Role of Na-Montmorillonite on Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

The use of additives has generated significant attention due to their extensive application in the microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) process. This study aims to discuss the effects of Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) on CaCO₃ crystallization and sandy soil consolidation through the MICP process. Compared with the traditional MICP method, a larger amount of CaCO₃ precipitate was obtained. Moreover, the reaction of Ca²⁺ ions was accelerated, and bacteria were absorbed by a small amount of Na-MMT. Meanwhile, an increase in the total cementing solution (TCS) was not conducive to the previous reaction. This problem was solved by conducting the reaction with Na-MMT. The polymorphs and morphologies of the CaCO₃ precipitates were tested by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Further, when Na-MMT was used, the morphology of CaCO₃ changed from an individual precipitate to agglomerations of the precipitate. Compared to the experiments without Na-MMT in the MICP process, the addition of Na-MMT significantly reduced the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of sandy soil consolidated.     

Biocementation of Pyrite Tailings Using Microbially Induced Calcite Carbonate Precipitation

Tailing sand contains a large number of heavy metals and sulfides that are prone to forming acid mine drainage (AMD), which pollutes the surrounding surface environment and groundwater resources and damages the ecological environment. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology can biocement heavy metals and sulfides in tailing sand and prevent pollution via source control. In this study, through an unconfined compressive strength test, permeability test, and toxic leaching test (TCLP), the curing effect of MICP was investigated in the laboratory and the effect of grouting rounds on curing was also analyzed. In addition, the curing mechanism of MICP was studied by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results showed that MICP could induce calcium carbonate precipitation through relatively complex biochemical and physicochemical reactions to achieve the immobilization of heavy metals and sulfides and significantly reduce the impact of tailing sand on the surrounding environment.     

Bioremediation of Cd by Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation

Contamination by Cd is a significant environmental problem. Therefore, we examined Cd removal from an environmental perspective. Ureolysis-driven calcium carbonate precipitation has been proposed for use in geotechnical engineering for soil remediation applications. In this study, 55 calcite-forming bacterial strains were newly isolated from various environments. Biomineralization of Cd by calcite-forming bacteria was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. A simple method was developed to determine the effectiveness of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP). Using this method, we determined the effectiveness of biomineralization for retarding the flow of crystal violet through a 25-mL column. When the selected bacteria were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, high removal rates (99.95 %) of Cd were observed following incubation for 48 h. Samples of solids that formed in the reaction vessels were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The CdCO₃ compounds primarily showed a spherical shape. The results of this study demonstrate that MICP-based sequestration of soluble heavy metals via coprecipitation with calcite may be useful for toxic heavy metal bioremediation.     

Bioremediation of Cd by Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation

Contamination by Cd is a significant environmental problem. Therefore, we examined Cd removal from an environmental perspective. Ureolysis-driven calcium carbonate precipitation has been proposed for use in geotechnical engineering for soil remediation applications. In this study, 55 calcite-forming bacterial strains were newly isolated from various environments. Biomineralization of Cd by calcite-forming bacteria was investigated in laboratory-scale experiments. A simple method was developed to determine the effectiveness of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP). Using this method, we determined the effectiveness of biomineralization for retarding the flow of crystal violet through a 25-mL column. When the selected bacteria were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer, high removal rates (99.95 %) of Cd were observed following incubation for 48 h. Samples of solids that formed in the reaction vessels were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The CdCO₃ compounds primarily showed a spherical shape. The results of this study demonstrate that MICP-based sequestration of soluble heavy metals via coprecipitation with calcite may be useful for toxic heavy metal bioremediation.     

一种假单胞菌诱导CaCO3结晶

选用实验室自培育斯氏假单胞菌,通过测定pH值、电导率变化研究了细菌液、菌体液对碳酸钙结晶过程的影响,并通过SEM、XRD、红外等测试技术对生成的碳酸钙进行表征。 研究表明,斯氏假单胞菌细菌液与菌体液对碳酸钙结晶过程具有抑制作用,浓度增加,抑制作用越显著。 SEM、XRD和红外光谱的分析结果显示,细菌液可诱导亚稳态球霰石生成,菌体液能诱导出中孔方解石型碳酸钙。     

Influence of Interfacial Tension on Seeded Calcium Carbonate Scale Precipitation: Effect of Adsorbed Asphaltenes

Clay particles with adsorbed asphaltenes, which are commonly found in produced water, have been used as seed particles during precipitation of calcium carbonate in order to determine whether such particles may influence the kinetics of precipitation. The results show that the presence of the adsorbed asphaltenes accelerates the precipitation, and there is also a significant difference between different types of adsorbed asphaltenes. The adsorption of asphaltenes at the seed surface leads to a significant increase in the interfacial tension between the seed surface and the aqueous solution, and calcium carbonate therefore precipitates at the seed surface in order to reduce this high interfacial tension.     

碳酸岩矿化菌诱导碳酸钙晶体形成机理研究

选用碳酸盐矿化菌(芽孢杆菌系), 分别研究了不同浓度细菌液、细菌体及其分泌物对碳酸钙晶体形成的影响. 研究表明, 细菌液浓度越高, 控制碳酸钙晶体形貌作用越显著; 细菌体为碳酸钙结晶提供异相成核点而对形貌并没有实质影响; 细菌分泌物可诱导出球形、纺锤形等多种形态亚稳态球霰石; 在微生物环境的长期作用下可形成有机-无机复合碳酸钙硬质膜. 通过对电导率测定结果和碳酸钙红外图谱分析得出, 生物有机质分子链的极性基团(COOH, C＝O等)与Ca^2＋产生静电、配位等一系列作用, 调控晶体的生长. 本研究对于微生物诱导碳酸钙的工程性应用, 如混凝土微裂缝修复、古建筑表面防护处理、微纳米碳酸钙颗粒制备等具有一定指导意义.     

孪生球状碳酸钙的直接混合沉淀法制备及表征

以醋酸钙和碳酸钠为原料, 柠檬酸三钠为晶形控制剂, 利用液相直接混合沉淀法合成了分散性好、粒度约1.5~3.0 μm、长短轴比约2∶1的孪生球形碳酸钙晶体. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、原子力扫描探针显微镜(ASPM)和粒度分析仪等对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, 在不添加柠檬酸三钠的溶液中得到微米级的立方状碳酸钙晶体, 而添加柠檬酸三钠(质量分数30%~40%)后则得到具有不同表面粗糙度的孪生球状碳酸钙晶体. 同时, 用分形生长理论和成核限制聚集(NLA)模型对孪生球状碳酸钙粒子的形成机理进行了分析.     

Microbiologically Induced Carbonate Precipitation in the Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Materials

Microbiologically induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a well-known biogeochemical process that allows the formation of calcium carbonate deposits in the extracellular environment. The high concentration of carbonate and calcium ions on the bacterial surface, which serves as nucleation sites, promotes the calcium carbonate precipitation filling and binding deteriorated materials. Historic buildings and artwork, especially those present in open sites, are susceptible to enhanced weathering resulting from environmental agents, interaction with physical-chemical pollutants, and living organisms, among others. In this work, some published variations of a novel and ecological surface treatment of heritage structures based on MICP are presented and compared. This method has shown to be successful as a restoration, consolidation, and conservation tool for improvement of mechanical properties and prevention of unwanted gas and fluid migration from historical materials. The treatment has revealed best results on porous media matrixes; nevertheless, it can also be applied on soil, marble, concrete, clay, rocks, and limestone. MICP is proposed as a potentially safe and powerful procedure for efficient conservation of worldwide heritage structures.     

Nylon Based Nanocomposites: Influence of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles on the Thermal Stability

In this paper thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of nylon 6 based nanocomposites containing up to 5% by weight of fatty acid coated calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) nanoparticles is studied. Thermal stability of compression-moulded samples was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) under air and nitrogen atmosphere. Kinetic analysis of TG data was performed by using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Results show that the presence of coated nanoparticles adversely affects the thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of nylon 6. Kinetic analysis shows that a complex, multi-step decomposition process occurs. Moreover, the presence of nanoparticles do not affect the rate limiting step of nylon 6 decomposition in air, while under nitrogen atmosphere the decomposition process occurs through a diffusion-driven regime in presence of high amounts of CaCO₃.     

乳状液膜法制备超细碳酸钙

探讨了不同流动载体的煤油、司本 - 80与碳酸钠水溶液制成的乳状液的稳定性 .考察了外相氢氧化钙水溶液中Ca2 + 浓度、膜相磷酸三丁酯的量及乳水比等因素对Ca2 + 迁移率的影响 .经TEM测定 ,破乳后的沉淀颗粒粒径不超过 10 0nm .     

Structural Changes in a Protein Fragment from Abalone Shell during the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate

Mineralized tissues grow through biologically controlled processes in which specific macromolecules are involved. Some of these molecules, which are present in very low concentrations and are difficult to localize and characterize, become entrapped inside the mineralized tissue. Herein, a protein fragment, GP, which was obtained by the alkaline digestion of the green sheet of the abalone shell, is used as a probe to study the changes in molecular structure that occur during the precipitation of calcium carbonate. This important goal was achieved by exploiting a fluorescent tag in GP. The experimental results that were obtained by using spectroscopic‐, chromatographic‐, and microscopic techniques indicate that GP controls the precipitation kinetics and morphology of calcium carbonate crystals, and that it only undergoes structural reorganization when entrapped inside calcium carbonate crystals. To the best of our knowledge, this report represents one of the first studies on the conformational changes of a protein fragment that is involved in biomineralization processes on moving from the solution phase into the mineral phase.     

Purification of Pseudomonas sp. Lipase by Continuous Elution Electrophoresis Based on Pb^2＋ Precipitation Method

A Pb^2 precipitation method was designed to get rid of the impure proteins in a lipase. The results show that it was a simple way in the primary treatment of the crude samples and about 20% impure proteins were removed in the precipitation step. Further, continuous elution electrophoresis was also applied as a preparative technique for attaining the highly pure lipase. During the continuous elution electrophoresis, the enzyme was eluted as a single peak and 5.7-fold purification was achieved in a yield of 54.3%. The two steps finally yielded an electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme.     

沉淀分离滴定法测碳酸钡含量

碳酸钡是一种重要的无机化合物 ,适用于陶瓷、光学玻璃、颜料、油漆等工业 ,测定方法通常采用称重法 ,但其时间长 ,需要恒重等手续。本文采用滴定法 ,节省了时间 ,并对其精密度及准确度进行了考察 ,结果较好。1　原理在近中性乙酸铵介质中 ,以过量的重铬酸钾沉淀Ｂａ2 +,过量的重铬酸钾以硫代硫酸钠返滴 ,从而求出碳酸钡的含量。主要反应式如下 :ＢａＣＯ3+ 2ＨＣｌＢａＣｌ2 +Ｈ2 Ｏ +ＣＯ2 ↑2Ｂａ2 ++Ｃｒ2 Ｏ2 - 7+Ｈ2 Ｏ 2ＢａＣｒＯ4 ↓ + 2Ｈ+Ｋ2 Ｃｒ2 Ｏ7+ 6ＫＩ + 14ＨＣｌ 3Ｉ2 + 2ＣｒＣｌ3+　　 7Ｈ2 Ｏ + 8ＫＣｌ2Ｎａ2 Ｓ2 …     

Studies on alkaline protease produced by Bacillus sp. NG312

An alkalophilic hyperproducer of alkaline protease, Bacillus sp. NG312, was isolated, and the enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 11.0 and 60°C. The temperature optimum was increased by 10°C in presence of Ca²⁺. The crudeenzyme was found to have half-life of 11 d at 37°C and maximum stability at pH 9.0–10.0. It also exhibited very good stability in presence of detergent components and some locally available commericial detergent powders.     

Biodegradation Potential of Bacillus sp. PAH-2 on PAHs for Oil-Contaminated Seawater

Microbial degradation is a useful tool for inhibiting or preventing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) widely distributed in marine environment after oil spill accidents. This study aimed to evaluate the potential and diversity of bacteria Bacillus sp. PAH-2 on Benzo (a) anthracene (BaA), Pyrene (Pyr), and Benzo (a) pyrene (BaP), their composite system, aromatic components system, and crude oil. The seven-day degradation rates against BaA, Pyr, and BaP were 20.6%, 12.83%, and 17.49%, respectively. Further degradation study of aromatic components demonstrated PAH-2 had a high degradation rate of substances with poor stability of molecular structure. In addition, the degradation of PAHs in crude oil suggested PAH-2 not only made good use of PAHs in such a more complex structure of pollutants but the saturated hydrocarbons in the crude oil also showed a good application potential.     

牛血清白蛋白对碳酸钙结晶的作用

The crystal CaCO₃ with specific shapes was prepared by the biomimetic synthesis , using BSA as the matrix. The products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy and TG. The results show that BSA have the effect on the shapes of CaCO₃ in the crystallization process. The probable mechanism of the effect was discussed。     

水溶性聚合物和两亲聚合物 21.丙烯酸/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物对碳酸钙结晶的影响

研究了晶种存在下丙烯酸／乙酸乙烯酯无规共聚物对碳酸钙从过饱和水溶液中结晶的影响。发现我们的实验条件下碳酸钙结晶包括溶液本体成核结晶和晶种上晶体生长两种不同过程，丙烯酸／乙酸乙烯酯共聚物同时具有明显抑制溶液成核结晶和抑制晶种上晶体生长的双重作用，而且这两种抑制碳酸钙结晶的作用均随共聚物中乙酸乙烯酯含量的增加而加强。     

Homogeneous Precipitation of Calcium Carbonates by Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction

Catalytic decomposition of urea by urease in aqueous calcium chloride solutions was used to rapidly prepare calcium carbonate polymorphs at room temperature. The nature of the resulting particles depended on the concentration of the enzyme and, in a strong manner, on the agitation of the reacting solutions. In an undisturbed system an amorphous precipitate is formed first, which readily crystallized to vaterite and upon aging changed to calcite. Under the influence of magnetic stirring, the amorphous phase could be not observed; instead smaller particles were initially obtained, which aggregated to vaterite and calcite. Similarly, the application of ultrasonic energy produced small vaterite particles at the early stages. It is apparent that enzyme macromolecules are important in the development of calcite faces and, as such, they exert significant influence on calcite morphology, without being present in detectable amounts in the resulting solids. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

碳酸钙填充聚乙烯的光老化性能研究

近年来国内外对以CaCO₃为主的无机刚性粒子增强、增韧聚烯烃的基础和应用研究取得重大进展,填充的主要目的已从降低成本转向提高材料性能,展现出钙塑材料新的更广阔的应用前景。本文用人工光老化方法和红外光谱分析手段,对涉及材料使用寿命的光老化性能进行了研究,以期为这类钙材料的进一步推广应用提供更全面的理论和实际依据。