核磁共振谱、质谱及元素分析对产物进行了表征,测定了它们的激发光谱和发射光谱.运用PM3方法对这3种化合物的基态和激发态进行了几何构型全优化.结构分析表明:基态下,3种荧光单体的环均处于同一平面,且体系为较大的共轭...     

NMR探针分子表征分子筛酸性的理论研究

用量子化学计算的方法,采用三甲基氧膦（TMPO）、吡啶和三甲基膦（TMP）3种探针分子,研究了工业上常用的3种分子筛H-Y、H-ZSM5、H-MOR的Bronsted酸强度,讨论了这3种探针分子化学位移与Bronsted相对酸强度的相关性,揭示了各种探针分子在表征Bronsted酸性上的适用性.     

MOD法在BaPbO_3/LaAlO_3上沉积YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-σ)层的研究

实验配制了一种新型的YBCO前驱溶液,经过旋转涂覆和适当的热处理工艺,在单晶LaAlO3(100)基底和以BaPbO3为缓冲层的LaAlO3基底两种结构上外延生长YBa2Cu3O7-σ(YBCO)超导层。XRD结果表明:在两种结构上均生长了单相的YBCO层,YBCO晶粒沿垂直于基底表面的c轴方向外延生长。这种择优性在以BaPbO3为缓冲层的YBCO结构中更加明显。SEM结果表明,在两种结构上均形成致密的YBCO层。     

水波色散关系测量方法探讨

介绍了一种自制的水波测量装置.该装置使用LabVIEW控制,可以用3种方法(驻波法、行波相位法和多普勒效应法)测量水波色散关系.实验比较了3种方法的优劣,并对改进提出了建议.     

CH3NO2和CH3ONO结构及互异化反应的理论研究

采用了B3LYP、MP2方法,详细地计算了硝基甲烷(CH3ONO)和亚硝基甲酯(CH3NO2)的稳定结构、能量和振动频率等,并分析了它们的相对稳定性和相互转换的机理.结构优化结果表明,CH3ONO有两种稳定的构象cis和trans,CH3NO2有一种稳定的结构.在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)方法的基础上,作出了CH3ONO的能量随CH3O-NO单键旋转的变化曲线图,定性地讨论了CH3ONO可能存在的稳定构象以及两种稳定构象之间互异化的机理.研究了CH3NO2与CH3ONO之间互异化的反应机理,计算了该异化反应发生时几何结构的变化以及最小能量途径,确定了该互异化反应实际上是C-N键和C-O键的断裂或形成的一个过程.     

HD2+,H3+和D3+与固体相互作用和三体尾流效应

从分子离子H3 及其氘化同位素分子离子D3 和HD2 与超薄固体膜相互作用发生库仑爆炸为基础,分析讨论了H3 ,D3 和HD2 三种分子离子的形成机理,根据产物能谱分布,利用库仑爆炸技术确定了同位素分子离子HD2 的结构形式,给出具体核间距数值.并确定在实验中不存在线状结构的HD2 .提出一种三原子分子离子和固体相互作用中尾流效应的处理方式,通过和实验结果做比较发现这是一种非常理想的处理三体尾流效应的模式,并用之进一步确认了HD2 的结构形状.文章对H3 ,D3 和HD2 三种分子离子的实验结果做了对比和讨论.     

Effect of heat treatment on the structure and morphology of ZnO nanorod array and its composite with titania precursor

ABSTRACT

Effects of the elevated temperature on the structure evolution of the ZnO nanorod array (ZNA) and their hybrid nanocomposite with layered (tetramethyl)ammonium titanate (LTMAT) prepared by the liquid phase deposition were investigated. The vertically oriented ZnO nanorods were deposited on a quartz plate by a chemical bath deposition method and then they were penetrated by the LTMAT using the dip-coating method from the water solution. As a result of such an experimental procedure, an assembly composed of the ZNA with LTMAT was obtained and called hybrid nanocomposite. Since the LTMAT converts to TiO₂ upon subsequent sintering at 350 °C, it can be regarded as TiO₂ precursor for the thermal treatment experiments. The experiments with ZNA and their hybrid nanocomposite at the elevated temperature revealed coalescence of the deposited ZnO nanorods and crystallization of zinc titanate with Zn₂TiO₄ stoichiometry.     

Breakdown limits of optical multimode fibers for the application of nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm and 1064 nm wavelength

For many applications, optical multimode fibers are used for the transmission of powerful laser radiation. High light throughput and damage resistance are desirable. Laser-induced breakdown at the end faces of fibers can limit their performance. Therefore, the determination of laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDT) at the surface of fibers is essential.Nanosecond (1064 nm and 532 nm wavelength) single-shot LIDT were measured according to the relevant standard on SiO₂ glass preforms (Suprasil F300) as basic materials of the corresponding fibers. For 10 kinds of fused silica fibers (FiberTech) with core diameters between 180 μm and 600 μm, an illumination approach utilizing a stepwise increase of the laser fluence on a single spot was used. For both wavelengths, the LIDT values (0% damage probability) obtained by means of the two methods were compared. The influence of surface preparation (polishing) on damage resistance was investigated. For equal surface finishing, a correlation between drawing speed of the fibers and their surface LIDT values was found. In addition to the surface measurements, bulk LIDT were determined for the preform material.     

Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects on the selective surface oxidation of binary, ternary and quarternary model alloys

Segregation and selective oxidation phenomena of minor alloying elements during annealing of steel sheets lead to the formation of bare spots after hot dip galvanizing. In order to understand the influence of common alloying elements on the surface chemistry after annealing, model alloys of binary (Fe-2Si, Fe-2Mn and Fe-0.8Cr), ternary (Fe-2Mn-2Si, Fe-2Mn-0.8Cr and Fe-2Si-0.8Cr) and quarternary (Fe-2Mn-2Si-0.8Cr) systems were investigated. The specimens were annealed for 60 s at 820 °C in N₂-5% H₂ gas atmospheres with different dew points −80 and −40 °C, respectively. Surface chemistry of the annealed specimens was obtained by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to view surface morphology. At low dew point −80 °C, apart from the thermodynamical calculations such as solubility product of oxides and their critical solute concentrations, kinetics play a decisive role on the selective oxidation, i.e. oxygen competition. As expected, the amount of external selective oxidation of alloying elements are well pronounced at higher dew point −40 °C. An attempt has been made to explain the dominant process of Si and Mn on Cr-oxidation and segregation. It is observed that annealing of quarternary system at higher dew point shifts the Cr-oxidation from external to internal.     

Reactive ion etching of FePt using inductively coupled plasma

We propose a reactive ion etching (RIE) process of an L1₀-FePt film which is expected as one of the promising materials for the perpendicular magnetic recording media. The etching was carried out using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) RIE system and an etching gas combination of CH₄/O₂/NH₃ was employed. The L1₀-FePt films were deposited on (1 0 0)-oriented MgO substrates using a magnetron sputtering system. The etching masks of Ti were patterned on the FePt films lithographically. The etch rates of ∼16 and ∼0 nm/min were obtained for the FePt film and the Ti mask, respectively. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses provided the average roughness (R_a) value of 0.95 nm for the etched FePt surface, that is, a very flat etched surface was obtained. Those results show that the highly selective RIE process of L1₀-FePt was successfully realized in the present study.     

Effects of UV photon irradiation on SiOx (0 < x < 2) structural properties

Thin films of a-SiO_x (0 < x < 2) were prepared by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering from a polycrystalline-silicon target in an Ar/O₂ gas mixture. The oxygen partial pressure in the deposition chamber was varied so as to obtain films with different values of x. The plasma was monitored, during depositions, by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) system. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) measurements and infra-red (IR) spectroscopy were used to study the compositional and structural properties of the deposited layers.Structural modifications of SiO_x thin films have been induced by UV photons’ bombardment (wavelength of 248 nm) using a pulsed laser. IR spectroscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate the structural changes as a function of x value and incident energy. SiO_x phase separation by spinodal decomposition was revealed. The IR peak position shifted towards high wavenumber values when the laser energy is increased. Values corresponding to the SiO₂ material (only Si⁴⁺) have been found for laser irradiated samples, independently on the original x value. The phase separation process has a threshold energy that is in agreement with theoretical values calculated for the dissociation energy of the investigated material.For high values of the laser energy, crystalline silicon embedded in oxygen-rich silicon oxide was revealed by Raman spectroscopy.     

Oxidation and contact resistance of Sn-Ag coated superconducting strands for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

The oxides formed on the Sn-Ag coated Large Hadron Collider (LHC) superconducting cables during a 200 °C heat treatment in air are described and the oxide composition is compared with the interstrand contact resistance (R_C). The analysis of more than 250 interstrand contact areas shows that the higher the average Cu content with respect to the Sn content in the oxide, the higher is R_C. During the 200 °C heat treatment, Sn in the coating is transformed into a Cu₃Sn layer, on which an oxide grows that consists essentially of a thin outermost layer of CuO on top of Cu₂O, similar to the oxide structure formed on bare Cu. The underlying Cu₃Sn layer acts as an O diffusion barrier that prevents O diffusion into the Cu bulk during the subsequent cable heat treatment under high pressure. On contact zones where the Cu₃Sn layer is not formed during the 200 °C heat treatment mainly Sn oxide grows and R_C is comparatively low.     

Correction of small imperfections on white glazed china surfaces by laser radiation

A laser-assisted technique has been developed for correction of small diameter (1 mm) and shallow (0.5 mm) imperfections on the surface of gloss fired porcelain. To study the physics and establish the important parameters, artificially made holes in a porcelain sample have been first filled with correction material, then covered with raw glaze and treated by a pulsed, 7 kHz repetition rate CO₂ laser at 10.6 μm. The modification of the surface and the surrounding area have been quantified and studied with a large range of parameters of incident laser power (1-10 W), width of the laser pulses (10-125 μs) and duration of laser heating (60-480 s). Although the shine of the treated area, defined as the distribution of micro-droplets on the surface, is very similar to the untreated surfaces, the surroundings of the treated area usually show cracks. The measurement of both the spatial temperature distribution and the temporal cooling rate of the treated surface has revealed that a simple melting process always results in high gradient temperature distribution within the irradiated zone. Its inhomogeneous and fast cooling always generate at least micro-cracks on the surface within a few seconds after the laser was turned off. The duration and intensity of the laser irradiation have been then optimized in order to achieve the fastest possible melting of the surface, but without producing such high temperature gradients. To eliminate the cracks, more elaborated pre-heating and slowed-cooling-rate processes have been tried with prosperous results. These achievements complete our previous study, making possible to repair the most common surface imperfections and holes of gloss fired china samples.     

Surface-modified zeolite-filled chitosan membranes for pervaporation dehydration of ethanol

Surface-modified zeolite-filled chitosan (CS) membranes were prepared by incorporating 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS)-modified H-ZSM-5 zeolite into chitosan for pervaporation dehydration of aqueous ethanol solution. The physicochemical characterization by XPS, FT-IR, XRD, DMA and SEM showed that -SO₃H group was readily grafted on the surface of H-ZSM-5 with the mediation of MPTMS and hydrogen peroxide, and the accompanying ion-ion interaction between -SO₃H group on surface-modified H-ZSM-5 and -NH₃⁺ group on chitosan substantially eliminated the nonselective voids at the chitosan-H-ZSM-5 interface of the filled membranes. The experimental results also revealed that H-ZSM-5 exhibited desirable size-selective and preferential adsorption effects for aqueous ethanol solution. As a result, modified H-ZSM-5 filled membranes showed higher swelling degree and permeation flux, and improved selectivity for aqueous ethanol solution. In comparison between chitosan control membrane (permeation flux 54.18 g/(m² h) and separation factor 158.02 for 90 wt.% aqueous ethanol solution at 80 °C), the modified H-ZSM-5 filled membrane with 8 wt.% filling content exhibited a remarkably improved pervaporation performance with permeation flux 278.54 g/(m² h) and separation factor 274.46 under the identical experimental condition.     

Theodor Schmidt and Hans Kopfermann – Pioneers in Hyperfine Physics

Systematic optical hyperfine interaction studies in various isotope series gave first indications to the possibility of single-particle and collective motions of nucleons in atomic nuclei and the variation of the nuclear radius with the mass number and deformation (isotope shift). Indeed, the careful studies by Schmidt (1908–1986), which he performed together with Schüler in Potsdam, revealed the existence of both nuclear quadrupole deformation and single-particle magnetic moments (Schmidt lines). These findings were essential as a basis for the nuclear vibrational and rotational models and the single particle shell model, respectively. The talk reviews some of the achievements of Schmidt and Kopfermann (1895–1963) and sheds some light on their working conditions before, during and after World War II. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gene delivery process in a single animal cell after femtosecond laser microinjection

Microinjection of extracellular molecules into a single animal cell was performed by an amplified femtosecond laser irradiation. When a single-shot laser pulse was focused on the plasma membrane of a single fibroblast from the mouse cell line NIH3T3 with a high-numerical aperture objective lens, a transient hole with a diameter of 1 μm was formed. The delivery process of extracellular molecules immediately after the hole formation was monitored by a fluorescence staining with fluoresceinisothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran). Then the gene expression was confirmed using a DNA plasmid of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The gene expression was observed when the laser pulse was focused first on the cellular membrane and then on the nuclear membrane, while the gene was not expressed when the laser was focused only on the cellular membrane. On the basis of these results, the efficiency of gene delivery by the femtosecond laser microinjection and the subsequent gene expression were clarified.