Mineralogical analysis of a weathering mantle derived from tuffite

Mössbauer spectra are presented at 15 and 298 K for magnetically-separated extracts of magnetic soils from a tuffite-derived weathering mantle from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The principal iron-bearing mineral is maghemite in which the degree of Ti or Mg substitution is found to vary with depth. The Mg-maghemite, with lattice parametera ₀=0.838 nm, is a new natural mineral. It is associated with anatase in the magnetic-separates.On leave of absence from Departamento de Química, UFV, 36570-000 ViÇosa (MG), Brazil.     

墨西哥Sonora(索诺拉州)锌绿松石的矿物学及谱学特征

锌绿松石少见产出,在现有研究和报道中也甚少提及。墨西哥索诺拉州是美洲绿松石的一个重要产地,所产绿松石于近期活跃在市场上。采用常规宝石学测试、X射线荧光能谱测试、X射线粉晶衍射分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱测试、紫外-可见光光谱测试等方法,对该产地绿松石的化学成分、物相组成、系列光谱学特征等方面进行系统的分析,并初步探讨其矿床成因。结果表明,墨西哥绿松石的颜色以淡蓝色和青白色为主,外观上以大量肉眼可见、分布在基体和围岩中自形程度极高的黄铁矿团块以及围岩中少见的呈放射状生长的镁电气石等特征显著区别于其他产地的绿松石。其化学成分以质量分数大于1的ZnO/CuO比定义为含铜锌绿松石,属于绿松石-锌绿松石类质同像系列接近锌绿松石的端员矿物,且由于与铜矿床共生,墨西哥绿松石中(CuO+ZnO)的含量偏高。XRD测试结果表明,墨西哥绿松石的主矿物相为锌绿松石,与EDXRF的测试结果相吻合,其常见的矿物组合为锌绿松石+石英+钾长石+镁电气石,这一组合方式在前人研究中并不常见。红外光谱特征由结构中的羟基、水合离子及磷酸根基团的振动特征共同决定,其中羟基的振动峰主要出现在3 400~3 700 cm-1范围,水合离子的振动峰位于3 000~3 300 cm-1,磷酸根基团引起的振动峰则出现于1 000~1 200和400~650 cm-1的指纹区。该地区所有样品中均显示其他产地绿松石少见的3 732 cm-1处的红外吸收峰,从某种意义上具有一定的产地指示作用,同时选择对红外光谱中的3 500~3 600 cm-1范围与氢键最强的结构水相关的区域进行积分处理,其积分面积能够辅助判断样品中水的含量。紫外-可见光光谱显示,在256和430 nm处分别有由O2--Fe3+和Fe3+引起的谱峰,位于670 nm处与Cu2+电子禁戒跃迁相关的谱带被以852 nm为中心的由Fe2+电子跃迁形成的宽缓谱带所包络,最终显示为以800 nm为中心的由Cu-Fe离子联合作用而形成的谱带。从伴生矿物组合、矿物结构构造、地质特征等方面综合推测,墨西哥锌绿松石是与该区斑岩型铜矿床伴生的非金属矿种,其成因属于典型的中酸性火山岩热液蚀变型。     

Combined PIXE and X‐ray diffraction analysis of accretionary lapilli from the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary El Guayal Section,Tabasco, Mexico

By employing the techniques, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE), it could be obtained in a simply way an overall vision of the structure and chemical composition of a spheroid (lapillus) collected in the K/Pg deposit located at the place called El Guayal in Tabasco, Mexico. The XRPD analysis indicates the presence of an amorphous and four crystalline phases (quartz, calcite, ankerite, and montmorillonite) in the spheroid. None sulfur crystalline phases were detected. PIXE results show the presence of different atoms in a weight percentage that follows the sequence: Si > Al > Ca > Fe > Sr > Cu > Ti > Mn > Y > Rb > Zn > Pb. None of platinum group elements were detected. PIXE analysis by of the lapillus shows the presence of the most abundant atoms in the Earth's crust, but in this case, the relative abundance Fe‐Ca is inverted, and the Sr/Rb proportion is considerably higher than that observed in the crust. Additionally, nor sulfur or any of the platinum group elements was detected in the lapillus. Except for the case of trace elements detected, in general, no characteristic pattern is observed in the distribution of the most abundant elements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福建寿山溪蛋石的矿物学和谱学研究

溪蛋石是寿山石的著名品种之一,指散落在月洋溪中的一种山坑石,系寿山石中的芙蓉石品种的风化产物。残块经过雨水冲刷流入溪中,复受水流、河沙等长年冲击,形成浑圆卵石状外表,因其易于雕刻塑形,广受近代雕刻家好评。为了探究寿山溪蛋石的矿物学和谱学特征,运用常规的宝石学测试方法、X射线粉末衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱仪和电子探针等测试方法,对几件黄色溪蛋石样品的矿物组成、红外及拉曼光谱特征、化学成分等展开了全面研究。常规宝石学测试结果表明,溪蛋石样品的相对密度约为2.8,摩式硬度小于3;为了避免层状硅酸盐矿物的择优取向性,XRD实验采用侧压法,测试结果表明,溪蛋石由较纯的叶蜡石组成,并以单斜晶系（2M型）叶蜡石的形式存在,以2θ=19°~22°之间4.44Å（020）,4.24Å（12）和4.17Å（111）三个衍射峰为特征,其中（12）和（111）两个衍射峰相距很近,在（12）衍射峰（2θ=21.06°）右侧出现了一个衍射肩;在2θ=28°~31°之间,以3.06Å（003）强峰（2θ=29.05°）为特征;采用红外光谱仪可以有效的确定溪蛋石基质和石皮部分的矿物成分。样品的红外光谱表明,溪蛋石的风化皮与基质部分矿物成分均为叶蜡石,指纹区的主要特征峰为1 122,1 068,1 052,949,853,835,812,541和484 cm-1,其中,1 122 cm-1归属于Si-O伸缩振动,1 068和1 052 cm-1附近强而尖锐的吸收峰由简并解除的Si-O-Si伸缩振动引起,949 cm-1左右的吸收窄带由Al-OH面内弯曲振动引起;853,835及812 cm-1处强度较弱的倒“山”字形吸收谱带属于Al-OH面外弯曲振动,541 cm-1处吸收峰为Si-O-Al伸缩振动引起,484 cm-1归属于Si-O弯曲振动;官能团区3 675 cm-1处尖锐的吸收峰由Al-OH伸缩振动所导致,指示了叶蜡石结构的高度有序化。采用显微激光拉曼光谱对溪蛋石中的包裹体进行测试,以确认其矿物成分。结果显示,点片状黑色包裹体为赤铁矿,拉曼特征峰为224,291,409,494以及1 315 cm-1,灰白色矿物为硬水铝石,拉曼特征峰出现在448,499和667 cm-1,还存在707,788和1 194 cm-1处弱峰,与硬水铝石的标准谱峰吻合。此外,基质部分在111,194和261 cm-1处的拉曼峰由Si-O键伸缩振动所致,706 cm-1处强而尖锐的拉曼峰以及3 670 cm-1处的峰是由O-H伸缩振动所致,与叶蜡石的拉曼光谱一致,也与红外光谱的测试结果对应。根据矿物单位分子中的电价平衡原则和正电荷总数,利用电子探针测试数据计算溪蛋石的平均晶体结构化学式为：(Al_1.98Na_0.02Cr_0.01)[(Si_3.98Al_0.02)O₁₀](OH)₂。溪蛋石化学成分稳定,主要含有Si（64.88%）,Al（27.55%）。寿山溪蛋石中含0.2%左右的Cr和0.02%左右的Fe和Cr元素含量远大于Fe元素,因此推测溪蛋石的浅黄色由Cr和Fe离子共同作用所致。     

Comparison of methods to obtain ash from coal of the Southwest of Colombia

The method for concentration of mineral matter at low temperature (about 250 °C), called Low Temperature Ash (LTA) was applied to a sample of coal from the mine “Las Mercedes” located in Colombia southwestern. This method provides better information about the content of mineral matter in natural coal (NC), removing the organic matter more efficiently without significant transformations of mineral phases present in that coal. These results were observed through Mössbauer spectra and X-ray patterns taken from samples of NC, (LTA) and the conventional method of High Temperature Ash (HTA). The results show that the LTA process provides more representative data of the mineral phases for natural coal than that using the conventional HTA process.     

广西大化墨玉的矿物学及谱学特征研究

近年来大量的墨玉在国内外玉石市场上陆续出现,广西大化墨玉是最新发现的墨玉新品种。为了探究广西大化墨玉的矿物学及谱学特征,针对产自广西大化瑶族自治县的墨玉样品进行了常规检测,以及采用Ｘ射线粉末衍射仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪和激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪等现代谱学仪器测试分析,从矿物组成、拉曼光谱和红外光谱以及化学元素组成进行了研究分析。常规宝石学特征测试显示广西大化墨玉的折射率为1.64(点测),比重为3.12。偏光显微镜观察显示广西大化墨玉的主要矿物为阳起石,含量大于98%,结构为显微毛毡状结构。XRD测试明确样品主要成分为阳起石,其特征面网间距为8.498 3和3.145 9 。傅里叶红外变换光谱仪测试结果显示样品的红外光谱与透闪石理论值接近,主要的特征峰为1 078,1 026,925,765,703,659,584,485,436 cm-1,其中1 078,1 026,925 cm-1为O-Si-O和Si-O-Si的反对称伸缩振动及O-Si-O对称伸缩振动,765,703,659 cm-1为Si-O-Si对称伸缩振动,584,485,436 cm-1为Si-O弯曲振动。激光拉曼光谱测试测试结果显示样品的图谱基本集中在3 500～3 800和119～1 054 cm-1这两个区域内,样品的拉曼光谱119～1 054 cm-1的特征峰中1 055,1 029和930 cm-1为闪石类矿物特征的Si-O伸缩振动,744和671 cm-1为Si-O-Si伸缩振动,且在671 cm-1是强度最大的特征峰位,代表硅氧四面体结构单元中桥氧的对称伸缩振动;在3 800～3 500 cm-1区间为M-OH伸缩振动区域,反映了M₁和M₃位置的阳离子与结构中的OH-成键的振动信息,位于3 628,3647,3 664,3 678 cm-1,这是由于OH-伸缩振动导致。通过激光剥蚀质谱仪测试分析发现样品的主要化学成分为SiO₂(52.4%),FeO(21.95%),CaO(12.5%)和MgO(12.4%)。此外还含有少量Al₂O₃,MnO,Na₂O,P₂O₅,K₂O和TiO₂,由于样品富含Fe元素,计算Mg/(Mg+Fe)=0.504,因此大化墨玉为软玉中的阳起石玉,并由此推断大化墨玉的黑色由含铁量较高所致。     

Entropy analysis of the dynamics of El Niño/Southern Oscillation during the Holocene

This study explores temporal changes in the dynamics of the Holocene ENSO proxy record of the Laguna Pallcacocha sedimentary data using two entropy quantifiers. In particular, we analyze the possible connections between changes in entropy and epochs of rapid climate change (RCC). Our results indicate that the dynamics of the ENSO proxy record during the RCC interval 9000-8000 BP displays very low entropy (high predictability) that is remarkably different from that of the other RCCs of the Holocene. Both entropy quantifiers point out to the existence of cycles with a period close to 2000 years during the mid-to-late Holocene. Within these cycles, we find a tendency for entropy to increase (predictability to decrease) during the two longer RCC periods (6000-5000 and 3500-2500 BP) which might be associated with the reported increased aridity of the low tropics.     

Mineralogical,geochemical and radiological characterisation of Selmo Formation in Batman area,Turkey

This work deals with the mineralogical, geochemical and radiological characterisations of Selmo Formation in Batman neighbourhood. The upper Miocene–Pliocene Selmo Formation is common in the centre of Batman and composed of carbonated sandy claystones and silty–sandy stone lenses. The common whole minerals of the samples are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. The clay minerals are smectite, illite, chlorite and mixed-layer clay (chlorite–smectite). The geochemical mean values of the samples are 51.7% SiO₂; 12.6% Al₂O₃; 6.2% Fe₂O₃; 3.6% MgO; 6.3% CaO; 1.1% Na₂O; 1.7% K₂O; 0.8% TiO₂; 0.2% P₂O₅; 0.1% MnO; and 0.03% Cr₂O₃. In addition, baseline maps for the concentrations of each radionuclide, the radium equivalent activity and the outdoor gamma dose rate distributions have been plotted for the study area. The mean activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs were determined to be 32, 24, 210 and 9 Bq kg^?1, respectively. The assessments of the radiological hazard indices, such as radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate in air, annual effective dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, external hazard index and internal hazard index, were calculated and compared with the internationally accepted reference values. This study shows that the concentrations of radioactivities in the measured samples were within the recommended safety limits and did not pose to be any significant source of radiation hazard.     

Mineralogical, geochemical and radiological characterisation of Selmo Formation in Batman area, Turkey

This work deals with the mineralogical, geochemical and radiological characterisations of Selmo Formation in Batman neighbourhood. The upper Miocene-Pliocene Selmo Formation is common in the centre of Batman and composed of carbonated sandy claystones and silty-sandy stone lenses. The common whole minerals of the samples are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. The clay minerals are smectite, illite, chlorite and mixed-layer clay (chlorite-smectite). The geochemical mean values of the samples are 51.7% SiO(2); 12.6% Al(2)O(3); 6.2% Fe(2)O(3); 3.6% MgO; 6.3% CaO; 1.1% Na(2)O; 1.7% K(2)O; 0.8% TiO(2); 0.2% P(2)O(5); 0.1% MnO; and 0.03% Cr(2)O(3). In addition, baseline maps for the concentrations of each radionuclide, the radium equivalent activity and the outdoor gamma dose rate distributions have been plotted for the study area. The mean activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs were determined to be 32, 24, 210 and 9?Bq?kg(-1), respectively. The assessments of the radiological hazard indices, such as radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate in air, annual effective dose equivalent, excess lifetime cancer risk, external hazard index and internal hazard index, were calculated and compared with the internationally accepted reference values. This study shows that the concentrations of radioactivities in the measured samples were within the recommended safety limits and did not pose to be any significant source of radiation hazard.     

Mössbauer and XRD Characterization of the Mineral Matter of Coal from the Guachinte Mine in Colombia

The aim of this work was the characterization and differentiation, using Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), of coal samples with different ash and sulfur contents obtained in three places corresponding at cuts in different seams from the Guachinte mine, Valle, Colombia. The mineral phases identified by XRD were in general kaolinite, quartz, pyrite and gypsum, and in particular dolomite and calcite. MS confirms the presence of pyrite and kaolinite, besides evidences the additional presence of jarosite which was not detected by the XRD results due their low amounts. In the high mineral matter ash sample quartz and hematite was identified by XRD, the last one confirmed by MS results. A second phase in this sample was detected by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which could be superparamagnetic hematite. Rietveld refinement for XRD pattern from a sample is reported.

     

First results of the application of scanning XRF analysis with synchrotron-radiation beams from the VEPP-3 to study the spatial distribution of trace elements in samples of stratiform chromite ores

A sample from chromite horizon UG1 of the platiniferous Bushveld complex (South Africa) is studied by scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microanalysis using synchrotron-radiation beams from the VEPP-3 storage ring. The sample contains plagioclase and chromite layers 3–5 mm in thickness. The experimental study is conducted at excitation energies of 15 and 30 keV; the spot size of the excitation radiation is 0.1 ± 2 mm; and the scanning step is 100 µm. The distribution profiles of more than 20 trace elements over the surface of the sample are obtained.     

煤矿顶板离层回归分析与稳定性评价

以光纤Bragg光栅位移传感器对淮北朱仙庄煤矿顶板离层监测为实际数据依据,选择最佳的典型函数模型对顶板离层进行非线性回归分析,得出能够反映位移发展趋势的回归曲线。监测结果与回归拟合数据表明:非线性回归分析预测方法不仅可以反映煤矿顶板离层实时变化过程,还能根据其变化趋势进行巷道稳定性判断。     

197Au Mössbauer study of gold ores,mattes, roaster products,and gold minerals

The chemical state of gold in gold ores, mattes and roaster products has been studied by¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer spectroscopy. Gold minerals were studied in order to provide reference data for the ore spectra.⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to monitor the iron compounds always present in gold ores and to follow their transformations caused by smelting and roasting.     

Numerical analysis of the resonance mechanism of the lumped parameter system model for acoustic mine detection

The method of numerical analysis is employed to study the resonance mechanism of the lumped parameter system model for acoustic mine detection. Based on the basic principle of the acoustic resonance technique for mine detection and the characteristics of low-frequency acoustics, the “soil-mine” system could be equivalent to a damping “mass-spring” resonance model with a lumped parameter analysis method. The dynamic simulation software, Adams, is adopted to analyze the lumped parameter system model numerically. The simulated resonance frequency and anti-resonance frequency are 151 Hz and 512 Hz respectively, basically in agreement with the published resonance frequency of 155 Hz and anti-resonance frequency of 513 Hz, which were measured in the experiment. Therefore, the technique of numerical simulation is validated to have the potential for analyzing the acoustic mine detection model quantitatively. The influences of the soil and mine parameters on the resonance characteristics of the soil–mine system could be investigated by changing the parameter setup in a flexible manner.     

Mössbauer study of archaeological ceramics from Valle del Alto Sinu (Colombia)

A physico-chemical characterization of ceramic samples from the arachaeological sites of El Cabrero, El Gallo, and El Frasquillo (Valle del Alto Sinú) is presented. Extensive use of Mössbauer spectroscopy data reveals that the currently used typological classification scheme of Dolmatoff is related to the production technology of the different artifacts. In addition, a model for firing conditions for “Rojo Sencillo”, “Tierra Impresa”, “Tierra Incisa”, and “Blanco” types of ceramics is proposed.     

基于D-ELM的矿井气体FTIR光谱定量分析

为了对D-ELM的矿井气体定量分析效果进行比较和分析,建立了3种矿井气体定量分析模型,分别是SVM模型、极限学习机（ELM）模型和动态极限学习机（D-ELM）模型。由于每个模型每次预测结果在一定范围内变化,所以取每个模型运行10次预测结果平均均方根误差（ARMSE）、平均相关系数（AR）、平均模型运行时间（AT）来评价各模型对气体定量分析的性能。PSO-SVM模型的结果为:[0.054 2,0.998,200.38 ];ELM模型的结果为:[1.042 1,0.989 4,0.26];D ELM模型结果为:[0.043 8,1,2.01]。综合预测精度和预测速度表明,D ELM模型要优于另外2种模型。