Propane conversion in a chemical compression reactor

The noncatalytic conversion of propane mixtures with air into synthesis gas in a chemical “super-adiabatic” compression reactor with cyclic action based on an internal combustion engine was studied by numerical simulation. The conversion process was analyzed for a chemical reactor with two-stage compression and internal heat regeneration. It was shown that an almost 100% conversion of propane into synthesis gas can be performed in a two-stage compression reactor at the initial propane content in a mixture up to 12.3% and compression pressure ∼90 atm (compression degree ∼20), which is unrealistic with usual one-stage compression. Useful mechanical energy can be produced when the reactor works. In a chemical compression reactor with heat regeneration, almost 100% propane conversion into synthesis gas can be performed at the initial propane content in a mixture up to 11% and compression pressure ∼200 atm (compression degree ∼20). The process does not require mechanical energy expenditures at a propane concentration in the initial mixture lower than 10%.     

小型天然气液化流程模拟与设计

针对低压天然气特点,设计了3套天然气闭式膨胀液化流程,选择PR(Peng-Robinson)方程进行混合物的相平衡计算,采用化工模拟软件PRO/Ⅱ进行了模拟计算;分析比较了不同液化流程的关键热力学参数,并进行了关键设备的可行性分析。结果表明:丙烷预冷双级天然气膨胀液化流程的比功耗比无预冷单级天然气膨胀液化流程、无预冷双级天然气膨胀液化流程低,液化率高,而且设备均可实现。综合分析结果,选用了丙烷预冷双级天然气膨胀液化流程。并指出天然气节流前温度越低,其液化率越高,比功耗越小。天然气膨胀比越高,液化率越高。     

Investigation of the Limit of Detection of an Infrared Passive Remote Sensing and Scanning Imaging System for Pollution GasEI北大核心CSCD

NECL could be used to estimate the limit of detection of the infrared passive remote sensing system. It was an important indicator of the sensitivity of the system. The theoretical equation of the NECL according to the atmospheric infrared radiation transfer model showed that NECL related to NESR, the brightness temperature of background and pollution gas, and the absorption coefficient of pollution gas. The remote sensing of SF6 was done. The limit of detection of the system at the different brightness temperature of background and pollution gas could be calculated. False color image of NECL was given from the measured data. The results show that NECL decreases rapidly by increasing the difference in brightness temperature of the background and pollution gas, the value of NECL was down to 10(-2) order of magnitude when the brightness temperature difference was equal to 30 K. False color image of NECL contributes to the discrimination of the limit of detection of the system in the complex background.     

基于可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱的乙炔在线检测系统

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术,研制了一种近红外乙炔气体检测系统。通过分析近红外波段乙炔分子的吸收谱线特性,选择了1.534 μm附近乙炔分子的吸收峰作为吸收谱线。该系统主要由分布反馈激光器、激光器驱动器、单光程对射式气室、光电探测模块及数字式锁相放大器构成。为了测试该检测系统的性能,配备了乙炔气体样品并开展了气体检测实验。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为0.02%;在体积分数为0.02%～1%范围内,二次谐波幅值与乙炔气体浓度呈现出良好的线性关系。通过长达20 h的稳定性实验测试了检测系统稳定性。鉴于近红外波段石英光纤传输损耗很小,可以将气室及光路部分与电路部分分离,从而可以进行远程气体检测,这是基于量子级联激光器、热光源的乙炔检测系统难以实现的。该系统采用了自主研制的分布反馈激光器驱动器和锁相放大器,结构简单,性价比高,便与集成,在工业现场乙炔浓度检测方面有着良好的应用前景。     

EPR spectra of aerosol particles formed by pyrolysis of C<Subscript>3</Subscript>H<Subscript>8</Subscript> plus Ar and C<Subscript>3</Subscript>H<Subscript>8</Subscript> plus Fe(CO)<Subscript>5</Subscript> plus Ar mixtures in a flow reactor

The paper is devoted to electron paramagnetic resonance investigation of nanoparticles and aggregates of nanoparticles formed by pyrolysis of propane as well as a mixture of propane and iron pentacarbonyl. The measurement showed that the pyrolysis of the C₃H₈ plus Ar mixture results in the formation of a carbonaceous phase (phase I), which is quite different from that formed by the C₃H₈ plus Fe(CO)₅ plus Ar mixture (phase II). In phase I there is a strong oxygen effect for as-prepared samples; 75% of spins are accessible to the environmental gas via the interconnected system of microvoids and microchannels. In phase II there was a weak oxygen effect for the as-prepared samples. However, after exposition of phase II to air for 160 h, the properties of phase II have become about the same as that of phase I. A strong oxygen effect was observed for the air-exposed phase II. The line width for phase II increases monotonically with the iron content in the sample. This increase is probably related to the dipole-dipole interactions between the radical centers and the iron atoms distributed throughout the carbon matrix.     

Theory and method for enhancing sensitivity of multi-gas sensing based on slow light photonic crystal waveguide

A novel harmonic detection theory and method for multi-component gas sensing based on photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) slow light is proposed. The PCW is used as gas chamber, and harmonic detection method was adopted for signal processing. This system could real-time and remote monitoring multi-component gases simultaneously with sensitivities increased by 10,278, 8650 and 6282 times respectively compared with system PCW not used. The proposed theory and method possesses powerful practicability and favorable application prospects. It could be also applied to other fluid concentration detection system, thus providing a new idea for expanding applications of slow light in sensing fields.     

Investigations on selected gallium and strontium doped lanthanum chromites as electrode materials for HC detection

Perovskite-type mixed oxides with the formula LaCr_1−yGa_yO_3−δ and La_0.95Sr_0.02Cr_1−yGa_yO_3−δ with y=0.1; 0.2; 0.3 were investigated in view of their usability as electrode materials in exhaust gas sensors for hydrocarbon (HC) detection. The electrode materials were characterized regarding their catalytic activity for propylene and propane oxidation and their potentiometric behavior in oxygen containing gaseous mixtures of these combustibles. The potentiometric measurements with propane indicate higher sensitivities of the strontium doped materials than of the materials without strontium. The comparison of these results with those of the catalytic investigations using propane show, that a lower catalytic activity comes along with a higher sensitivity. The electrodes show non-Nernstian behavior. Paper presented at the 8th EuroConference on Ionics, Carvoeiro, Algarve, Portugal, Sept. 16–22, 2001.     

A kinetic investigation on low-temperature ignition of propane with ozone addition in an RCM

To extend the temperature for propane ignition to a lower region (< 680 K), ozone (O₃) was used as an ignition promoter to investigate the low-temperature chemistry of propane. Ignition delay times for propane containing varying concentrations of O₃ (0, 100, and 1000 ppm) were measured at 25 bar, 654–882 K, and equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1.0 in a rapid compression machine (RCM). Species profiles during propane ignition with varying O₃ concentrations were recorded using a fast sampling system combined with a gas chromatograph (GC). A kinetic model for propane ignition with O₃ was developed. O₃ shortened ignition delay times of propane significantly, and the NTC behavior was weakened. O atoms released from O₃ reacted with propane through hydrogen abstraction reactions, which led to the fast production of OH radicals. The following oxidation of fuel radicals generated additional OH radicals. Consequently, the inhibition caused by the slow chemistry of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the NTC region was weakened in the presence of O₃. Experimental results with O₃ addition can provide extra constraints on the low-temperature chemistry of propane. Species profiles during propane ignition at 730 K with 1000 ppm O₃ addition showed the production of propanal (C₂H₅CHO), acetone (CH₃COCH₃), and acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) was promoted significantly. Model analyses indicated that O₃ shifted the oxidation temperature of propane to a lower region, in which reactions of ROO radicals (NC₃H₇O₂ and IC₃H₇O₂) tend to generate RO radicals (NC₃H₇O and IC₃H₇O). The promotion of RO radicals led to the fast production of C₂H₅CHO, CH₃COCH₃, and CH₃CHO. The corresponding species profile highlighted the reaction relevant to ROO and RO radicals (NC₃H₇O + O₂ = C₂H₅CHO + HO₂ and 2 IC₃H₇O₂ = 2 IC₃H₇O + O₂). Rate constants of these reactions were updated, which can potentially improve the performance of the core mechanism under lower temperatures and provide references for model development of larger hydrocarbons.     

In-water gas combustion in linear and annular gas bubbles

A new pulsed-cyclic method of in-water gas combustion was developed with separate feed of fuel gas and oxygen with the focus on development of new technologies for heat generators and submerged propellers. The results of calorimetric and hydrodynamic measurements are presented. In-water combustion of acetylene, hydrogen, and propane was tested with the operation frequency of 2–2.5 Hz and with a linear injector. The combustion dynamics of combustion of stoichiometric mixture with propane (C₃H₈+5O₂) was studied for a bubble near a solid wall; the produced gas bubble continues expansion and oscillations (for the case of linear and annular bubbles). It was demonstrated that gas combustion in annular bubbles produces two same-magnitude pulses of force acting on the wall. The first pulse is produced due to expansion of combustion products, and the second pulse is produced due to axial cumulative processes after bubble collapse. This process shapes an annular vortex which facilitates high-speed convective processes between combustion products and liquid; and this convection produces small-size bubbles.     

基于多帧背景的泄漏气体自适应匹配滤波检测

被动傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)扫描遥测成像系统采集的红外高光谱图像具有空间、光谱等维度信息,可被用于大气环境中有毒有害气体的识别、定量及可视化。该系统具有光谱分辨率高、非接触式及远距离探测等优点,然而其单帧图像的像元数量少且部分存在气体吸收或发射特征,无法直接用于红外高光谱图像的目标检测。提出了基于多帧背景的泄漏气体自适应匹配滤波(AMF)检测方法,以短时间内、同一区域的多帧红外高光谱图像为基础,筛选出无目标气体特征的背景光谱并计算探测区域的背景最大似然估计,应用于后续帧的目标气体泄漏检测。红外高光谱图像来自于SF₆气体的遥测实验,共扫描四帧（120像元/帧）,去除前三帧内含有目标气体特征的像元光谱,剩余背景光谱被用于计算背景的最大似然估计,第四帧红外高光谱图像逐像元对SF₆气体进行的AMF检测,并与非线性最小二乘法反演的SF₆柱浓度图像比对,结果表明AMF检测高值与柱浓度高值有较强的相关性。为验证多帧背景在不同空间检测方法下的性能,分别对该帧数据进行了基于正交子空间的自适应子空间检测(ASD)、基于混合空间的自适应余弦检测(ACE)及基于斜子空间的最大似然比检测(OGLRT),并分别与SF₆柱浓度图像比对,结果表明多帧背景适用于不同空间的检测方法。此外,为验证存在目标气体吸收特征的非背景光谱对背景空间的影响,向背景空间中加入多条含有SF₆气体吸收特征的光谱,通过ROC曲线检验,结果表明背景空间中混入目标气体特征会降低AMF方法的检测性能。AMF检测值的假彩色图像也能应用于被动FTIR扫描遥测成像系统,相较于柱浓度假彩色图像,泄漏源及扩散趋势更为明显。基于红外高光谱图像的检测方法依赖于整体背景的统计特性,相较于单像元光谱波段的反演算法,极大地降低了背景的依赖性。多帧背景下的AMF泄漏气体检测方法能很好地应用于被动FTIR扫描遥测成像系统上并满足在线监测要求。     

声波远探测测井与地震缝洞精细评价技术研究*

地震勘探探测范围广、空间尺度大,数据采集、处理、解释体系完善,资料运用率高,但纵向分辨率低。声波远探测可实现井周数十米范围内的异常体探测,克服了常规测井方法探测深度浅的局限,具有很高的纵向、周向、径向分辨率,但偶极横波远探测具有180°方位不确定性,径向探测范围不及地震勘探。本研究将两者优势结合,通过对缝洞型地质异常体远探测和地震响应特征进行综合分析,约束远探测方位解释结果,精细刻画地质异常体形态及发育情况,完善远探测测井的横向延伸信息,有效提高远探测解释的精准度,最终形成声波远探测测井与地震一体化缝洞综合评价技术,提升缝洞油气藏钻遇率和开发效率。在塔河等缝洞发育地区进行应用,实现多尺度、全方位和高精度的地质异常体描述与解释,为解决油气勘探过程中由于地震分辨率不足造成的脱靶等现象提供了新的思路。     

大气痕量气体遥感探测仪发展现状和趋势

阐述了大气痕量气体探测技术的发展历程;详细介绍了几种国外先进的大气痕量气体遥感探测仪器的设计理念、工作原理和功能、工作模式、谱段设置和主要技术指标。讨论了我国遥感用星载大气痕量气体探测仪器的发展现状,给出了两种典型探测仪器的工作模式、谱段设置和主要性能指标。指出了未来星载大气痕量气体探测仪器的发展方向是提高遥感仪器的光谱分辨率、空间分辨率、灵敏度和定标精度以及发展主动遥感技术等,意在为我国今后这一领域的发展提供借鉴。     

一种移动式遥测天然气泄漏检测仪

天然气管道泄漏检测对人员安全、环境保护以及国家财产安全等具有重要的意义,但是,由于管线跨越地域广阔,操作工况以及环境情况复杂,致使管线的泄漏检测存在困难。文章介绍了一种基于波长扫描差分吸收光谱技术的移动式遥测天然气泄漏检测仪。针对遥测回波吸收光谱特性,提出了基于小波变换的改进型软阈值小波去噪方法,实验分析能够提高系统信噪比3倍多,同时在遥测光强为530nA时,可达到的最小遥测灵敏度为80ppm.m,系统采用波长扫描差分吸收光谱技术成功实现天然气泄漏的定量遥测与准确定位,具有快速、准确、智能及安全等特点。     

车载天然气管道泄漏遥感探测技术的研究

我国天然气工业已经进入了迅速增长阶段,其作为一种洁净、高效的能源在经济发展以及人们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。天然气在生产、加工、运输和储存等过程中泄漏是难以避免的,这不仅会造成浪费,甚至还会造成重大灾难事故,这就使得对天然气管道泄漏进行探测显得尤为重要。文章围绕着车载式天然气管道泄漏遥感探测展开研究,设计并建立了一套车载式天然气管道泄漏遥感探测系统及模拟车载运动条件的实验平台,提出了一种简易可行的积分浓度标定方法。同时基于此实验平台和新的标定方法对不同反射距离,不同反射体,不同反射角度以及不同运动扫描速度进行了测量对比,用以模拟真实外场环境。实验结果和理论分析具有很好的一致性,该系统可实现探测距离为70m,时速为53.3km.h-1下,对较低浓度标准气体进行遥感探测,最小探测极限为28.9ppm.m。实验结果能够满足实际探测需要。     

基于LabVIEW的多点串联光纤传感系统设计

设计了一种远程多点光纤传感系统用于大范围对象测量,其结构为一个本地控制节点通过双向光纤链路串联所有远端传感节点。在本地控制节点共享光源、光电检测器等光电器件,并结合虚拟仪器实现数据处理电路;而远端传感节点仅包含敏感元件、无源光器件构成的光路,并能直接实现时分复用。以3节点系统的甲烷气体检测为例进行实验和计算,结果证明该方案能够有效工作,通过循环检测可使首个传感节点的相对误差降至0．2％以下。     

基于多特征波长光谱分析的天然气泄漏遥测系统

为快速地、 大范围地对天然气管道进行泄漏监测,设计了基于静态傅里叶变换干涉系统的甲烷气体浓度遥测系统。 采用对准甲烷分子吸收峰的红外光源照射被测区域,再由聚光准直系统和干涉模块完成干涉条纹的获取。 最后,通过多特征波长光谱分析算法计算被测区域的浓度程长积,进而反演相应的甲烷浓度。 通过HITRAN光谱数据库选择了1.65 μm的主特征吸收峰,从而光源使用1.65 μm的DFB激光器。 为了在不增加系统硬件结构的基础上提高检测精度及稳定性,引入辅助波长求解吸光度比值,进而通过多特征波长比例运算的方法获得被测气体的浓度程长积。 实验针对泄漏速度恒定的标准甲烷液化气罐检测,采用PN1000型便携式甲烷检测仪的检测数据作为标准数据与本系统的测试数据进行对比,测试距离分别为100,200和500 m。 实验结果显示,甲烷浓度检测值在泄漏一段时间稳定后,系统检测值也基本保持稳定。 对100 m的检测距离而言,浓度程长积的检测误差小于1.0%。 随着测试距离的增大,检测误差也相应的增大,距离500 m的检测误差小于4.5%。 总之,在气体泄露稳定后系统检测误差均小于5.0%,满足野外天然气泄漏遥测要求,该方法采用差分思想,在求解吸光度比率的过程中将误差消除,降低了外界干扰造成的误差,从而提高系统的检测精度及稳定性。     

Infrared frequency upconverter for high-sensitivity imaging of gas plumes

A remote methane detection system has been developed using a single-frequency tunable optical parametric oscillator at 3.4 microm infrared wavelength. The infrared received light is converted by a frequency upconverter with a strong pump beam to near-infrared wavelength at 0.81 microm and detected by a sensitive photomultiplier. The conversion efficiency of the upconverter was 40% for the backscatter signal from a topographic target, and the detector sensitivity was 11 times higher than that of the cooled InAs detector. By raster scanning the infrared beam, imaging was realized for the methane gas plume with an accuracy of 20 parts in 10(6)m at the range of ~2m.     

Carbon Nanotubes,Nanocrystal Forms,and Complex Nanoparticle Aggregates in common fuel-gas combustion sources and the ambient air

Aggregated multiwall carbon nanotubes (with diameters ranging from ∼3 to 30nm) and related carbon nanocrystal forms ranging in size from 0.4 to 2 μm (average diameter) have been collected in the combustion streams for methane/air, natural gas/air, and propane gas/air flames using a thermal precipitator. Individual particle aggregates were collected on carbon/formvar-coated 3mm nickel grids and examined in a transmission electron microscope, utilizing bright-field imaging, selected-area electron diffraction analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry techniques. The natural gas and propane gas sources were domestic (kitchen) stoves, and similar particle aggregates collected in the outdoor air were correspondingly identified as carbon nanocrystal aggregates and sometimes more complex aggregates of silica nanocrystals intermixed with the carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanocrystals. Finally, and in light of the potential for methane-series gas burning as major sources of carbon nanocrystal aggregates in both the indoor and outdoor air, data for natural gas consumption and corresponding asthma deaths and incidence are examined with a degree of speculation regarding any significance in the correlations.     

Differences between chloro‐carbon and hydro‐carbon precursors in low‐temperature epitaxial growth of 4H‐SiC

The advantages of using the chlorinated carbon precursor chloromethane instead of the hydrocarbon precursor propane in low‐temperature (1300 °C) epitaxial growth of 4H‐SiC were investigated. Chloromethane was found to provide a much wider process window for variation of the C/Si ratio between the lower boundary corresponding to the formation of condensed silicon face and the upper boundary corresponding to polytype inclusions and polycrystalline degradation, which is critical for achieving high growth rates without epilayer quality degradation. Use of a high Cl/Si ratio provided by HCl addition in the propane‐based epitaxial growth did not eliminate the critical differences between chloro‐carbon and hydro‐carbon precursors. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Modeling of helicopter-borne tunable TEA CO2 DIAL system employment for detection of methane and ammonia leakages

The characteristics of a helicopter-borne lidar based on tunable TEA CO₂ laser and its third harmonic designed for remote detection of methane and ammonia leakages from pipelines are analyzed numerically. The spectral range near 3 μm was shown to be most promising for remote sensing of methane emissions. Parameters of radiation of the tunable pulse-periodic mini-TEA CO₂ laser and generators of harmonics to be utilized in the helicopter-borne differential absorption lidar are estimated. Emissions of different gas intensities are analyzed for possible detectability at a distance of up to 1 km. The use of the third harmonic of the TEA CO₂ laser allows methane emissions from a pipeline to be detected and measured with mean measurement error from 10% to 15% for methane concentrations varying from the background level to the explosion-hazardous one. The optimal pair and possibilities of the ammonia remote sensing on the base of the first harmonic of TEA CO₂ laser were determined as well.