Testing of holographic optical elements for holographic gun-sight

Conventional methods of measuring the various parameters of holographic optical elements are tedious for mass production. A novel approach is described for the holographic elements used in the holographic sight, in which the parameters are defined and measured as per their intended final application. Since the holographic sight is used for accurate target acquisition along with the other features, parallax in the sight becomes a critical parameter. Besides, the maximum brightness of the reticle is another parameter of the device, which is important for the use of sight in the strong sunlight in summers. There are two holographic elements, namely holographic reticle and holographic lens in the sight. Both can be tested in a simple set-up in terms of the parallax of the sight and the brightness of the reticle. The masters for both elements are required to be benchmarked once and rest of the elements in a mass production can be tested with the reference of masters.     

Holographic optical elements — State-of-the-art review: Part I

A state-of-the-art review on holographic optical elements (HOE) is presented in two parts. In Part I a conceptual overview and an assessment of the current status on the design of HOE have been included. It is pointed out that HOE development based on the use of squeezed light, speckle, non-linear recording, comparative studies between optics and communication approaches, are some of the promising directions for future research in this vital area of photonics.     

Robust optical systems for nondestructive testing based on laser diodes and diffractiveoptical elements

Two robust systems for vibration measurements are presented. Both systems are based on low-cost laser diodes. The stability of the optical systems is achieved by implementing the optical system as a holographic optical element (HOE) while using a common-path interferometer concept for the measurement scheme. The former system facilitates real-time simultaneous tracking of vibrations about two axes perpendicular to the optical axis. The latter system is an electronic speckle interferometer working in a differential mode providing whole-field information on the angular deformation about one axis between two states of the object. It will be argued that these concepts will provide compact, self-aligning systems for industrial use due to the inherent possibility of mass fabrication.     

Diffractive optics: Design, realization, and applications

This paper presents methods for designing and recording optimal computer-generated diffractive optical elements. The design method is based on an analytic ray-tracing procedure for minimizing aberrations. The recording involves computer-generated masks and multiple lithographic processes in order to form reflective and transmissive multilevel, surface relief-phase, diffractive elements. As a result, the elements can have high diffraction efficiencies over a broad range of incidence angles. Even generalized diffractive elements that operate with highly uniform diffraction efficiency and polychromatic radiation can be designed and recorded by optimizing the shape and height of the relief gratings. To illustrate the effectiveness of the diffractive optical elements, they have been incorporated into a number of applications, involving visible as well as infra-red radiation. Some that deal with coordinate transformation, beam shaping, and polarization control are briefly reviewed.     

Displacement measurements in structural elements by optical techniques

Speckle metrology and holographic interferometry (HI) have been used in several civil engineering applications. We present the results obtained by applying speckle photography (SP) to the study of two quadratic shearwalls with different boundary conditions, and the potential of the technique in the study of this kind of structures is described. The analysis of Young's fringes obtained with this technique at certain points on each shearwall provides the whole field of displacement measurements. HI has been used to measure the three components of absolute displacement, verifying that the bulging phenomenon does not affect the in-plane components when the applied load remains on the same plane as the shearwall. A qualitative analysis is carried out following an electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) technique. The results obtained by optical techniques are compared to the numerical results obtained by the finite element method (FEM), finding good correlation between them in all the cases.     

光学零件超声波清洗的应用现状及其发展

本文在概述超声波清洗机理之后，着重介绍了光学零件超声波清洗的应用现状及光学零件超声波清洗用的清洗剂、脱水剂、干化剂等清洗辅料的几个进展阶段，以及当前清洗辅料的研究动态及面临课题。     

新兴的纳米结构亚波长光学器件及其发展

介绍了新颖的纳米结构亚波长光学器件的特点,从器件的基本功能特性和工作机理两个方面详细讨论了其应用状况,并阐述了纳米制造技术对亚波长光学器件发展的重要推动作用及这一领域今后的研究热点。     

一种通用的辐射聚焦器设计方法

本文把辐射聚焦器设计当作逆衍射问题求解，在吸收“模拟退火”思想的基础上，提出了一种通用性强、抗局部极值性好的优化算法──Ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄ－ＡＬＯＰＥＸ法，并就如何控制优化过程中的温度与步长两参量，进行了详细的讨论，剔除了ＡＬＯＰＥＸ法中存在的一些问题，最后比较了Ｅｒｒｏｒ－Ｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ法和本方法的设计结果。     

磨削加工光学元件亚表面损伤探究

对磨削加工的K9材料试件进行亚表面损伤探究,分析磨削加工产生亚表面损伤的原因。分别用亚表面损伤深度预测法、分阶刻蚀法预测和检测元件亚表面损伤深度,并分析切深、工作台进给速度、砂轮转速等参数对亚表面损伤深度的影响。研究表明,分阶刻蚀法直观有效,与亚表面损伤深度预测法的结果一致性较好。在本文实验条件下,自行加工K9试件的亚表面损伤深度随切深增大而加深,随工作台进给速度增大而有所增加,砂轮转速对亚表面损伤深度影响并不明显。     

光学镜面多点支承技术初步研究

从弹性力学理论出发,分析了弹性板状材料的小挠度弯曲问题。基于弹性力学的基本假设和分析步骤,利用差分法对光学镜面在自重情况下的弯曲变形进行了详细分析,建立了简支条件下的弯曲分析模型。针对各向同性圆形光学镜面做了具体的模拟计算,对圆形镜面的多点支承问题进行了初步研究。     

大口径光学元件检测中的主要误差及其影响

使用PSD作为大口径光学元件的质量评价标准,标定了测试系统的传递函数,并讨论了在对ICF驱动器中所使用的光学元件进行检测时产生的几种主要误差,分析了这些误差在进行计算和分析时可能造成的影响以及消除的方法。     

电磁场递推算法及微纳光学元件中的应用

提出一种电磁场递推算法来分析微纳光学元件体内电磁场的传输.该方法基于Maxwell方程组和电磁场横向的边界条件给出了严格解.以高斯光束在亚波长矩形浮雕光栅体内的传输为例,分析了非匀幅光束在微纳光学元件体内的传输. 关键词： 递推算法 非匀幅光束 微纳光学元件     

Effect of rare earth elements on the structural and optical properties of PMMA for possible uses in polymer optical communications

Rare-earth elements (REEs) as Tm⁺³, Er⁺³, Yb⁺³ and Nd⁺³ have a significant optical photon emission. Therefore, Films of PMMA doped with 5?wt.% of NdCl₃, TmCl₃, ErCl₃ or YbCl₃ were prepared using the casting technique. FTIR of the prepared films has been studied. The optical and dispersion behavior of all doped samples have been investigated. The reflectance (R) and the transmittance (T) were measured in the wavelength range of 200–2500?nm. FTIR of all PMMA reveals that, REEs addition to PMMA samples creates new transmission peaks C=O groups and a decrease in the intensity of the absorption band of C–O groups has been obtained. The results showed the dependency of the refractive index and energy gap on the REE electronic transitions nature. The obtained results suggest strongly the applicability of these PMMA derivatives in improving the performance of the polymer optical fiber (POF).     

大口径光学元件检测中的主要误差及其影响

 使用PSD作为大口径光学元件的质量评价标准,标定了测试系统的传递函数,并讨论了在对ICF驱动器中所使用的光学元件进行检测时产生的几种主要误差,分析了这些误差在进行计算和分析时可能造成的影响以及消除的方法。     

衍射光学元件车削补偿技术的研究

超精密单点金刚石车削加工是高精度衍射光学元件制造的重要方法,但是以往的加工方法是直接一次车削加工成型,无法实现具有加工-检测-补偿加工-检测的闭环控制特点的超精密加工,从而导致零件精度较低。针对这种加工技术的缺陷,通过研究衍射光学元件金刚石车削过程和面形状误差补偿,对表面轮廓仪实际测量的轮廓数据进行处理,计算出实际车削曲线与理想曲线之间的法向残余误差,以此获得新的金刚石车削加工轨迹,实现衍射光学元件的超精密闭环控制加工。利用单点金刚石车床对口径78的衍射光学元件进行补偿加工试验,最终使其PV值由10.4 m经过一次补偿加工后降为4.3 m。     

HT-7五道HCN激光干涉仪光学元件的设计

介绍了电磁波在等离子体中的传播以及用外差干涉的方法测量托卡马克装置等离子体电子密度的原理。详细讨论了在 HT- 7超导托卡马克上用于密度诊断测量的五道 HCN激光干涉仪光路的主要光学元件 ,如各类分束片、托卡马克密度诊断窗口的尺寸和厚度的设计以及光学材料的选择 ,并在实验中得到了很好的结果 ,验证了设计的合理性和准确性。五道的位置分别为沿小环圆截面 - 2 0 cm、- 10 cm、0 cm、+ 10 cm、+ 2 0 cm。     

衍射光学元件设计参数对束匀滑衍射效率的影响

经过理论推导,分析了320 mm口径衍射光学元件在束匀滑实验中光强分布出现高级次衍射斑和元件实际衍射效率变低的原因,模拟计算得到了接近实验的光强分布。模拟分析发现:通过调整设计参数,如适当增加抽样点数,使设计时焦斑主瓣占输出计算窗口的比例减小至0.2以下,可以大大降低由于高级次衍射斑造成的衍射效率损失,控制在2%以内,使台阶分布式相位片实际衍射效率得到提高,在对口径为70及320 mm的台阶分布式相位片样品测试中得到了验证。     

衍射光学元件设计参数对束匀滑衍射效率的影响

经过理论推导,分析了320 mm口径衍射光学元件在束匀滑实验中光强分布出现高级次衍射斑和元件实际衍射效率变低的原因,模拟计算得到了接近实验的光强分布。模拟分析发现:通过调整设计参数,如适当增加抽样点数,使设计时焦斑主瓣占输出计算窗口的比例减小至0.2以下,可以大大降低由于高级次衍射斑造成的衍射效率损失,控制在2%以内,使台阶分布式相位片实际衍射效率得到提高,在对口径为70及320 mm的台阶分布式相位片样品测试中得到了验证。     

Multi-order diffractive optical elements for achromatic interconnections at 1.30 μm and 1.55 μm

We propose a class of diffractive components allowing free-space optical systems to operate at the two telecommunication wavelengths simultaneously. These are fifth order diffractive components working at the sixth order at 1.30 μm and at the fifth order at 1.55 μm. Simulation results showing the link efficiency between two single-mode fibres as a function of the wavelength are presented. The width of the two transmission windows depends on the architecture of the whole system, which must be designed in accordance with technological realizability.     

用于衍射光学元件优化设计的遗传算法及其与模拟退火算法的比较

本文成功地将遗传算法运用于高维衍射位相光学元件的优化设计.并与模拟退火算法进行了比较.结果表明,该算法不仅对于二元,而且对于多元位相光学元件的优化疫计均是十分有效的.而且,它特别适用于利用光电混合处理系统进行优化计算.