皮革的CO2超临界流体脱灰

浸灰和脱灰是皮革制造过程的重要工序。在浸灰工序中,通过高浓度石灰乳液对动物皮的长时间处理,使其纤维介质被溶解,胶原纤维得到分散。脱灰是其后续工序,目的是除去动物皮中吸附和沉积的Ｃａ2+;调节ｐＨ值至中性并使其肿胀状态得以消除;促进鞣铬剂的发渗而与胶原纤维有效结合。常规制革工艺中,铵盐被广泛用作脱灰剂,其缺点是中和作用不充分不能有效除去Ｃａ2+,Ｃａ2+与动物油脂反应会产生“钙斑”,并产生令人不愉快的氨污染环境。而硼酸、甲酸、乙酸、柠檬酸等以单独或组合方式与铵盐一道用于脱灰[1]价格昂贵,还易引起裸皮的酸肿影响皮…     

超临界CO_2萃取-分子蒸馏对白术挥发油的提取分离和GC-MS分析

用超临界CO2萃取技术提取白术挥发油，然后用分子蒸馏对所得的萃取物进行精分离，得到蒸出物；超临界萃取物收率为2．42％(w)，分子蒸馏蒸出物收率26．3％(w)；对超临界萃取物和分子蒸馏蒸出物分别进行GC—MS分析，结果超临界萃取物检测出33个化合物，分子蒸馏蒸出物检测出27个化合物，主要成分均为2，7-二甲氧基-3，6-二甲基萘、γ-芹子烯、大根香叶烯等，但相对含量有区别。     

水蒸汽蒸馏-气相色谱/质谱法分析7种竹叶挥发油的香气成分

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法(HD)和气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定了斑苦竹等7种竹叶挥发油的化学成分,并确定了7种竹叶挥发油中的主要香气成分。其中共有香气成分有8种,分别为苯甲醛、庚二烯醛、藏红花醛、大马士酮、α-紫罗兰酮、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗兰酮和六氢法呢基丙酮。不同竹叶挥发油具有不同的香味,而且发现了某些高应用价值的化合物存在于竹叶挥发油中,如α-古巴烯、α-红没药醇、角鲨烯等,为以后进一步开发利用竹叶挥发油提供科学依据。     

八角的超临界CO2流体萃取产物化学成分的研究

采用ＧＣ和ＧＣ－ＭＳ技术对八角的超临界ＣＯ２流体萃取物的化学成分进行了研究，共鉴定出３４种化合物，它们的含量占出峰物质总量的９６２％。同时与八角的水蒸汽蒸馏产物的组成进行了比较。     

超临界CO2萃取薰衣草的挥发性组分

1.1样品来源及制备薰衣草：购于新疆远馨香料开发公司。超临界CO2萃取：薰衣草经农用粉碎机粉碎后,用自制的0．5L超临界装置进行萃取(萃取压力：10MPa,萃取温度：321K,萃取时间：120min),得到橙色透明油状物,得率约为2．0％～2．5％,水汽蒸馏：薰衣草粉碎后,经共水蒸馏同时用油水分离器分离精油,3h后收集精油并用无水硫酸钠干燥,得淡黄色油状物,得率约为0．8％～1．0％。     

超临界CO2萃取与水蒸气蒸馏法研究泽兰中挥发性有机物

以超临界CO2萃取法(SFE)提取中药泽兰中的挥发性有机物,经气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析,人工解析质谱图及计算机谱库检索相结合进行化学成分结构鉴定,用面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。SFE法提取的产率为0.78%,共鉴定75种挥发性化合物,主要成分为植醇、石竹烯氧化物、十六酸、亚油酸、葎草烯等,比文献报道的该挥发油成分多且含量差异较大,其中松香芹醇、蒲勒烯、马鞭烯酮、香芹酮、十六酸、亚油酸、葎草烯、十六酸乙酯、亚麻酸等多种成分未见报道。与水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)提取的泽兰挥发油进行比较,后者提取的产率为0.12%,从中鉴定出50种化合物,主要成分为石竹烯氧化物、柠檬烯、α-蒎烯、葎草烯、月桂烯等。SFE与SD得到的成分仅有31种相同,其它各不相同。     

臭椿籽挥发油的化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法对甘肃天水产的臭椿籽挥发油进行提取，挥发油得率约为2．1％(w)；用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发性成分进行了分析，鉴定了43个化合物，占挥发油相对含量的96．3％；主要成分为脂肪酸及酯、脂肪烃及甾族化合物，其中含量较高的有亚油酸、油酸、蓖麻酸和蓖麻酸甲酯。     

艾叶挥发性成分的提取及其化学成分的气相色谱/质谱分析

采用常温下氮气吹扫－固体吸附剂吸附和水蒸汽蒸饱辆途中方法,提慑富集区叶的近轨必成分,经气相色谱－质谱联机分析,鉴定出３９种化合物,主要是１,８－桉树脑、异蒿属（甲）酮、２－莰酮、２－莰酮、石竹烯、α－荜澄茄烯等。     

五味子超临界CO2提取物的气相色谱-质谱分析

将五味子样品于25 MPa、45 ℃下用超临界CO2提取2 h,提取物经气相色谱-质谱分析,共测得16个成分,经与对照品、NIST谱库对照和结构解析,鉴定出其中的7种木脂素成分,占色谱峰总面积的80.5%,其中五味子甲素9.39%、五味子乙素30.58%、五味子醇甲16.00%、五味子丙素5.95%和五味子醇乙15.17%。     

超临界CO2流体萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取荆芥穗挥发油化学成分的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取法(SFE)与水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)从荆芥穗中提取挥发油。采用SE-54毛细管柱进行分析,用气相色谱-质谱法对挥发油中各种化学成分进行鉴定,用归一化法测定各组分的含量。色谱条件:SE-54毛细管柱 (30 m×0.25 mm i.d.,0.25 μm),柱温50 ℃(3 min)5 ℃/min180 ℃(2 min)10 ℃/min260 ℃(50 min);分流进样,分流比1∶50;进样口温度280 ℃。在采用超临界CO2萃取法提取的挥发油中共鉴定出54种成分,其主要成分为长叶薄荷酮、薄荷酮、亚油酸氯化物等;在水蒸气蒸馏法提取的挥发油中共鉴定出39种成分,其主要成分为长叶薄荷酮、薄荷酮、柠檬烯等。超临界法较水蒸气法更加稳定可靠,重现性好,适用于中药挥发油的化学成分分析。     

GC-MS法测定油漆行业废气化学成分及化学计量学解析

采用GU/MS法分离测定油漆行业废气污染物化学成分,利用化学计量学解析法(CRM)对重叠的色谱峰进行解析,得到各成分的纯色谱曲线和质谱,通过质谱库对解析的纯组分进行定性,用解析色谱曲线积分法进行定量.从25个色谱峰中解析出了49个组分,按检索相似度大于90%的原则,鉴定出了其中40个化合物,占总含量的92.3%.废气污染物的主要成分为苯系物和烷烃,分别占总含量的46.8%和27.2%.     

气相色谱-质谱法研究藏药甘青青兰挥发油成分

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘青青兰挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱法鉴定其化学成分和质量分数。甘青青兰挥发油主要成分为桉油醇(18.08%)、(1,α2α,5α)-2,6,6-三甲基二环[3.1.1]-3-庚酮(8.79%)、甲基环戊烷(4.22%)、芳樟醇(3.68%)、4-甲基-1-(1-甲乙基)-2-环己烯-1-醇(3.05%)等。     

稻谷副产品中脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱分析

对稻谷副产品脂肪酸的组成和含量进行分析测定. 采用索氏提取法提取了稻谷副产品中的脂肪油, 再进行甲酯化处理, 利用气相色谱-质谱法对其脂肪酸组成及含量进行了分析测定. 结果表明, 从稻糠、稻叶、稻秆中鉴定出的脂肪酸分别占其总检出量的96.72%、 71.77%和92.63%, 不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为72.88%、 45.26%和66.96%.     

Comprehensive chemical profiling and quantification of Shexiang Xintongning tablets by integrating liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Shexiang Xintongning tablet (SXXTN) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) angina pectoris. However, due to the complexity of the compounds in SXXTN, the active chemical components responsible for the therapeutic effect are still ambiguous. The purpose of our study was to characterize the chemical profile of SXXTN and quantify the representative chemicals. The high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF MS) method and gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method were utilized to identify the chemical constituents of SXXTN. A total of 140 compounds including alkaloids, ginsenosides, organic acids, esters, triterpenes, phthalides and amino acid were identified in accordance with their retention times, accurate masses and characteristic MS/MS fragment patterns. Forty-four volatile components were characterized by GC–MS through NIST database matching. In the further research of quantitative analysis, 40 non-volatile compounds and 17 volatile compounds were determined and successfully applied for detecting in 7 batches of SXXTN samples by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ MS) and gas chromatograph coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-QQQ MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, respectively. The quantitative methods were verified in linearity, precision, repeatability stability and recovery. The above results indicated that the established method was practical and reliable for synthetical quality evaluation of SXXTN. In addition, our study might supplement the chemical evidence for disclosing the material basis of its therapeutic effects.     

Oil-spill identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Two approaches are proposed for the identification of a contaminant caused by the spilling of oil or oil products in water. A capillary gas chromatography (CGC)-mass spectrometry (MS) method for oil spill identification is applied. The presented approaches describe the use of MS data of 18 selective ions of spilled product and the probable pollutant. The spill identification is accomplished on the bases of a quantitative comparison between the ion chromatograms of the samples taken from the probable pollutant and from the spill itself. The other approach is made by chemometric treatment of complete CGC-MS data.     

Determination of the volatile chemical constituents of Notoptergium incium by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and iterative or non-iterative chemometrics resolution methods

The qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemical constitutes in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important task, which builds the foundation of the theory of pharmacological activity. The hyphenated chromatography instruments combined with the related chemometric methods provide powerful tools for the resolution of such complex systems. The familiar chemometrics methods can be roughly divided into two different kinds, the iterative one such as orthogonal projection approach (OPA) and non-iterative one representing by evolving window orthogonal projection (EWOP). One can use different kinds of methods according to overlapping condition, and then the measured data matrix can be resolved into pure concentration profiles and mass spectra of the chemical components with relative high efficiency and acceptable accuracy. One kind of TCM, named Notoptergium incium (NI) was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and resolved by above chemometric approach. Experiment results show the efficiency and convenience of the proposed approach. 65 of the 98 separated constituents in essential oil, accounting for 92.13%, were identified by mass spectroscopy (MS).     

Study of Burseraceae resins used in binding media and varnishes from artworks by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In the present work, a study attempting to characterize the Manila elemi and Mexican copal resins from the Burseraceae family, which are used as components of varnishes and binding media of artworks, has been carried out. A new GC-MS method involving the use of methyl chloroformate as derivatisation reagent has been proposed. A second method which uses pyrolysis-GC-MS and hexamethyldisilazane as derivatization reagent has also been applied. Characterization of the main components of the mono-, sesqui- and triterpenoid fractions occurring in the raw materials has been achieved. Both alpha- and beta-amyrin have been established as the major triterpenoid compounds occurring in these resins together with hop-22(29)-en-3beta-ol, found only in the Mexican copal. Artificially aged samples of Manila elemi and Mexican copal have also been analysed in order to study the stability of the triterpenoid components of the resins and their possible use as marker molecules. The results obtained indicate that these molecules, in particular, alpha- and beta-amyrin undergo oxidation processes during both artificial and natural ageing. Nevertheless, hop-22(29)-en-3beta-ol could be selected as marker compound for Mexican copal. The proposed methods of analysis have been applied to real paint samples extracted from paintings in which Mexican copal was present as the main component of an "oleoresin" binding medium to assess their ability for identifying this product when used in artworks. Satisfactory identification of this resin is obtained by means of GC-MS whereas Py-GC-MS provides, in general, weaker signals for the components of the resin. Additionally, the influence of the pigments present in real samples on the resin ageing process has been considered.     

Study on volatile components in salami by reverse carrier gas headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Salami are a typical seasoned sausage of Italy; a number of types are produced, according to local traditional recipes. As industrial production has taken place, a number of problems rise in obtaining products similar to the traditional ones. The use of selected microbial starters is permitted by Italian law for some years and at present, microbiological research is engaged in selecting starters similar to the ones isolated from traditional products, with the aim of obtaining organoleptic characteristics close to the ones of traditional recipes. A study was carried out concerning the characterisation of volatile components of salami by headspace capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As during the sampling step, analytes could reach the analytical column, the carrier gas rate was back flushed in the latter, while a pre column was used as cold trap. Then GC-MS analysis follows. By these techniques, we were able to highlight typical profiles of different salami, as well as monitoring the ripening of a traditional and a starter added salami. Main peaks are of fermentative origin, while also peaks from spices were detected. Ethyl propionate was used as internal standard to be able to normalise the peaks amounts.     

Comparison of the volatile constituents of Artemisia capillaris from different locations by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and projection method

The volatile chemical constituents of Artemisia capillaries (an important traditional Chinese medicine) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sub-window factor analysis (SFA). Seventy-five components were separated and 43 of them were qualitatively and quantitatively determined, which represented about 89.03% of the total content. This profile was then used to identify and assess the consistency of the herb by using an orthogonal projection method. Four different sources of A. capillaries were analyzed and compared with each other. Among the components determined, there were 51 components coexisting in all samples although the relative peak areas of a few showed variations. It is the first time to apply orthogonal projection method to the comparison of different samples, and it reduces the burden of qualitative analysis as well as the subjectivity. The results showed a fair consistency in their GC-MS fingerprint. A. capillaris was distinguished from Artemisia sacrorum L., a possible substitute in traditional Chinese medicine by comparing the fingerprints with each other.