光子晶体在座舱罩雷达散射截面减缩中的应用

提出一种金属 介质型光子晶体薄膜，用传输矩阵法计算这种光子晶体薄膜的反射率和透射率。计算结果表明，这种光子晶体薄膜对毫米和厘米量级的微波的反射率高达99％以上；对于波长为微米量级的可见光，平均透光率为50％。分析了介质单元厚度、金属单元厚度、金属层总厚度对透射率的影响，给出这种光子晶体薄膜的材料选择和结构设计应遵循的原则。指出这种光子晶体薄膜涂镀在飞机座舱玻璃上，可以有效地减小座舱罩的雷达散射截面。     

金属薄膜透射率的近似计算及其分析

从计算薄膜透射率的一般公式出发,对通常满足厚度远小于工作波长的金属薄膜的位相因子作e±δ进行了线性近似,从而得到适用不同情况的金属薄膜透射率的近似公式。分别计算了几种金属薄膜垂直入射下透射率随厚度及消光系数变化的曲线,也对非金属吸收膜进行了计算,并与精确公式的计算结果进行了比较。最后,对本公式及其结果进行了分析讨论。     

激励表面等离子共振的金属薄膜最佳厚度分析

根据电磁场在金属薄膜中的能量分布规律和金属薄膜具有复介电常数的特点,对激励表面等离子共振的金属薄膜的最佳厚度进行了探讨. 指出金属薄膜的最佳厚度与激励光波长和金属薄膜的折射率有关,建立了描述它们之间关系的数学表达式,并用实验方法进行验证. 将理论结果与他人的测量结果进行对比后发现,两者符合较好. 研究结果表明：在角度调制下的表面等离子共振传感器,为了获得更高的灵敏度,可根据激励光波长和金属薄膜折射率的虚部确定所要制备金属薄膜的最佳厚度;在波长调制下,则由中心波长和折射率的虚部确定金属薄膜的最适宜使用厚度. 关键词： 折射率 金属薄膜 全内反射 表面等离子共振     

金属薄膜的量子输运理论

运用格林函数方法和久保公式研究金属薄膜中的电子输运．考虑了量子尺寸效应及来自杂质和两个粗糙表面的散射，计算单粒子格林函数和平行电导率．计算结果表明：（1）在薄膜系统中，电子数密度、平均自由程以及来自杂质和表面散射的电导率都以π/k_F（k_F为费密波矢的数值）为周期随厚度d振荡；（2）在薄膜和厚膜的两种极限、以及取表面粗糙度的最低阶近似下的结果可以推出用半经典和量子方法所得的金属薄膜的电导公式 关键词：     

金属薄膜厚度小于电子自由程对其光反射率的影响

提出了金属薄膜厚度对薄膜中自由电子的平均自由程影响的物理模型,并给出了薄膜中自由电子的平均自由程的修正公式.理论研究表明:当膜厚小于自由电子的平均自由程时,薄膜中电子平均自由程随膜厚的减小而减小|当膜厚大于或等于自由电子的平均自由程时,薄膜中电子的平均自由程与块状材料一样.利用薄膜中电子平均自由程的计算公式,修正了薄膜导电率的基本理论表达式,再利用金属薄膜的反射率与薄膜导电率的关系,得出金属薄膜厚度对其光反射率的影响.计算机模拟表明:当薄膜厚度小于电子自由程时,金属薄膜反射率随薄膜厚度变化而呈非线性关系.     

金属纳米薄膜在石墨基底表面的动力学演化

采用分子动力学方法研究了金属Au和Pt纳米薄膜在石墨(烯)基底表面的动力学演化过程,探讨了金属薄膜和石墨(烯)基底间的相互作用对金属纳米薄膜在固态基底表面的去湿以及脱附的动力学演化的影响.研究结果表明,在高温下,相同层数的Au和Pt纳米薄膜在单层石墨基底表面上存在不同的去湿现象,主要表现为厚度较小的Pt纳米薄膜在去湿过程中有纳米空洞形成,而同样厚度的Au薄膜在去湿过程中没有形成空洞.Au和Pt两种金属薄膜在高温下都去湿形成纳米液滴,这些液滴最终都以一定的速度脱离基底.在模拟的薄膜厚度范围内(0.2—2.3 nm),Au和Pt纳米液滴脱离基底的速度随厚度增加表现出不同的变化规律.Pt纳米液滴的脱离速度随薄膜初始厚度的增加先增加后减少,而Au脱离速度随厚度的增加先减少,达到一个临界厚度后脱离速度突然迅速增加.利用薄膜与基底间相互作用的不同导致去湿过程中的黏滞耗散不同,定性分析了这种变化规律的原因.此外,进一步研究还发现金属液滴的脱离时间与薄膜厚度和模拟温度的依赖关系,发现脱离时间随薄膜厚度的增加而增加,随模拟温度的升高而减小.这些研究结果可以为金属镀膜、浮选、表面清洁、器件表面去湿等工业生产过程提供理论指导.     

金属诱导生长与超高真空化学气相沉积方法相结合制备多晶锗硅薄膜

采用金属Ni诱导与超高真空化学气相沉积(UHVCVD)相结合的方法，在热氧化硅衬底上生长了多晶锗硅薄膜.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)等对多晶锗硅薄膜的质量、表面形貌进行了测试分析，并就生长参数以及金属Ni对薄膜性能的影响进行了研究.结果表明：1)在420—500℃范围内，金属Ni具有明显的诱导作用；2)Ni层厚度对薄膜质量及形貌的影响使得晶粒尺寸随Ni厚度增加存在一极大值.在Ni层厚度为60nm时，能够获得晶粒尺寸均匀，晶粒大小为500—600nm，结晶质量良好的多晶锗硅薄膜. 关键词： 超高真空化学气相沉积 金属诱导 镍 多晶锗硅     

金属薄膜和超导体

来自中国和美国的科学家用量子工程技术，制造出厚度仅有20～30个原子的铅晶体薄膜，然后测试了这些薄膜进入超导态的转变温度，发现转变温度随薄膜的厚度有规律地改变，膜越薄，超导转变温度越高．一篇相关的研究评述指出，有些金属（比如银）的大块状态不超导，这些结果提出了将这些金属用量子工程技术转变为超导体的可能性。     

一种基于介质光栅金属薄膜复合结构的折射率传感器

设计了一种基于介质光栅金属薄膜复合结构的折射率传感器。利用He-Ne激光器输出的632.8nm横磁偏振光激发复合结构中的表面等离子体,得到了高灵敏度的折射率传感器。运用有限元方法,数值模拟了具有不同光栅厚度、周期以及折射率的分析物的反射光谱。对占空比为0.5、金属薄膜厚度为45nm的复合结构进行了参数优化,得到最优参数为:光栅厚度100nm、光栅周期500nm。在最优参数条件下,计算了金属薄膜与具有不同折射率的分析物之间的界面共振角的变化,得到了高达500(°)/RIU的角灵敏度。该折射率传感器操作简单、成本低、角灵敏度高,具有很好的应用前景。     

应力对La0.83Sr0.17MnO3薄膜输运性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶方法在Si(111)上制备了LSMO(x=0.17)薄膜.研究了块体材料和不同厚度薄膜R -T曲线、红外光谱和X射线衍射.结果表明，LSMO薄膜属于正交晶体结构，薄膜取向与膜厚度 有关，当膜厚度为450nm或680nm时，主要取向〈200〉，而膜厚度为900nm时取向为〈020〉 ：根据离子对相互作用能和谐振子模型，得到了红外吸收与Mn—O—Mn键长和键角关系式，6 00cm^-1附近红外吸收与晶格常数b的变化有关；块体与薄膜的金属—绝缘体转变 温度(T_MI)存在较大差别，薄膜转变温度显著低于块体，并与厚度有一定关系. 认为是LSMO薄膜中的应力诱导了晶格常数变化，引起键角改变及JT效应是转变温度变化的主 要原因. 关键词： 单晶硅 晶格常数 金属—绝缘体转变温度 应力诱导     

The Entropy of Spherically Symmetric Black Holes Due to Arbitrary Spin Fields

Using the membrane model which is based on brick-wall model, we calculated the free energy and entropy of spherically symmetric black holes due to arbitrary spin. The result shows that the entropy of a scalar field and the entropy of a Fermionic field have similar formulas. There is only a coefficient between them.     

Entropy of Gibbons—Maeda Dilaton Black Hole Due to Arbitrary Spin Fields

Using the membrane model which is based on brick-wall model, we calculated the free energy and entropy of Gibbons—Maeda dilation black hole due to arbitrary spin fields. The result shows that the entropy of a scalar field and the entropy of a fermion field have similar formulas. There is only a coefficient difference between them. Furthermore, both entropies depend on the degeneracy of the field.     

Thermodynamic properties of ZnSe under pressure and with variation in temperature

The thermodynamic properties of Zn Se are obtained by using quasi-harmonic Debye model embedded in Gibbscode for pressure range 0–10 GPa and for temperature range 0–1000 K. Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, entropy,Debye temperature, and specific heat are calculated. The thermal expansion coefficient along with Gruneisen parameter are also calculated at room temperature for the pressure range. It is found that internal energy is pressure dependent at low temperature, whereas entropy and Helmholtz free energy are pressure sensitive at high temperature. At ambient conditions,the obtained results are found to be in close agreement to available theoretical and experimental data.     

Analysis of Energy Loss Characteristics of Vertical Axial Flow Pump Based on Entropy Production Method under Partial Conditions

The energy loss of the vertical axial flow pump device increases due to the unstable internal flow, which reduces the efficiency of the pump device and increases its energy consumption of the pump device. The research results of the flow loss characteristics of the total internal conduit are still unclear. Therefore, to show the internal energy loss mechanism of the axial flow pump, this paper used the entropy production method to calculate the energy loss of the total conduit of the pump device to clarify the internal energy loss mechanism of the pump device. The results show that the energy loss of the impeller is the largest under various flow conditions, accounting for more than 40% of the total energy loss of the pump device. The variation trend of the volume average entropy production and the energy loss is similar under various flow coefficients (K_Q). The volume average entropy production rate (EPR) and the energy loss decrease first and then increase with the increase of flow, the minimum volume average entropy production is 378,000 W/m³ at K_Q = 0.52, and the area average EPR of the impeller increases gradually with the increase of flow. Under various flow coefficient K_Q, the energy loss of campaniform inlet conduit is the smallest, accounting for less than 1% of the total energy loss. Its maximum value is 63.58 W. The energy loss of the guide vane and elbow increases with the increase of flow coefficient K_Q, and the maximum ratio of energy loss to the total energy loss of the pump device is 29% and 21%, respectively, at small flow condition K_Q = 0.38. The energy loss of straight outlet conduit reduces first and then increases with the increase of flow coefficient K_Q. When flow coefficient K_Q = 0.62, it accounts for 27% of the total energy loss of the pump device, but its area average entropy production rate (EPR) and volume average entropy production rate (EPR) are small. The main entropy production loss in the pump device is dominated by entropy production by turbulent dissipation (EPTD), and the proportion of entropy production by direct dissipation (EPDD) is the smallest.     

f(T) cosmology via Noether symmetry

Using the modified Kunstatter method, which employs as proper frequency the imaginary part instead of the real part of the quasinormal modes, the entropy spectrum and area spectrum of the modified Schwarzschild black holes in gravity??s rainbow are investigated. In the current study, two cases of modified dispersion relations concerning energy dependent and energy independent speed of light are considered. The entropy spectra with equal spacing are derived in these two cases. Furthermore, the obtained entropy spectra are independent of the energy of a test particle and are the same as the one of the usual Schwarzschild black hole. Also, the same area spectrum formulas are obtained in these different dispersion relations. However, due to the quantum effect of spacetime, the obtained area spectra are not equally spaced and are different from the one of the usual Schwarzschild black hole. Besides, in these two cases, the same black hole entropy formulas with logarithmic correction to the standard Bekenstein?CHawking area formula are obtained by the adiabatic invariant. The form of area spacing formulas and entropy formulas are independent of the particle??s energy, but the area spacing and entropy can have energy dependence through the area.     

Entropy, entropy flux and entropy rate of granular materials

The aim of this work is to analyze the entropy, entropy flux and entropy rate of granular materials within the frameworks of the Boltzmann equation and continuum thermodynamics. It is shown that the entropy inequality for a granular gas that follows from the Boltzmann equation differs from the one of a simple fluid due to the presence of a term which can be identified as the entropy density rate. From the knowledge of a non-equilibrium distribution function-valid for processes closed to equilibrium-it is obtained that the entropy density rate is proportional to the internal energy density rate divided by the temperature, while the entropy flux is equal to the heat flux vector divided by the temperature. A thermodynamic theory of a granular material is also developed whose objective is the determination of the basic fields of mass density, momentum density and internal energy density. The constitutive laws are restricted by the principle of material frame indifference and by the entropy principle. Through the exploitation of the entropy principle with Lagrange multipliers, it is shown that the results obtained from the kinetic theory for granular gases concerning the entropy density rate and entropy flux are valid in general for processes close to equilibrium of granular materials, where linearized constitutive equations hold.     

A Novel Blind Signal Detector Based on the Entropy of the Power Spectrum Subband Energy Ratio

In this paper, we present a novel blind signal detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio (PSER), the detection performance of which is significantly better than that of the classical energy detector. This detector is a full power spectrum detection method, and does not require the noise variance or prior information about the signal to be detected. According to the analysis of the statistical characteristics of the power spectrum subband energy ratio, this paper proposes concepts such as interval probability, interval entropy, sample entropy, joint interval entropy, PSER entropy, and sample entropy variance. Based on the multinomial distribution, in this paper the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of pure noise are derived. Based on the mixture multinomial distribution, the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of the signals mixed with noise are also derived. Under the constant false alarm strategy, the detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio is derived. The experimental results for the primary signal detection are consistent with the theoretical calculation results, which proves that the detection method is correct.     

Effects of temperature and pressure on thermodynamic properties of Cd0.25Zn0.75 alloy

Thermodynamic properties of Cd_0.25Zn_0.75Se alloy are studied using quasi harmonic model for pressure range of 0 GPa-10 GPa and temperature range 0 K-1000 K. The structural optimization is obtained by self-consistent field calculations and full-potential linearized muffin-tin orbital method with GGA+U as an exchange correlation functional where U=2.3427 eV is Hubbard potential. The effects of temperature and pressure on bulk modulus, Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, entropy, Debye temperature, Grüneisen parameter, thermal expansion coefficient, and heat capacities of the material are observed and discussed. The bulk modulus, Helmholtz free energy, and Debye temperature are found to be decreased on increasing temperature while there is an increasing behavior with rise of the pressure. Whereas the internal energy has increasing trend with the rise in temperature and it almost remains insensitive to pressure. The entropy of the system increases (decreases) with rise of pressure (temperature).     

Band structure,Fermi surface,elastic,thermodynamic,and optical properties of AlZr_3,AlCu_3,and AlCu_2Zr:First-principles study

The electronic properties(Fermi surface,band structure,and density of states(DOS)) of Al-based alloys AlM_3(M=Zr and Cu) and AlCu_2Zr are investigated using the first-principles pseudopotential plane wave method within the generalized gradient approximation(GGA).The structural parameters and elastic constants are evaluated and compared with other available data.Also,the pressure dependences of mechanical properties of the compounds are studied.The temperature dependence of adiabatic bulk modulus,Debye temperature,specific heat,thermal expansion coefficient,entropy,and internal energy are all obtained for the first time through quasi-harmonic Debye model with phononic effects for T = 0 K-100 K.The parameters of optical properties(dielectric functions,refractive index,extinction coefficient,absorption spectrum,conductivity,energy-loss spectrum,and reflectivity) of the compounds are calculated and discussed for the first time.The reflectivities of the materials are quite high in the IR-visible-UV region up to ~ 15 eV,showing that they promise to be good coating materials to avoid solar heating.Some of the properties are also compared with those of the Al-based Ni_3 Al compound.