生物质中矿物质在气化条件下的演变行为研究

以稻秸秆和玉米秸秆为原料,考察了弱还原性气氛以及550-1 300℃生物质中矿物质的变化,并采用Fact Sage软件对生物质中矿物质在高温下的演变行为进行了模拟。结果表明,生物质灰中Na和K元素的存在形式相对稳定,部分以气态氯化物的形式挥发出去,部分存在于低熔点硅酸盐或硫酸盐中;Si元素与Ca、Fe、Mg和Al四种元素形成的硅酸盐的变化形式较多,主要形成辉石[(Ca,Mg,Fe)_2Si_2O_6]、橄榄石[(Ca,Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4]和黄长石[Ca_2(Al,Mg)(Si,Al)SiO_7]三类物质,随着温度的升高,部分辉石会转化为橄榄石与黄长石,此三类物质相互作用易形成熔点较低的共熔体而导致矿物质的熔融。方石英和莫来石[Al_6Si_2O_(13)]是导致稻秸秆流动温度高于玉米秸秆的主要原因,莫来石最终转化为斜铁辉石[FeSiO_3]、铁尖晶石[FeAl_2O_4]和钙长石[CaAl_2Si_2O_8]等熔点较低的矿物质。     

Reactions of magnesium formate on supports

Thermal decomposition of supported magnesium formate has been studied by gas chro-matography.The reaction paths of decomposition of supported magnesium formate depend on thenature of the supports.For Mg(HCO_2)_2/HZSM-5,the zeolite behaves as a dehydration catalyst togive CO and H_2O at lower temperatures;when the zeolite is modified by phosphorus,the methanationreaction will be partly restrained.In the case of Mg(HCO_2)_2/AC,strong adsorption of CO_2 leadsto the formation of the shoulder peak of CO_2 at higher temperatures,however,CH_4 disappears aftermodified by phosphorus.For Mg(HCO_2)_2/Al_2O_3,the dehydrogenation of HCO_2~- takes place on thesurface of Al_2O_3.The decomposition of Mg(HCO_2)_2 on SiO_2 in hydrogen yields two peaks of COand only one appears after modified by phosphorus.When Mg(HCO_2)_2 decomposes on MgO,the firstpeak of CO_2 arises from the reaction of surface Mg~(2+) with HCO_2~- from dissociated Mg(HCO_2)_2.     

金属羰基络合物制备的Pt-Re/Al_2O_3催化剂的性能 Ⅰ.不同方法制备的Pt-Re/Al_2O_3催化剂上正庚烷的转化

考察了由[Pt_3(CO)_6]_5[NEt_4]_2与Re_2(CO)_(10)共浸或分浸制备的一系列催化剂在接近工业运转的压力下的正庚烷转化反应。以羰基金属原子簇化合物作为前身物制备的Pt-Re/Al_2O_3催化剂的活性、芳构化选择性和稳定性等明显地优于常规的以H_2PtCl_6与HReO_4溶液共浸制备的催化剂。常规Pt-Re/Al_2O_3催化剂的活性和稳定性比Pt/Al_2O_3好,但芳构化选择性降低,若引入Re_2(CO)_(10),则其催化活性、芳构化选择性和稳定性均显著提高。不同方法制备的Pt-Re/Al_2O_3催化剂的活性和稳定性的变化趋势为Pt_5Re_2>Pt_5 Re_2>Pt Re_2>PtRe,表明Pt,Re之间存在相互作用程度的差异。     

Synthesis and evaluation as CO_2 chemisorbent of the Li_5(Al_(1-x)Fe_x)O_4 solid solution materials: Effect of oxygen addition

Pentalithium aluminate(β-Li_5AlO_4) and the corresponding iron-containing solid solution(Li_5(Al_(1-x)Fe_x)O_4)were synthetized by solid-state reaction. All the samples were characterized structural and microstructurally by X-ray diffraction, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, N_2 adsorption-desorption and temperature-programmed desorption of CO_2. Results showed that 30 mol% of iron can be incorporated into the β-Li_5AlO_4 crystalline structure at aluminum positions. Moreover, iron addition induced morphological and superficial reactivity variations. Li_5(Al_(1-x)Fe_x)O_4 samples chemisorbed CO_2 between 200 and 700 °C, where the superficial chemisorption presented the highest enhancement,in comparison to β-Li_5AlO _4. Additionally, Li_5(Al_(1-x)Fe_x)O_4 samples sintered at higher temperatures thanβ-Li_5AlO_4. Isothermal CO_2 chemisorption experiments of β-Li_5AlO_4 and Li_5(Al_(1-x)Fe_x)O_4 were fitted to a first order reaction model, corroborating that iron enhances the CO_2 chemisorption, kinetically. When oxygen was added to the gas flow, CO_2 chemisorption process was mainly enhanced between 400 and 600 °C for the Li_5(Al_(0.8)Fe_(0.2))O_4 sample in comparison to β-Li_5AlO_4. Hence, Li_5(Al_(1-x)Fe_x)O_4 solid solution presented an enhanced CO_2 chemisorption process, in the presence and absence of oxygen, in comparison to β-Li_5AlO_4.     

碱式邻苯二甲酸氢镧的热分解机理

本文测定了一水合碱式邻苯二甲酸氢镧LaOH(C_8H_5O_1)_2·H_2O的热重(TG)曲线,用红外光谱、气相色谱和质谱法表征了各步热分解产物,研究了其热分解反应机理.整个热分解过程分5步进行:LaOH(C_8H_5O_1)_2·H_2O→La_2(C_8H_4O_4)_3→La_1O(CO_3)_3(C_8H_4O_4)_2→La_2O(CO_3)_2→La_2O_2CO_3→La_2O_3.热分解的气相产物有邻苯二甲酸酐和9,10-蒽醌等.     

气相色谱法研究配位化合物的热稳定性——X.K_3[Fe(C_2O_4)_3]在HZSM-5和HY沸石上的热分解

以气相色谱和Mossbauer谱研究了K_3[Fe(C_2O_4)_3)负载在HZSM-5和HY沸石上的性质和热分解。实验表明这两种沸石对负载的K_3[Fe(C_2O_4)_3)有明显的不同作用。K_3[Fe(C_2O_4)_3]/HZSM-5仅部分消失K_3[Fe(C_2O_4)_3]的分解特征,氢气中的还原产物为a-Fe,而K_3[Fe(C_2O_4)_3/HY在500℃时的固相产物为不易还原的高分散体系     

中温变换反应条件下(Fe,Cr)_3O_4上吸附CO、H_2O、CO_2和H_2的TPD研究

研究了473—673K范围内,原位反应条件下(?)、(?)、CO_2和H_2在(Fe.Cr)_3 O_4上的吸附、反应和程序升温脱附.讨论了各气体的吸附中心和反应中心,似山了(Fe.Cr)_3 O_4是变换反应的机理.     

Mg(BO2)2在MgCl2水溶液中的相平衡与化学平衡

借助拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)检测手段,对Mg(BO_2)_2在MgCl_2水溶液中水解的固液相平衡与物种化学平衡规律进行了研究。结果表明,MgCl_2对Mg(BO_2)_2的溶解转化、多硼氧配阴离子的物种分布有很大影响:(1)随着MgCl_2浓度从0达到饱和,Mg(BO_2)_2的表观饱和浓度从0.79%增加到1.96%,pH值从9.96降到6.27;(2)Mg(BO_2)_2在纯水中水解形成固相Mg_2B_6O_(11)·15H_2O和Mg(OH)_2,在MgCl_2溶液中形成固相Mg_2B_6O_(11)·15H_2O和Mg_3Cl_2(OH)_4·4H_2O;(3)Mg(BO_2)_2在纯水中水解,硼的物种主要为B_4O_5(OH)_4~(2-)和B_3O_3(OH)_4~-,分别占液相总硼含量的49.81%和19.54%。在MgCl_2饱和溶液中,主要为B_3O_3(OH)_4~-和B_5O_6OH)_4~-,分别占液相总硼含量的44.57%和40.00%。     

硅藻土原位负载网状纳米结构硅酸镁及其对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能

采用MgCl_2·6H_2O作为镁源,NH_3·H_2O作为沉淀剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为模板剂,以水热法在硅藻土表面原位生长纳米花状Mg(OH)_2,随反应时间增加,转变成单斜晶系网状结构Mg_3Si_4O_(10)(OH)_2纳米花。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附测试、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对样品进行了表征,结果显示:反应时间为0.5～2.0 h时硅藻土表面以生长Mg(OH)_2为主,样品的比表面积为180 m~2·g~(-1);反应时间至3h时,硅藻土表面Mg(OH)_2转化成网状结构Mg_3Si_4O_(10)(OH)_2,样品比表面积增大到350 m~2·g~(-1),此复合结构对Cr(Ⅵ)最大吸附量可达570 mg·g~(-1)。     

硅基取代及硅桥连双环戊二烯基四羰基二铁与HgCl2的反应及产物结构研究

二(硅基取代环戊二烯基)四羰基二铁化合物[η~5-RC_5H_4Fe(CO)]_2(μ-CO)_2(R=SiMe_3,1;Si_2Me_5,2)与HgCl_2反应得到预期的Fe—Fe键被断裂的铁氯化物6(R=SiMe_3)和8(R=Si_2Me_5)及铁氯汞化物5(R=SiMe_3)和7(R=Si_2Me_5).硅桥连的类似物R~1[η~5-C_5H_4Fe(CO)]_2(μ-CO)_2(R~1=SiMe_2,3;SiMe_2OSiMe_2,4)由上述反应除得到预期产物外,还分离到相应的歧化产物R~1[η~5-C_5H_4Fe(CO)_2HgCl]_2(R~1=SiMe_2,10;SiMe_2OSiMe_2,13)与R~1[η~5-C_5H_4Fe(CO)_2Cl]_2(R~1=SiMe_2,11;SiMe_2OSiMe_2,14),讨论了歧化产物的生成原因.对产物5～14的结构用元素分析、IR,~1H NMR进行了表征,并测定了5的晶体结构.5为单斜晶系,空间群P2_1/n,α=1.1648(3),b=0.7484(4),c=1.6823(5)nm,β=106.55(2)°,V=1.405(2)nm~3,Z=4,D_x=2.29g·cm~(-3).     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.