Experimental investigation of a free-surface turbulent jet with Coanda effect

The deviation of a jet from the straight direction due to the presence of a lateral wall is investigated from the experimental point of view. This flow condition is known as Coanda jet (from the Romanian aerodynamicist Henry Marie Coanda who discovered and applied it at the beginning of XXth century) or offset jet. The objective of the work is to detail the underlying mechanisms of such a phenomenon aiming to use it as a flow control method at polluted river flows mouth. To do this, a large laboratory free-surface tank with an incoming channel has been set up and velocity field measurements are performed by Optical Flow methods (namely Feature Tracking). Preliminary tests on the well-known free jet configuration without any marine structure (i.e. lateral wall) are performed to allow comparison with free jet scaling and self-similar solutions. The presence of the free-surface gives rise to centerline velocity decay which is lower than in free unbounded plane or circular jets due to the vertically limited ambient fluid entrainment. In the second part of the paper, the effect of a lateral wall on the jet configuration is examined by placing it at different lateral distances from the jet outlet. The resulting velocity fields clearly show an inclined Coanda jet with details which seems to depend on the lateral wall distance itself. The analysis of self-similarity along the inclined jet direction reveals that for wall distances larger than 5 jet widths this dependence almost disappears.     

Direct numerical simulation of particle-laden plane turbulent wall jet and the influence of Stokes number

The distribution and motion of inertial particles in plane turbulent wall jet are investigated using direct numerical simulation, under the assumption of one-way coupling. To our knowledge, this appears to be the first direct numerical simulation of a particle-laden plane turbulent wall jet. It is shown that, in outer part of the wall jet, the behaviour of particles closely resembles that of a free plane jet. Due to the streamwise decay of particle Stokes number, the particle streaks formed in the near wall region of the wall jet are characterized by their intensity variation, which differs significantly from those in the channel flow. The streamwise growth of the particle velocity half-width is approximately equal to that of the fluid velocity half-width and the maximum velocity of particles decays slower than that of fluid due to inertia. The outer scaling can collapse the mean particle velocity in both the inner and outer region for heavier particles. In the buffer region, the particle–fluid velocity difference can be negative or positive depending on the Stokes number since there are two competing effects, namely the memory effect and turbophoresis. In the viscous region, the larger particles are on average faster than fluid and the velocity difference is found to be self-similar depending on outer Stokes number. The near-wall distribution of velocity difference is significantly correlated with the presence of high-momentum particles which are entrained by vortical structures generated in the outer region of the wall jet. These results are useful for environmental and engineering applications.     

The preheated Airy wall jet

The Airy jet is a wall-bounded flow belonging to the similarity class of the well known free jet but, in contrast to the latter, its far field behavior is an algebraically decaying rotational flow. The velocity and temperature distributions of a preheated Airy jet flowing over an insulated wall are investigated using both analytical and numerical methods, and are compared with those of the classical (preheated) exponentially decaying wall jet. For the same value of the dimensionless skin friction parameter, the maximum of the similar velocity profile of the Airy jet exceeds that of the classical wall jet by approximately 20%. The dimensionless temperature along the insulated wall scales for large values of the Prandtl number with Pr^2/3 for both jets, while for small values of the Prandtl number the temperature scales with Pr^1/3 for the Airy jet and goes to 1 for the classical wall jet.This work is dedicated to Michael B. Glauert who passed away on June 14, 2004     

基于主动流动控制的射流矢量偏转技术

本文介绍了一种基于主动流动控制技术的射流矢量偏转新方法和控制思路。通过在主射流出口两侧加装斜置扩张固壁板来降低射流两侧与固壁边界间的流体压力,将射流偏转由"不敏感-难控"转变成"敏感-易控",再在固壁板布置自行研制的斜出口合成射流激励器对主射流进行比例偏转控制。实验结果表明,射流最大偏转角可达15°。此外还研究了激励位置角度、激励频率、激励电压不同工作参数对射流矢量偏转控制的影响,实现了主射流偏转角的比例控制。当合成射流与主射流动量比为1∶43时,主射流偏转角可达13°,合成射流激励器消耗的能量为1.5W,初步实现了以小的能量消耗获取高的控制效益。     

Thermal characteristics of the Airy wall jet for constant surface heat flux

The Airy jet is a wall-bounded flow belonging to the similarity class of the well known free jet but, in contrast to the latter, its far field behavior is an algebraically decaying rotational flow. The present paper investigates the thermal characteristics of the Airy jet over a wall with prescribed constant heat flux. The scaling behavior found for small and large values of the Prandtl number is compared to those obtained earlier for (a) the case of a wall with prescribed constant temperature and for (b) the case of a preheated Airy jet adjacent to an insulated wall.     

Wall jet similarity of impinging planar underexpanded jets

Velocity profiles and wall shear stress values in the wall jet region of planar underexpanded impinging jets are parameterized based on nozzle parameters (stand-off height, jet hydraulic diameter, and nozzle pressure ratio). Computational fluid dynamics is used to calculate the velocity fields of impinging jets with height-to-diameter ratios in the range of 15–30 and nozzle pressure ratio in the range of 1.2–3.0. The wall jet has an incomplete self-similar profile with a typical triple-layer structure as in traditional wall jets. The effects of compressibility are found to be insignificant for wall jets with Ma < 0.8. Wall jet analysis yielded power-law relationships with source dependent coefficients describing maximum velocity, friction velocity, and wall distances for maximum and half-maximum velocities. Source dependency is determined using the conjugate gradient method. These power-law relationships can be used for mapping wall shear stress as a function of nozzle parameters.     

An experimental study of a radial wall jet formed by the normal impingement of a round synthetic jet

The flow field of a radial wall jet created by the impingement of a round synthetic jet normal to a flat surface was characterized using hot-wire anemometry. In the synthetic wall jets the width of the outer layer was observed to increase linearly with the radial distance along the wall, while the local maximum velocity varied inversely. The synthetic wall jet exhibits self-similar behavior as distinguished by the collapse of the mean and rms velocity profiles when normalized by the outer layer scaling variables. Increasing the actuator driving amplitude at a fixed frequency (i) increased the growth rate of the outer layer, and (ii) decreased the decay rate of the local velocity maximum. The flow field of the synthetic wall jet was dominated by vortical structures associated with the actuator driving frequency, and harmonics connected with the interaction of the produced vortex structures. For the actuator conditions investigated, neither the classical laminar nor fully turbulent analytical solutions for continuous wall jets were amenable to modeling the synthetic wall jet profile due to the transitional and unsteady nature of the synthetic wall jet.     

Contrôle par jet pulsé de l'écoulement dans un divergent court à grand angle

This experimental study investigates the control of flow in a short diffuser with a 2×45° divergence angle, using wall synthetic jets. Measurements are made by particle image velocimetry. Velocity profiles, velocity fields, and vorticity maps show that the flow, initially separated as a free jet, undergoes a global excitation which creates periodic oscillating structures producing large fluid motions in the vicinity of the wall. This results in an increased mixing of the primary separated jet with the surrounding fluid.     

Solution of the problem of flow of a non-axisymmetric swirling submerged jets

This paper considers the problem of a non-axisymmetric swirling jet of an incompressible viscous fluid flowing in a space flooded with the same fluid. The far field of the jet is studied under the assumption that the angular momentum vector corresponding to the swirling of the jet is not collinear to the momentum vector of the jet. It is shown that the main terms of the asymptotic expansion of the full solution for the velocity field are determined by the exact integrals of conservation of momentum, mass, and angular momentum. An analytical solution of the problem describing the axisymmetric swirling jet is obtained.     

Experimental investigation of an axisymmetric, impinging turbulent jet. 2. Scalar field

In this, the second part of a two-part study of an impinging air jet, measurements of mean and rms concentrations and concentration probability density functions obtained using a Mie scattering technique are reported. Results in the wall jet are in good agreement with earlier data obtained using laser Raman spectroscopy, although differences in the spreading rate of the wall jet do occur, most likely due to buoyancy. The data demonstrate the influence of the recirculation zone, identified in the first part of the study, on the mixing field in causing low levels of jet fluid to persist to large distances from the surface. This finding has important consequences for many mass transfer applications of impinging jets.     

The influence of twist on the motion of straight elliptical jets

This paper is concerned with a fairly detailed analysis of the motion of a straight elliptical jet of an incompressible, inviscid fluid in which the jet is allowed to twist along its axis. Our study, which includes the effects of gravity and surface tension, utilizes the nonlinear differential equations of the one-dimensional theory of a directed fluid jet. A number of theorems are proved pertaining to the motion of a twisted elliptical jet and some special solutions are obtained which illustrate the influence of twist.     

Jet impingement on a wall of arbitrary configuration

The problem of jet impingement on a wall of arbitrary configuration is studied. A curvilinear wall is approximated by a polygonal line with a fairly large number of links and a method based on the classical approach of Joukowski and Michell is applied to solve the problem. By successive displacement of the jet it is established that at a certain wall configuration the problem can have two solutions, one of which is multivalent. The limiting flow regimes characterized by the total disappearance of one of the jets formed after the division of the main impinging jet are revealed. An attempt to model the well-known experiment on the stable position of a small sphere lying on the horizontal bottom, when a slender water jet falls on it, is made. In the modeling the sphere is replaced by a circular cylinder in a separationless flow. It is numerically shown that any jet displacement to the right or to the left from the position corresponding to zero horizontal force acting on the cylinder leads to the generation of an oppositely directed nonzero force which indicates the absolute instability of the cylinder in the separationless jet flow.     

超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性,利用计算流体动力学模拟软件,对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大,先增大后减小,即存在最优喷距,喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径;喷射压差一定时,围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证;流体温度由333 K增至413 K,固液两相轴向速度增大,而流体密度降低,导致液相冲击力减弱;磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%,射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低,降幅逐渐减小。     

Application of differential constraint method to exact solution of second-grade fluid

A differential constraint method is used to obtain analytical solutions of a second-grade fluid flow. By using the first-order differential constraint condition, exact solutions of Poiseuille flows, jet flows and Couette flows subjected to suction or blowing forces, and planar elongational flows are derived. In addition, two new classes of exact solutions for a second-grade fluid flow are found. The obtained exact solutions show that the non-Newtonian second-grade flow behavior depends not only on the material viscosity but also on the material elasticity. Finally, some boundary value problems are discussed.     

Layered structure of turbulent plane wall jet

This paper investigates the layered structure of a turbulent plane wall jet at a distance from the nozzle exit. Based on the force balances in the mean momentum equation, the turbulent plane wall jet is divided into three regions: a boundary layer-like region (BLR) adjacent to the wall, a half free jet-like region (HJR) away from the wall, and a plug flow-like region (PFR) in between. In the PFR, the mean streamwise velocity is essentially the maximum velocity, and the simplified mean continuity and mean momentum equations result in a linear variation of the mean wall-normal velocity and Reynolds shear stress. In the HJR, as in a turbulent free jet, a proper scale for the mean wall-normal flow is the mean wall-normal velocity far from the wall and a proper scale for the Reynolds shear stress is the product of the maximum mean streamwise velocity and the velocity scale for the mean wall-normal flow. The BLR region can be divided into four sub-layers, similar to those in a canonical pressure-driven turbulent channel flow or shear-driven turbulent boundary layer flow. Building on the log-law for the mean streamwise velocity in the BLR, a new skin friction law is proposed for a turbulent wall jet. The new prediction agrees well with the correlation of Bradshaw and Gee (1960) over moderate Reynolds numbers, but gives larger skin frictions at higher Reynolds numbers.     

Impact of an ideal fluid jet on a curved wall: the inverse problem

This paper analyzes an ideal fluid jet impinging a wall. The usual two-dimensional model of jet flow uses an ideal, incompressible, weightless fluid, and maps this flow in a way that reduces it to a problem of complex analysis that cannot be solved analytically. An efficient procedure is presented here for solving the inverse problem numerically in the case of an arbitrary wall shape, i.e. the design of a wall corresponding to a prescribed velocity (or pressure) distribution. In similar studies, as in airfoil design, important constrains have to be applied to the prescribed distribution in order to ensure the existence of a solution. Not only is this not the case here, but also a constraint must be added to impose the uniqueness of the solution.     

Role of the confinement of a root canal on jet impingement during endodontic irrigation

During a root canal treatment the root canal is irrigated with an antimicrobial fluid, commonly performed with a needle and a syringe. Irrigation of a root canal with two different types of needles can be modeled as an impinging axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric jet. These jets are investigated experimentally with high-speed Particle Imaging Velocimetry, inside and outside the confinement (concave surface) of a root canal, and compared to theoretical predictions for these jets. The efficacy of irrigation fluid refreshment with respect to the typical reaction time of the antimicrobial fluid with a biofilm is characterized with a non-dimensional Damk?hler number. The pressure that these jets induce on a wall or at the apex of the root canal is also measured. The axisymmetric jet is found to be stable and its velocity agrees with the theoretical prediction for this type of jet, however, a confinement causes instabilities to the jet. The confinement of the root canal has a pronounced influence on the flow, for both the axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric jet, by reducing the velocities by one order of magnitude and increasing the pressure at the apex. The non-axisymmetric jet inside the confinement shows a cascade of eddies with decreasing velocities, which at the apex does not provide adequate irrigation fluid refreshment.     

Numerical simulation of two‐dimensional laminar incompressible offset jet flows

Two‐dimensional transient laminar incompressible offset jet is simulated numerically to gain insight into convective recirculation and flow processes induced by an offset jet. The behaviour of the jet with respect to offset ratio (OR) and Reynolds number (Re) are described in detail. The transient development of the velocity is simulated for various regions: recirculation, impingement and wall jet development. It is found that the reattachment length is dependent on both Re and OR for the range considered. Simulations are made to show the effect of entrainment on recirculation eddy. A detailed study of u velocity decay is reported. The decay rate of horizontal velocity component (u) is linear in impingement region. It is found that at high OR, velocity decay depends on Re only. Velocity profile in the wall jet region shows good agreement with experimental as well as similarity solutions. It is found that the effect of Re and OR are significant to bottom wall vorticity up to impingement region. Far downstream bottom wall vorticity is independent of OR. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental time-resolved study of the interaction between a pulsating injectant and a steady cross-flow: aerodynamics of film cooling

A test rig incorporating the injection from a single cylindrical hole with an inclination of 30° to a thermally uniform mainstream flow was used for determining variations in flow structures due to injectant pulsation. The average blowing ratios ([`(M)] \overline{M} ) were 0.65, 1, and 1.25. The periodic variations in injectant flow were rendered by a loudspeaker-based pulsation system to nondimensionalized excitation frequency (St St ) of 0, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5. Pulsation resulting in a close-wall orientation of injectant fluid compared with steady blowing bearing outward orientation was only observed in few cases. At [`(M)] \overline{M}  = 0.65, jet fluid remains aligned and covers a significant part of the wall under steady blowing. At higher blowing ratios, pulsation induces large spatial variations in the jet trajectory, collapsing of the jet body, and the shedding of wake structures due to the periodic variation of injection flow rate. It was found that the pulsation improves wall coverage of the injectant fluid under low frequency excitation as the separation of the jet from the wall becomes evident ([`(M)] \overline{M}  = 1 and 1.25).