Determination of Optical Properties of Turbid Media from Spatially Resolved Diffuse Reflectance by Neural Network

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Determination of Optical Properties of Turbid Media from Spatially Resolved Diffuse Reflectance by Neural Network

A backpropagation (BP) network is applied to the inversion of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance from turbid media and then to determine its optical properties. A standard BP network may be trapped to the local minimum. A BP network with variable momentum and variable leaning rate can reduce this effect. After being trained, this network will produce reduced scattering coefficients and absorption coefficients when the spatially resolved diffuse reflectance are fed to its input.     

Fiber-Optic Backscattering Profile Measurements for Determination of the Optical Coefficients of Turbid Media

The necessity of using anisotropic approximation in techniques for determining optical parameters from the backscattered radiation profile is shown. A fiber-optic technique for simultaneous determination of the anisotropy parameter as well as the scattering and absorption coefficients of turbid media is proposed. It is based on the comparison of the experimental backscattered radiation profiles and those obtained by the numerical Monte Carlo method.     

混浊大气介质调制传递函数的一般特征

基于混浊介质的调制传递函数(MTF)和在各向同性漫射光源照射下平行平面混浊介质出射光强度分布之间的等效原理,利用辐射传输算法DISORT数值计算了几种典型的均匀大气混浊介质的MTF,获得了整个空间频域内MTF的一般特征.结果显示,大气介质的MTF不但依赖于介质的光学厚度(散射和吸收),也依赖于介质的散射相函数.给出了大...     

Time-resolved laser optoacoustic tomography of inhomogeneous media

The methods of time-resolved laser optoacoustic tomography of inhomogeneous media and related problems are reviewed. Time-resolved laser optoacoustic tomography allows one to measure the distribution of light absorption in turbid media with depth resolution up to several microns in real time. The theory of laser excitation of acoustic waves by absorbing of light in particles, dispersed in transparent, light-absorbing or scattering media, is developed. The distribution of light absorption can be obtained from the temporal course of acoustic pressure. Two schemes of acoustic wave detection — in the medium under testing (direct detection) and in transparent medium, coupled to the investigated one (indirect detection) — are discussed. In both cases the reconstruction of light absorption can be made by simple calculations. Test experiments with homogeneous and layered media confirm the proposed theoretical models and the possibility of using the proposed experimental schemes. Light absorption in homogeneous, inhomogeneous media and in absorbing particles dispersed in turbid media was investigated. The experimental setup allows one to measure the absorption coefficients over the range 1-500 cm^–1 with the depth resolution 10–15 m over the depth 1–1.5 mm.     

Turbid media optical properties derived from the characteristics of propagating laser radiation beams

The possibility is studied to develop a straightforward analytical approach to the determination of the optical properties of liquid turbid media having forward-peaked scattering indicatrices. The approach is based on investigating the in-depth behavior of the radius and the axial intensity of a laser radiation beam propagating through the turbid medium. Based on the small-angle approximation, the detected forward-propagating light power spatial distribution, at relatively small or large optical depths along the beam axis, is obtained asymptotically in analytical form allowing one to derive relatively simple expressions of the extinction, reduced-scattering and absorption coefficients and the anisotropy factor of the medium through the characteristics of the propagating light beam. Preliminary experiments have also been performed, using Intralipid dilutions of different relatively low concentrations and measuring the cross-sectional radial distribution of the detected light power at different depths along the beam axis. The corresponding on-axis detected light power profiles have been measured independently as well. The experimental results are consistent with the analytical expressions obtained that allow one to estimate the optical coefficients and the anisotropy factor of the investigated media on the basis of the measured beam characteristics. The values obtained are near those predicted by other researchers.     

浑浊散射介质中被测成分线性吸光度提取与模型转换研究

近红外漫反射光谱法可用于物质成分定性、定量分析,具有快速、无损检测等优点,在食品、制药、环境监测、生命科学等领域有广泛应用。采用近红外漫反射光谱对浑浊散射介质进行成分定量分析时,由于光散射作用,介质吸光度随测量距离不再呈线性变化,不同测量距离下测量模型也很难转换。从扩散方程出发,提出了从漫射光谱中提取线性吸光度的方法,获得了与测量距离无关的介质光学参数--有效衰减系数的光谱,该光谱可反映介质吸收变化,并用于物质成分测量。具体采用了双位置差分法,可在线性吸光度的范围内任意选取两个光源-探测器距离测量,通过差分获得与测量位置无关的有效衰减系数光谱,其中测量距离可依据波段灵活地进行选择。另外,经理论推导可知,差分运算的同时还大大削减了光子扩散对测量的影响,有利于不同散射特性的介质间光谱模型的相互借鉴。经理论计算、蒙特卡洛模拟和实验验证,在1 000~1 360 nm波段,该方法适用于强散射的浑浊水溶液。对散射系数处于较大范围（28.53～87.47 cm-1）的intralipid水溶液进行了测试,获得了线性吸光度的光源-探测器距离范围。进一步以葡萄糖为被测成分为例,获得了葡萄糖在intralipid水溶液中的有效衰减系数光谱。采用测量距离连续可调的漫反射光谱测量系统进行了实验,测量范围位于0～0.3 cm,测试了3种典型的介质（3%,5%,10%Intralipid水溶液）。结果可知,3种介质中葡萄糖光谱呈现一致性,它们之间的测量模型可以方便地进行线性转换。研究对象intralipid水溶液常作为生物组织的仿体,其光学参数也覆盖了常见的牛奶、果汁等被测浑浊溶液,因此测量结果具有广泛的适应性。综上,该研究实现了对浑浊水溶液中物质成分线性吸光度的提取,该方法不仅使得测量位置的选择更加灵活方便,还有利于实现不同散射介质间模型的线性转换,特别适用于介质成分复杂多变的场合下的测量应用,如对人体组织、牛奶或食品中的成分测量等。     

Method to quantitate absorption coefficients from single fiber reflectance spectra without knowledge of the scattering properties

This study presents a methodology to accurately extract the absorption coefficient from single fiber reflectance spectra measured in turbid media without a priori knowledge of either the reduced scattering coefficient or the phase function. This novel approach accounts for the interrelated effects these properties have on the photon path length, yielding estimates of an absorption coefficient on average within <7.5% of true values over a wide range of biologically relevant optical properties.     

Estimation of the scattering coefficients of turbid media using angle-resolved optical frequency-domain imaging

Noninvasive measurements of the scattering coefficients of optically turbid media using angle-resolved optical frequency-domain imaging (OFDI) are demonstrated. It is shown that, by incoherently averaging OFDI reflectance signals acquired at different backscattering angles, speckle noise is reduced, allowing scattering coefficients to be extracted from a single A-line with much higher accuracy than with measurements from conventional OFDI and optical coherence tomography systems. Modeling speckle as a random phasor sum, the relationship between the measurement accuracy and the number of compounded angles is derived. The sensitivity analysis is validated with measurements from a tissue phantom.     

基于快速蒙特卡罗的散射介质光学参量干涉测量方法研究

提出了一种散射介质光学参量的干涉测量方法.在蒙特卡罗数值模拟的基础上引入聚焦高斯光源模型和基于比例缩放的压缩算法,实现了对光子后向散射分布和干涉特性的快速模拟.利用计算数据训练了前向人工神经网络进行了介质光学参量的反向求解.实验中以脂肪乳注射剂和生物染色剂印度墨水组成的悬混液为样本,通过光学干涉系统测量得到了后向散射光依赖于深度的干涉光强分布,并对其中散射和吸收系数进行了反向计算.所得结果能够正确反映散射和吸收系数与散射和吸收物质浓度之间的线性关系,验证了该方法的可行性.     

Computer simulation of time-resolved optical imaging of objects hidden in turbid media

We review research on time-resolved optical imaging of objects hidden in strongly scattering media, with emphasis on the application to breast cancer detection. A method is presented to simulate the propagation of light in turbid media. Based on a numerical algorithm to solve the time-dependent diffusion equation, the method takes into account spatial variations of the reduced scattering and absorption factors of the medium due to the presence of objects as well as random fluctuations of these factors. It is shown that the simulation method reproduces, without fitting, experimental results on tissue-like phantoms. Using experimental and simulation results, an assessment is made of the reliability for extracting the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients of the medium from time-resolved reflection and transillumination data. The simulation technique is employed to study the conditions for locating mm-sized objects immersed in a turbid medium, by direct, time-resolved imaging. We discuss a simple method to enhance the imaging power of the time-resolved technique. The mathematical justification of the method, as well as some applications to simple problems, is given. The simulation technique is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the data processing technique. Results of time-resolved reflection experiments and simulations are presented, showing that the use of the latter allow us to locate 1 mm diameter objects under conditions which would prevent detection otherwise. Our results demonstrate that the combination of simulation and the appropriate processing of the diffusive part of the time-resolved reflected or transmitted light intensity may substantially increase the potential of the time-resolved near-infrared diffusive light imaging technique as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer detection.     

蒙特卡罗模拟光通过大气后的时间分布

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了光通过光学特性参数不同的大气后透射光时间分布.分析了大气的散射系数、吸收系数、不对称因子及折射率对透射光时间分布的影响.结果表明:透射光时间分布曲线存在两个峰,分别对应子弹光与漫射光.各光学参数界定了子弹光、蛇形光、漫射光的大小和时间范围,并从统计模拟的角度解释了折射率大的大气中难以成像的因为.     

基于快速蒙特卡罗的散射介质光学参量干涉测量方法研究

提出了一种散射介质光学参量的干涉测量方法. 在蒙特卡罗数值模拟的基础上引入聚焦高斯光源模型和基于比例缩放的压缩算法, 实现了对光子后向散射分布和干涉特性的快速模拟. 利用计算数据训练了前向人工神经网络进行了介质光学参量的反向求解. 实验中以脂肪乳注射剂和生物染色剂印度墨水组成的悬混液为样本, 通过光学干涉系统测量得到了后向散射光依赖于深度的干涉光强分布, 并对其中散射和吸收系数进行了反向计算. 所得结果能够正确反映散射和吸收系数与散射和吸收物质浓度之间的线性关系, 验证了该方法的可行性.     

Absorption Coefficient Measurements of Strongly Scattering Media Using Time-Resolved Transmittance of a Short Pulse in Near-Infrared (NIR) Wavelength Range

Absorption coefficient measurements of strongly scattering and weakly absorbing media have been performed using time resolved transmittance of a 100 fs pulse through a 30 mm slab containing latex spheres suspended in water and absorbing ink solutions. The scattering and absorption coefficients were selected so that the optical properties of the media were similar to those of biological tissues. Measured curves of time-resolved transmittance of the pulse through the media were used to estimate the optical properties of the media. The experiment was made at two different wavelengths, 784 nm and 810 nm. Estimated absorption coefficients were in good agreement with those measured in a nonscattering case by a spectrophotometer.Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Multiple Scattering Lidar/Light Experiments (MUSCLE7), July 21-23 1994, Chiba, Japan.     

基于漫反射光谱的组织光学参数测量系统与方法研究

在体组织光学参数测量是生物医学光子学研究重点,不仅为人体成分无创检测、光学成像、光动力疗法等研究提供基础,并且可以快速获取人体光学参数变化,为临床诊断提供依据。研究了利用单一源探距离漫反射光谱在体测量光学参数的测量系统与反构方法。漫反射光谱测量系统由宽谱光源、高分辨光纤光谱仪及光纤探头组成,结构简单,测量方便,可准确快速测量样品漫反射光谱。在光纤探头几何形状基础上,研究了光纤收集及系统传递函数,在此基础上对反构算法进行了校正。光学参数反构算法中正向模型基于Monte Carlo以及神经网络方法,适用光学参数范围大,计算速度快;逆向算法采用主成分分析与非线性建模拟合相结合的方法,可抑制测量噪声影响。在测量系统及反构算法基础上,进行了组织仿体光学参数测量实验,结果表明,利用单一源探距离下漫反射谱,可以较为准确获取吸收系数以及约化散射系数,均方根误差分别达到4.58%以及7.92%。为保证系统测量准确性,测量波长范围应覆盖样品中所含吸收物质吸收峰范围。所研究的在体组织光学参数测量方法为人体成分无创检测及测量条件变化获取提供了基础。     

Influences of diffusive reflection intensity and pulse shaping of ultrashort lasers on turbid media

The influences of the absorption μ_a, the scattering μ_s, and the anisotropy coefficient g on the optical properties of ultrashort pulse in turbid media has been simulated based on the diffusive approximation theory. The laser pulse intensity will be attenuated and the diffusive scattering pulse shape will be widened in the turbid media. Various medium parameters have different influences on the reflection of the laser pulse. The intensity loss of the diffusive reflection light is obtained when μ_a and μ_s are increased in turbid media. The pulse width of the diffusive reflection pulse is rapidly increased far away from the incident point and at the same time the pulse times that are delayed have been numerical simulated in the boundary conditions of semi-infinite homogenous media.     

Tomographic imaging of absolute optical absorption coefficient in turbid media using combined photoacoustic and diffusing light measurements

We present a new method that can provide high resolution images of absolute optical absorption coefficient in heterogeneous turbid media. In this method, acoustic measurements in conventional photoacoustic tomography are combined with diffusing light measurements to separate the product of absorption coefficient and optical fluence or photon density. We validate this method using a series of tissuelike phantom experiments. The experimental results show that targets as small as 0.5 mm in diameter with optical absorption contrasts as low as 1.5 relative to a 50 mm diameter scattering background medium can be clearly detected.     

Measurement of optical constants for dense media by low-coherence dynamic light scattering

We perform the optical constants measurements for different absorption dense media by low-coherence dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The estimated particle size is used to calculate the scattering coefficient of particles suspended in dense media. The path-length resolved intensity distributions of light backscattered from the absorbing dense media are investigated experimentally by virtue of path-length resolved performance in low-coherence DLS measurements. The absorption coefficient can be obtained by applying the measured path-length resolved intensity distributions to the modified Lambert-Beer law. As a result, we proposed a new low-coherence DLS technique in simultaneous measurement of the scattering and absorption coefficients of absorbing dense media.     

Polystyrene Microspheres in Tissue-Simulating Phantoms Can Collisionally Quench Fluorescence

Tissue-simulating phantoms that replicate intrinsic optical properties in a controlled manner are useful for quantitative studies of photon transport in turbid biological media. In such phantoms, polystyrene microspheres are often used to simulate tissue optical scattering. Here, we report that using polystyrene microspheres in fluorescent tissue-simulating phantoms can reduce fluorophore quantum yield via collisional quenching. Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy was employed to characterize quenching in phantoms consisting of a fluorescein dye and polystyrene microspheres (scattering coefficients _s 100-600cm^–1). For this range of tissue-simulating phantoms, analysis using the Stern-Volmer equation revealed that collisional quenching by polystyrene microspheres accounted for a decrease in fluorescence intensity of 6-17% relative to the intrinsic intensity value when no microspheres (quenchers) were present. The intensity decrease from quenching is independent of additional, anticipated losses arising from optical scattering associated with the microspheres. These results suggest that quantitative fluorescence measurements in studies employing such phantoms may be influenced by collisional quenching.     

利用散射系数变化测量血糖浓度的研究

论述了血糖浓度变化与溶液的散射系数的关系。在浑浊介质中散射特性取决于散射粒子和溶剂的折射率的相对大小,在血液中葡萄糖浓度的改变会引起血液折射率的变化,从而使血液的散射系数发生改变,从理论上给出了血糖浓度变化时计算散射系数变化的公式,得出了散射系数和血糖浓度成正比的结论。进一步讨论了满足临床应用目标下,散射系数的相对变化的测量精度要达到4.8×10-4,而对于中国人的血液绝对测量精度要达到6.82×10-3mm-1。用双积分球实验验证了理论计算的正确性,使用牛奶作为浑浊介质测量其散射系数与糖浓度的关系,在不同波长下散射系数都随葡萄糖浓度改变而改变,且线性度可以达到0.95以上。由此可以得出结论,血糖浓度可以通过测量散射系数来得到。