相移云纹干涉法与盲孔法相结合检测复合材料的残余应力

本文应用相移云纹干涉法与盲孔法相结合检测纤维增强复合材料的残余应力。盲孔法是工程中被广泛应用的测定残余应力的方法之一,相移云纹干涉方法可得到孔边任意一点的位移信息。由于正交各向异性复合材料在弹性主方向不发生拉剪(或剪拉)耦合效应,所以通过适当读取孔边特殊点的位移,可方便地得到残余应力值。     

准脆性材料的弹塑性各向异性损伤耦合本构模型研究

针对准脆性材料的非线性特征：强度软化和刚度退化、单边效应、侧限强化和拉压软化、不可恢复变形、剪胀及非弹性体胀,在热动力学框架内,建立了准脆性材料的弹塑性与各向异性损伤耦合的本构关系。对准脆性材料的变形机理和损伤诱发的各向异性进行了诠释,并给出了损伤构形和有效构形中各物理量之间的关系。在有效应力空间内,建立了塑性屈服准则、拉压不同的塑性随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则。在损伤构形中,采用应变能释放率,建立了拉压损伤准则、拉压不同的损伤随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则。基于塑性屈服准则和损伤准则,构建了塑性势泛函和损伤势泛函,并由正交性法则,给出了塑性和损伤强化效应内变量的演化规律,同时,联立塑性屈服面和损伤加载面,给出了塑性流动和损伤演化内变量的演化法则。将损伤力学和塑性力学结合起来,建立了应变驱动的应力-应变增量本构关系,给出了本构数值积分的要点。以单轴加载-卸载往复试验识别和校准了本构材料常数,并对单轴单调试验、单轴加载-卸载往复试验、二轴受压、二轴拉压试验和三轴受压试验进行了预测,并与试验结果作了比较,结果表明,所建本构模型对准脆性材料的非线性材料性能有良好的预测能力。     

正交各向异性材料应力应变关系的表述形式

<正> 现行复合材料力学教材中,所建立的正交各向异性材料的三维应力-应变关系,在由空间问题简化到平面问题时,不能取到在表达形式上与空间问题及平面应力和平面应变相类似的刚度系数和柔度系数;在说明由正交各向异性还原到各向同性,且仍保持空间问     

平行微裂纹削弱的弹性体的各向异性有效性能与双周期裂纹模型

平行微裂纹损伤模型被用于构建各向异性损伤理论.当施加在代表性体积单元上的边界条件满足Hill条件时,基于平均场理论论证了由平行穿透裂纹损伤的弹性体仅有6个独立有效弹性常数.除了原各向同性基体的2个弹性常数外,与损伤相关的另外4个常数中,3个描述有效弹性常数的折减,1个描述损伤导致的拉剪耦合效应.结合单胞模型和有限元方法分析了双周期阵列平行裂纹问题,数值结果显示:裂纹呈一般双周期阵列时,拉剪耦合参数相比其它模量小很多;当裂纹密度一定时,改变裂纹的排列形式,面内剪切模量和面外剪切模量的折减呈现出不同的规律.     

共面闭合断续节理岩体直剪强度特性研究

介绍了节理面和岩桥各自的抗剪强度机制,引入法向变形协调条件,基于Mohr-Coulomb理论,推导了共面闭合断续节理岩体的直剪强度公式。模型试验发现,剪切破坏面以拉剪复合破坏为主,同时岩块中伴随大量的拉张微裂隙。试样的强度和变形具有明显的阶段性,全应力应变曲线主要经历了线弹性增长、节理面错动、次生裂纹起裂稳态扩展、节理面贯通破坏和残余强度5个阶段。对比发现,理论计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

飞机复合材料层压板结构中的广义强度准则

通过对经典复合材料结构强度理论和准则在层压板上的适用性计算和试验对比研究,指出了在层压板上采用经典强度理论所得计算结果与试验结果的差异。并分析了产生这种差异的原因,主要是经典强度准则表达武中采用的无拉剪耦合假设和层与层之间理想粘接假设,只适用于单层板或正交各向异性板。本文提出了一种广义强度准则的思想,其核心是放松正交各向异性约束条件和通过试验测定强度参数,而在实际飞机结构中的准正交各向异性层压板结构设计上仍可使用经典层压板强度准则。     

具确定弱区域正交各向异性薄板的弹塑性屈曲分析

基于弹塑性力学和损伤理论,建立了一个与应力球张量有关的具损伤正交各向异性材料的混合硬化屈服准则,该准则无量纲化后与各向同性材料的Mises准则同构,在此基础上,建立了正交各向异性材料的增量型和全量型弹塑性损伤本构方程,并以具确定弱区域正交各向异性矩形薄板为例,根据屈曲时的能量准则和全量理论,以等效塑性应变为内变量,对其弹塑性屈曲问题进行了分析,讨论了几何参数和弱区域对正交各向异性薄板弹塑性屈曲临界应力的影响.     

短纤维增强EPDM包覆薄膜超弹性本构模型

短纤维增强三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)包覆薄膜用于一种新型缠绕包覆工艺,主要解决复杂构型自由装填药柱外表面可靠性包覆问题.为了描述其在固体火箭发动机工作过程中产生的大变形、非线性和各向异性等力学行为,根据纤维增强复合材料连续介质力学理论,提出了各向异性超弹性本构模型.该模型中单位体积的应变能函数被解耦成两部分:表征各向同性的橡胶基体应变能和表征各向异性的纤维拉伸应变能,通过引入纤维方向对纤维应变能进行修正,给出了通过单轴拉伸、偏轴拉伸实验数据获取模型参数的具体方法.研究结果表明,该模型能够很好地预测材料在纤维方向0°~45°时的各向异性力学特性,并将预测结果与实验数据对比,误差在5%以下.所建立的各向异性超弹性本构模型准确性高、易于实现数值开发,在一定程度上能够为固体火箭发动机的装药结构完整性分析提供理论依据.     

纸质构件力学性能试验研究

对铅化纸制作的纸杆和纸带进行了力学试验, 分析了其力学性能, 结果表明:纸杆应力应变曲线存在线弹性段, 弹性模量主要集中在200$\sim$400\,MPa, 并具有一定的离散性. 而纸带抗拉曲线呈明显的非线性特征, 极限拉应变主要集中在0.015$\sim 对铅化纸制作的纸杆和纸带进行了力学试验, 分析了其力学性能, 结果表明:纸杆应力应变曲线存在线弹性段, 弹性模量主要集中在200$\sim$400\,MPa, 并具有一定的离散性. 而纸带抗拉曲线呈明显的非线性特征, 极限拉应变主要集中在0.015$\sim 对铅化纸制作的纸杆和纸带进行了力学试验, 分析了其力学性能, 结果表明:纸杆应力应变曲线存在线弹性段, 弹性模量主要集中在200$\sim$400\,MPa, 并具有一定的离散性. 而纸带抗拉曲线呈明显的非线性特征, 极限拉应变主要集中在0.015$\sim 对铅化纸制作的纸杆和纸带进行了力学试验, 分析了其力学性能, 结果表明:纸杆应力应变曲线存在线弹性段, 弹性模量主要集中在200$\sim$400\,MPa, 并具有一定的离散性. 而纸带抗拉曲线呈明显的非线性特征, 极限拉应变主要集中在0.015$\sim对铅化纸制作的纸杆和纸带进行了力学试验,分析了其力学性能,结果表明:纸杆应力应变曲线存在线弹性段,弹性模量主要集中在200～400 MPa,并具有一定的离散性.而纸带抗拉曲线呈明显的非线性特征,极限拉应变主要集中在0.015～0.025之间,纸带的粘结状态对试件的极限拉应变有较大的影响.     

K0超固结土的不排水抗剪强度

结合K0超固结上模型、旋转角w公式、临界状态不排水条件以及基于SMP的变换应力张量建立了不排水抗剪强度的统一表达式;采用三轴压缩、三轴拉伸的应力洛德角θ、旋转角w建立了三轴压缩、三轴拉伸条件下的不排水抗剪强度公式;基于临界状态士力学,推导出了平面应变条件下的应力洛德角θ、旋转角w的表达式,进而得到平面应变条件下的不排水抗剪强度公式.分别采用三轴压缩、三轴拉伸和平面应变条件下试验数据对所提出的不排水抗剪强度公式进行验证,预测结果和试验数据的基本吻合表明了不排水抗剪强度公式的合理性.     

Modelling and experimental characterisation of the Lüders strain in complex loaded ferritic steel compact tension specimens

The use of 3D digital image correlation (DIC) has been used to capture the Lüders strains in a low carbon ferritic steel. Results were used to calibrate and compare with finite element (FE) results based on a constitutive plasticity model, capable of yield drop behaviour and therefore Lüders strains, by Zhang et al. (2001). Tensile tests were carried out at several strain rates to characterise the material behaviour. The results of these tests were used to fit parameters in the constitutive plasticity model. The FE model was then tested on a complex loading situation of in-plane compression of a compact tension (CT) specimen. The FE model predicts the shape and formation of the Lüders bands well. This FE model, using Zhang’s constitutive plasticity model, was used to predict the residual stress profile to compare with standard elastic–plastic isotropic hardening models with no yield point. The yield point reduced both the predicted peak tensile stress, at the notch root, and the amount of plastic strain. In regions where the plastic strain was of a similar size to the Lüders strain the stress profiles were perturbed from flat profiles predicted by the standard elastic–plastic hardening models.     

复杂加载下混凝土的弹塑性本构模型

混凝土材料在不同应力路径下或复杂加载条件下会表现出差异性显著的应力应变关系,在小幅循环加载条件下,其应力应变关系会表现出类似于弹性变形的滞回曲线.在不同应力水平下,混凝土的应力应变关系以及破坏特性都具有静水压力相关特点,即随着静水压力增大,各向异性强度特性弱化.此外,混凝土受压及受拉破坏机理不同,因而对应于混凝土硬化损伤亦有不同,即可分为受压硬化损伤,受拉硬化损伤及两者的混合硬化损伤类型.基于Hsieh模型,对该模型进行了三点改进.（1）针对小幅循环加载下混凝土无塑性变形的试验规律,而模型中在应力水平较低的循环加载条件下始终存在塑性变形的预测问题,采用在边界面模型框架下,设置了应力空间的弹性域,初始屈服面与后续临界状态屈服面几何相似的假定.（2）基于广义非线性强度准则将原模型采用变换应力方法将其推广为三维弹塑性本构模型,采用变换后模型可合理的考虑不同应力路径对于子午面以及偏平面上静水压力效应形成的影响,并避免了边界面应力点奇异问题.（3）分别对拉压两种加载损伤模式建议了相应的硬化参数表达式,可分别用于描述上述加载中产生的应变软化及强度退化行为.基于多种加载路径模拟表明:所建立的三维弹塑性本构模型可合理地用于描述混凝土的一般应力应变关系特性.      

An evaluation of a combined isotropic-kinematic hardening model for representation of complex strain-path changes in dual-phase steel

This paper aims at evaluating an elastoplastic constitutive model which accounts for combined isotropic-kinematic hardening for complex strain-path changes in a dual-phase steel, DP800. The capability of the model to reproduce the transient hardening phenomena under two-stage non-proportional loading has been assessed through numerical simulations of sequential uniaxial tension and notched tension/shear tests. Finite element simulations with shell elements were performed using the explicit non-linear FE code LS-DYNA. Numerical predictions of the stress–strain response were compared to the corresponding experimental data. The results from the experiments demonstrated that prior plastic deformation has certainly influenced the subsequent work-hardening behaviour of the material under biaxial or shear deformation modes. Furthermore, the numerical simulations from the two-stage uniaxial tension–notched tension and uniaxial tension–shear tests predicted the general trends of the experimental results such as transitory hardening and overall work hardening. However, some discrepancies were found in accurately describing the transient hardening behaviour subsequent to strain path changes between the experiments and numerical simulations.     

Anisotropic plasticity model coupled with Lode angle dependent strain-induced transformation kinetics law

A phenomenological macroscopic plasticity model is developed for steels that exhibit strain-induced austenite-to-martensite transformation. The model makes use of a stress-state dependent transformation kinetics law that accounts for both the effects of the stress triaxiality and the Lode angle on the rate of transformation. The macroscopic strain hardening is due to nonlinear kinematic hardening as well as isotropic hardening. The latter contribution is assumed to depend on the dislocation density as well as the current martensite volume fraction. The constitutive equations are embedded in the framework of finite strain isothermal rate-independent anisotropic plasticity. Experimental data for an anisotropic austenitic stainless steel 301LN is presented for uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, transverse plane strain tension and pure shear. The model parameters are identified using a combined analytical–numerical approach. Numerical simulations are performed of all calibration experiments and excellent agreement is observed. Moreover, we make use of experimental data from ten combined tension and shear experiments to validate the proposed constitutive model. In addition, punch and notched tension tests are performed to evaluate the model performance in structural applications with heterogeneous stress and strain fields.     

Modeling transients in the mechanical response of copper due to strain path changes

When copper is deformed to large strains its texture and microstructure change drastically, leading to plastic anisotropy and extended transients when it is reloaded along a different strain path. For predicting these transients, we develop a constitutive model for polycrystalline metals that incorporates texture and grain microstructure. The directional anisotropy in the single crystals is considered to be induced by variable latent hardening associated with cross-slip, cut-through of planar dislocation walls, and dislocation-based reversal mechanisms. These effects are introduced in a crystallographic hardening model which is, in turn, implemented into a polycrystal model. This approach successfully explains the flow response of OFHC Cu pre-loaded in tension (compression) and reloaded in tension (compression), and the response of OFHC Cu severely strained in shear by equal channel angular extrusion and subsequently compressed in each of the three orthogonal directions. This new theoretical framework applies to arbitrary strain path changes, and is fully anisotropic.     

Anisotropic strain hardening behavior in simple shear for cube textured aluminum alloy sheets

Finite element (FE) simulations of the simple shear test were conducted for 1050-O and 6022-T4 aluminum alloy sheet samples. Simulations were conducted with two different constitutive equations to account for plastic anisotropy: Either a recently proposed anisotropic yield function combined with an isotropic strain hardening law or a crystal plasticity model. The FE computed shear stress–shear strain curves were compared to the experimental curves measured for the two materials in previous works. Both phenomenological and polycrystal approaches led to results consistent with the experiments. These comparisons lead to a discussion concerning the assessment of anisotropic hardening in the simple shear test.     

Ordinary state-based peridynamics for plastic deformation according to von Mises yield criteria with isotropic hardening

This study presents the ordinary state-based peridynamic constitutive relations for plastic deformation based on von Mises yield criteria with isotropic hardening. The peridynamic force density–stretch relations concerning elastic deformation are augmented with increments of force density and stretch for plastic deformation. The expressions for the yield function and the rule of incremental plastic stretch are derived in terms of the horizon, force density, shear modulus, and hardening parameter of the material. The yield surface is constructed based on the relationship between the effective stress and equivalent plastic stretch. The validity of peridynamic predictions is established by considering benchmark solutions concerning a plate under tension, a plate with a hole and a crack also under tension.     

A special mechanical behavior of gels and its micro mechanism

It is found in experiment of gel specimen that the elastic modulus under tension can be 1.6 times of that under compression. In order to explain this phenomenon, a micro model that consists of network and water is proposed. It is assumed that the macromolecular chains can only sustain tensile force but not compression along chains. Based on this constitutive model, the elastic moduli of gels under tension, compression and shear are derived for small strain case. The irregular behavior of gels predicated by this model are consistent with the results of experiment.     

Rate-independent crystalline and polycrystalline plasticity,application to FCC materials

This paper deals with the simulation of the mechanical response and texture evolution of cubic crystals and polycrystals for a rate-independent elastic–plastic constitutive law. No viscous effects are considered. An algorithm is introduced to treat the difficult case of multi-surface plasticity. This algorithm allows the computation of the mechanical response of a single crystal. The corresponding yield surface is made of the intersection of several hyper-planes in the stress space. The problem of the multiplicity of the slip systems is solved thanks to a pseudo-inversion method. Self and latent hardening are taken into account. In order to compute the response of a polycrystal, a Taylor homogenization scheme is used. The stress–strain response of single crystals and polycrystals is computed for various loading cases. The texture evolution predicted for compression, plane strain compression and simple shear are compared with the results given by a visco-plastic polycrystalline model.