注水井地层吸水规律实验研究

注水开发是油田开发的第一选择。本文通过试验着重分析了指示曲线方法在注水开发过程中的失效原因,总结出水嘴总压损失随流量变化规律。同时,考虑真实油藏下任意井网排布,推导了注水层井底压力与流量随时间变化的关系,提出了瞬时指示曲线分析方法指导流量调配,既满足了油田注水的基本要求又把注水成本控制在合理的范围内。现场试验结果表明,该方法准确、简单、可靠,很好地满足了工程实际的需要,减轻了调配人员的工作强度和工作时间。     

污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响

钻井造成的污染区对部分打开井的影响不同于裸眼井. 为了分析污染区对部分打开井井底压力响应的影响,建立了一种部分打开井的二维轴对称渗流模型,模型考虑了真实的污染区以及储层渗透率各向异性特征.利用有限元数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了部分打开井的井底压力响应及储层压力分布. 根据压力响应及压力分布特征,将部分打开井的压力响应过程划分为5 个流动阶段,其中早期局部径向流动和椭球流动是该类井最典型的特征. 对污染区的影响分析表明:传统方法中的表皮系数S 并不等于污染区引起的机械表皮系数S_d;无量纲井筒储存系数不能与机械表皮系数组合. 修正了传统方法中部分打开井的井底压力公式,验证了部分打开井的总表皮计算公式,为该类井的井底压力响应解释及产能预测提供理论指导.      

高可压缩流体的试井分析

本文提出了可以由井底压力数据计算任意变化的井储系数和井底流量的方法。此方法同样适用于气井试井分析,并有助于多相流试井分析的研究。实例分析结果表明,本文提出的方法有实用性。     

水流损失和热补偿共同作用对增强型地热系统(EGS)产能影响的研究

基于青海共和盆地-3705m地热田实测数据,结合流固耦合传热理论并运用Comsol软件,建立了离散型裂隙岩体流体传热模型。考虑水流损失和热补偿共同作用,模拟得到了开采过程中上、下岩层(盖层和垫层)为绝热不渗透、传热不渗透、渗透传热时,储层(上、下岩层和压裂层)温度场的变化特征,分析了产出流量、水流损失、产出温度、产热速率的变化规律。研究结果表明:采热过程中产出流量始终小于注入流量;产出流量增幅速率先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定,前3a产出流量增幅超过总增幅量的3/4;忽略水流损失,将高估产热速率,采热初期甚至达到考虑水流损失时产热速率的3倍以上;考虑水流损失,产热速率呈先快速上升再趋于稳定后逐渐下降的趋势,最优开采时间为3a^11a;研究上、下岩层对产出温度的影响,仅考虑传热,采热寿命延长5.43%,同时考虑渗流传热时,采热寿命延长2.71%;采热前9a,水流损失占主导作用,即流入上、下岩层水流损失对产热速率的影响高于热补偿效应,开采10a后,热补偿效应占主导作用;同时考虑水流损失和热补偿效应得到的产热速率变化规律与实际工程更为符合,建议选择低渗透能力的上、下岩层延长增强型地热系统(EGS)运行时间。     

建筑物内气体爆炸效应简化计算研究综述

根据当前受限空间内气体爆炸效应的研究成果,综述了建筑物内气体爆炸事故发生时室内压力、结构荷载及动力响应的简化计算方法,内容包括室内气体爆燃压力及结构荷载特点、爆燃压力和结构响应计算模型等。重点阐述了基于实验数据的泄爆压力关联式和反映燃气爆燃主要物理过程的压力简化计算模型,并分析了各类计算模型的适用性、存在问题以及爆燃荷载特征对结构响应的影响;探讨了考虑建筑功能特点影响的工程简化计算模型,对建筑物内爆燃压力计算应重点考虑点火位置、爆室几何特征、火焰燃烧速率、湍流效应以及泄爆结构开启过程等因素;对爆燃事故中结构响应的计算,应考虑爆燃荷载时程、结构初始静载与动载耦合、结构支座边界受载变化等因素。     

分形表面接触变形对部分膜润滑的影响

在M-B分形接触模型的基础上,利用引入接触因子的平均流动模型,分别计算在考虑和不考虑分形表面接触峰变形情况下的流量因子和接触因子,研究分形表面接触变形对润滑状态的影响.结果表明:接触变形使得各因子减小,其中对剪切流量因子的影响最大,对压力流量因子和接触因子的影响相对较小,尺度系数越大,接触变形对剪切流量因子最大值的影响越大,剪切流量因子变化越缓慢,弹塑性变形的转化范围越宽;对于一定的名义膜厚,随着分形维数增加,接触弹塑性的转变会使变形对各因子的影响先增后减;对于相同的尺度系数,接触变形对流量因子的影响在相同的分形维数范围内达到最大值.     

微流量控制钻井环空波动压力反问题研究

根据质量守恒及动量守恒方程,建立了微流量控制钻井过程中的节流阀调节的限压/限时动作模型,通过计算机编程对其求解,提出了有模型的节流阀控制环空波动压力方法。计算结果表明:环空中最大波动压力可通过限压/限时调节控制;节流阀控制环空最大波动压力均遵循省时不省压、省压不省时的规律,随限时减小环空波动压力高峰值增加,随限压减小节流阀调节时间增大,随井底溢流量增大,节流阀驻阀开度减小;节流阀关阀时间延长3.2s,节流阀开度低谷值增大2.5度,环空所受波动压力高峰值减小0.3MPa;限压/限时调节控制核心是采用触探式反复调节的方式控制节流阀开度。     

基于移动边界环流的连续循环抽吸压力计算方法

连续循环钻井液技术可以减缓起钻过程中的抽吸压力,针对连续循环技术在起下钻过程中的应用,基于N-S方程理论和非牛顿流体流变规律,建立了考虑移动边界环流起下钻过程中抽吸压力的计算模型;并分析了起钻速度和钻井液循环流量对抽吸压力的影响规律,对深井起钻过程中抽吸压力控制进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,在深井起钻过程中使用连续循环技术适当地泵送钻井液能够减小抽吸压力,有助于在不增加抽吸压力的情况下提高起钻速度,节省起下钻时间。建立的连续循环条件下的抽吸压力计算方法可为深井和窄密度窗口井起下钻过程中的最优泵量设计及起下钻速度的提高提供理论参考。     

深井气侵关井引发的井筒多相水击压力特性研究

结合小扰动理论,建立了深井气侵关井引发的井筒多相水击压力模型。利用有限体积及特征线等数学方法,提出了基于离散网格求解井筒多相水击压力方法。结果表明:气侵量、井深及关井时间等参数均对井筒多相水击压力影响显著;井底气体的侵入,大幅降低了环空压力,增大了井筒空隙率,减小了井筒水击波速,延缓了井底水击压力峰值点出现时间;随井底气侵量增大,井筒多相水击压力呈减小趋势,气侵量从1.46m3/h增至4.14m3/h,水击压力高峰值大幅度降低;随井深增大,水击压力呈减小趋势,井深1550m同井口处相比,水击压力高峰值减小86.63%;随关井时间延长,水击压力呈减小趋势,关井时间延长10s,水击压力高峰值减小44.46%。     

下钻中气液两相激动压力滞后时间研究

考虑气液两相弹性及井筒中实时变化波速,提出了气液两相激动压力模型;借助Runge-Kutta、差分、Newton-Raphson等数学方法,通过计算机编程对其求解。结果表明:随气侵量和有效井筒传输距离的增大,激动压力滞后时间增大;井径的变化对激动压力滞后时间影响甚微;井底气侵量从0m3·h-1增至8.236m3·h-1,激动压力滞后时间为2.231s;钻柱长度从2500m减至500m,激动压力滞后时间为1.585s;井径从0.1778m增至0.254m,激动压力滞后时间为0.021s;当大量气体侵入井底时,可适当加快下钻速度,不仅可平衡地层压力,更可以抑制气体进一步侵入井底。     

Pressure transients during injection: Constant rate and convolution solutions

Pressure transient testing during water injection is undertaken to evaluate the injection potential of a well. If properly interpreted, it can yield information such as effective mobilities of fluids, wellbore damage, and residual oil saturation. This is best done by the simultaneous use of downhole flow-rate and pressure measurements. Analytical solutions obtained under various assumptions for pressure response of an injection well are investigated. For a constant downhole flow rate, it is demonstrated that exact solutions may be obtained for an infinite reservoir during both the injection and the falloff periods. Due to the inherent nonlinearity of the problem, the constant rate solutions are not readily extended for the general case of varying flow rates. Therefore, we have employed an approximate technique. This technique can be used with an altered form of convolution and permits calculation of the pressure response for arbitrary rate data. The range of parameters under which this method may be used are also identified. Computational methods related to convolution are presented. The numerical techniques developed in this paper are sufficiently general that they may be applied to similar well-testing problems involving single-phase flow.     

井筒气液两相流对致密气压裂水平井试井的影响

多段压裂水平井技术是目前开采致密气最常用的方法之一,在致密气压裂水平井试井测试中常常伴随着一定的产水量,井筒气液两相流会增加井筒流体的流动阻力,加大井筒流体流动对试井解释的影响.为了明确井筒气液两相流对致密气藏压裂水平井试井的影响,提高产水致密气压裂水平井的试井解释精度,建立了一种井筒气液两相流与地层渗流耦合的试井模型,采用数值方法对模型进行求解,获得了考虑井筒气液两相流的压裂水平井试井理论曲线、压力场分布及裂缝产量分布.研究结果表明:井筒气液两相流会增加试井理论曲线中压力和压力导数值,造成靠近入窗点的压力扩散要快于远离入窗点的压力扩散,引起靠近入窗点的裂缝产量要高于远离入窗点的裂缝产量.现场实例分析进一步说明,不考虑井筒两相流可能会对产水压裂水平井的试井解释结果产生很大误差,主要表现为水平井筒假设为无限大导流能力会使得拟合得到的表皮系数偏大,将测试点视为入窗点会使得拟合得到的原始地层压力偏小.所建立的考虑井筒两相流的压裂水平井试井模型为产水致密气井试井资料的正确解释提供了重要技术保障.      

Influence of gas injection on phase inversion in an oil–water flow through a vertical tube

An experimental study has been made of the influence of gas injection on the phase inversion between oil and water flowing through a vertical tube. Particular attention was paid to the influence on the critical concentration of oil and water where phase inversion occurs and on the pressure drop increase over the tube during phase inversion. By using different types of gas injectors also the influence of the bubble size of the injected gas on the phase inversion was studied. It was found that gas injection does not significantly change the critical concentration, but the influence on the pressure drop is considerable. For mixture velocities larger than 1 m/s, the pressure drop over the tube increases with decreasing bubble size and at inversion can become even larger than the pressure drop during the flow of oil and water without gas injection.     

Aspects of geothermal well test analysis in fractured reservoirs

Several numerical experiments comparing the response of a fractured geothermal reservoir with that of a uniform reservoir are reported. A constant rate drawdown test followed by a buildup test is investigated for both an initially two-phase reservoir and an initially liquid reservoir which flashes during the test. Also, cold water injection into a two-phase reservoir is considered. In all cases the fracturing of the reservoir significantly changes the results for the uniform reservoir, and makes interpretation of the well test results more difficult.     

各向异性双重介质垂直裂缝井两相流体渗流

建立了各向异性双重介质中垂直裂缝井两相渗流数学模型,用有限差分法求得了其解,进行了算例分析。得到了含水饱和度沿径向、最大及最小渗透率方向的分布和水驱油前缘等饱和度面随时间的变化,分别讨论了各向异性、吸渗作用对这种介质中两相流体渗流的影响。结果表明：渗透率较在的方向,前缘推进速度较快,油井见水较早;吸渗使前缘推进速度减慢,使油井见水晚。注水开发这种油藏时,见水前注入率不能太大以充分发挥吸渗作用,存在最佳注入率。这对于水力压裂垂直裂缝井注水开发碳酸盐岩裂缝性油藏有指导意义。     

动边界双重介质油藏低速非达西渗流试井模型

裂缝性油藏中基质岩块的渗透率一般很低,大量岩心测试实验证实在基质岩块内的液体渗流和在一定含水饱和度下的气体渗流将偏离达西渗流,往往出现低速非达西渗流,表现出启动压力梯度以及流体流动边界不断向外扩展等特殊现象。本文充分考虑启动压力梯度与动边界的影响,建立了微可压缩双重介质油藏低速非达西渗流的试井数学模型,对时间和空间变量...     

Oil–water flows through sudden contraction and expansion in a horizontal pipe – Phase distribution and pressure drop

In this paper, change of flow patterns during the simultaneous flow of high viscous oil and water through the sudden contraction and expansion in a horizontal conduit has been studied. It is noted that these sudden changes in cross-section have a significant influence on the downstream phase distribution of lube oil–water flow. The observation suggests a simple technique to establish core flow as well as a way to prevent pipe wall fouling during the transportation of such oil. A number of interesting differences have been noted during low viscous oil–water flow through the same test rigs. While several types of core annular flow are observed for the former case, a wider variety of interfacial distribution characterizes kerosene–water systems. The pressure profiles during the simultaneous flow of lube oil and water through the sudden contraction and expansion are also studied and compared with low viscous oil–water flows. The pressure profiles are found to be independent of liquid viscosity and the loss coefficients are observed to be independent of flow patterns in both the cases.